T HEME IV: M ANAGERIAL S TATISTICS AND B USINESS R ESEARCH

C OURSE : B USINESS R ESEARCH M ETHODS - MGMT3181

Contents

Multiple Choice Questions: ...................................................................................... 2

Chapter One: Research Methods-an Introduction............................................... 2
Answer Keys (Chapter 1): .......................................................................................... 5
Chapter Two: Defining Research Problem and Hypothesis Formulation....... 6
Answer Keys (Chapter 2): .......................................................................................... 9
Chapter Three -Research Proposal ...................................................................... 10
Answer Keys (Chapter 3): ....................................................................................... 13
Chapter Four -Research Design (Planning of Research Project) ................. 14
Answer Keys (Chapter 4): ....................................................................................... 18
Chapter 5: Sources and Methods of ..................................................................... 18
Data Collections ...................................................................................................... 18
Answer Keys (Chapter 5): ....................................................................................... 22
Chapter 6: Data Analysis & Interpretation ........................................................ 22
Answer Keys (Chapter 6): ....................................................................................... 26
Chapter Eight: Interpretation and Research Report Writing ........................ 26
Answer Keys (Chapter 7): ....................................................................................... 30

Caution:

Consult relevant references for any mistaken or confusing questions, in case.

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 Multiple Choice Questions:
Chapter One: Research Methods-an Introduction
1. Research in the context of business management refers to:
A. Gathering information from competitors
B. Conducting experiments in a laboratory
C. Studying the behaviour of employees
D. Systematic investigation to solve problems and acquire knowledge.
2. Which of the following is NOT a type of research?
A. Descriptive research
B. Exploratory research
C. Experimental research
D. Informative research
3. The objective of research is to:
A. Make a profit for the organization.
B. Identify new business opportunities.
C. Improve decision-making and solve problems.
D. Conduct market surveys for promotional purposes.
4. Scientific research methods are characterized by:
A. Subjective and biased approaches
B. Random and haphazard data collection
C. Replicable and systematic procedures
D. Qualitative analysis techniques
5. Which of the following is an example of qualitative research?
A. Conducting surveys with closed -ended questions
B. Analysing numerical data using statistical techniques
C. Observing and recording human behaviour
D. Testing the effectiveness of a new marketing strategy
6. Quantitative research is concer ned with:
A. Understanding the motivations behind consumer behaviour
B. Exploring the subjective experiences of individuals
C. Analysing numerical data using statistical methods
D. Investigating the historical context of a phenomenon
7. Which research method involves collecting data from a specific group of
individuals through interviews or questionnaires?
A. Experimental research
B. Observational research
C. Survey research
D. Case study research

8. The process of systematically reviewing existing research studies on a particular

topic is known as:

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 A. Experimental research
B. Observational research
C. Literature review
D. Hypothesis testing
9. Which of the following is an example of secondary data?
A. Data collected through surveys conducted specifically for research study.
B. Data obtained by observing and recording participants' behaviour.
C. Data gathered through interviews with key informants.
D. Data from published reports and articles
10. Which type of research focuses on investigating cause -and-effect relationships
between variables?
A. Descriptive research
B. Exploratory research
C. Experimental research
D. Cross-sectional research
11. The research design that involves collecting data from a single point in time is
known as:
A. Longitudinal design
B. Cross-sectional design
C. Experimental design
D. Quasi-experimental design
12. Which of the following statements is true about a sample in research?
A. A sample always represents the entire population.
B. A sample is a subset of the population.
C. A sample is only used in qualitative research.
D. A sample is always larger than the population.
13. In research, a hypothesis is:
A. An educated guess about the research topic.
B. A detailed description of the research procedure.
C. A summary of the research findings.
D. The conclusion drawn from the research study.
14. What is the purpose of random sampling in research?
A. To ensure every individual in the population is included in the sample.
B. To increase the sample size for more accurate results.
C. To select participants based on specific characteristics.
D. To provide a representative sample and reduce bias.
15. Which of the following is NOT an ethical consideration in research?
A. Informed consent from participants
B. Confidentiality of participants' information
C. Manipulating data to support desired outcomes.
D. Protection of participants from harm
16. What does research mean in the context of business management?

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 A. Gathering information for personal use
B. Analysing financial statements
C. Conducting systematic investigations to discover new knowledge.
D. Developing marketing strategies
17. Which of the following is not a type of research?
A. Experimental research
B. Descriptive research
C. Qualitative research
D. Competitive research
18. The objective of research is to:
A. Increase sales revenue.
B. Solve business problems.
C. Generate profit.
D. Promote brand awareness.
19. Which of the following is not a method of scientific research?
A. Observational research
B. Experimental research
C. Survey research
D. Anecdotal research
20. Research in business management aims to:
A. Discover new theories and concepts.
B. Validate existing knowledge.
C. Improve decision-making processes.
D. All
21. Which type of research focuses on exploring the characteristics of a particular
phenomenon?
A. Exploratory research
B. Experimental research
C. Correlational research
D. Descriptive research
22. What is the primary purpose of descriptive research?
A. To determine cause-and-effect relationships
B. To explore new theories and concepts
C. To describe and explain existing phenomena.
D. To test hypotheses
23. Quantitative research primarily involves:
A. Collecting and analysing numerical data
B. Collecting and analysing qualitative data
C. Observing and describing phenomena
D. Developing new theories
24. Which research method focuses on understanding social phenomena from the
perspective of the participants?

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 A. Ethnography
B. Case study
C. Content analysis
D. Historical research
25. Which research approach is based on gathering data through open -ended
interviews or observations?
A. Qualitative research
B. Quantitative research
C. Experimental research
D. Cross-sectional research
26. Which research method involves studying a small group in -depth to gain insights
into a specific issue or topic?
A. Survey research
B. Action research
C. Case study
D. Correlational research
27. Which of the following is an example of a secondary data source?
A. Surveys
B. Interviews
C. Gover nment reports
D. Experiments
28. Which research method is often used to test cause -and-effect relationships?
A. Correlational research
B. Descriptive research
C. Experimental research
D. Exploratory research
29. What is the first step in the research process?
A. Analysing the data
B. Defining the research problem
C. Collecting data
D. Formulating research questions
30. Which of the following is not a characteristic of good research?
A. Objectivity
B. Reliability
C. Subjectivity
D. Validity

Answer Keys (Chapter 1):

1. D 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. C
6. C 7. C 8. C 9. D 10. C

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 11. B 12. B 13. A 14. D 15. C
16. C 17. D 18. B 19. D 20. D
21. D 22. C 23. A 24. A 25. A
26. C 27. C 28. C 29. B 30. C

Chapter Two: Defining Research Problem and Hypothesis Formulation

1. What is a research problem?
A. A situation that needs to be solved in a business organization.
B. A question that researchers ask during the research process.
C. A gap or discrepancy in existing knowledge that needs to be addressed.
D. A statistical analysis technique used in research studies.
2. Which of the following is a component of a research problem?
A. Research methodolog y
B. Research objectives
C. Research hypothesis
D. Research literature review
3. Problem formulation in research involves:
A. Identifying the research topic
B. Collecting data for analysis
C. Developing research questions
D. Conducting a literature review
4. What is a hypothesis in research?
A. A tentative explanation for a phenomenon or relationship
B. A problem statement in research
C. A research method used to collect data.
D. A conclusion drawn from research findings.
5. The importance of a hypothesis in research is that it:
A. Provides direction to the research process.
B. Eliminates the need for data collection.
C. Establishes research timeline.
D. Determines the sample size for the study.
6. Which of the following is not a criterion for hypothesis formulation?
A. Testability
B. Generalizability
C. Clarity
D. Consistency
7. A good research problem should be:
A. Vague and ambiguous
B. Narrow and focused
C. General and broad

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 D. Complex and unmanageable
8. Research questions are usually:
A. Closed-ended questions.
B. Open-ended questions
C. Multiple-choice questions
D. Yes/No questions.
9. The purpose of problem formulation is to:
A. Determine the research design.
B. Identify the variables of the study.
C. Articulate the research problem clearly.
D. Analyse the research findings.
10. In hypothesis formulation, the null hypothesis represents:
A. The alter native explanation for the phenomenon
B. The research hypothesis that is being tested
C. The absence of a relationship or difference
D. The conclusion (final) of the research study
11. A research problem can be best described as:
A. A puzzle waiting to be solved.
B. A research question waiting to be answered.
C. A theoretical framework for the study
D. A set of variables to be measured.
12. Which of the following statements is true about hypothesis formulation?
A. Hypotheses should be based on personal opinions.
B. Hypotheses should be broad and all-encompassing.
C. Hypotheses should be testable and specific.
D. Hypotheses should be stated as research questions.
13. What is the purpose of developing research questions?
A. To gather background information for the study
B. To guide the data analysis process
C. To identify potential research participants
D. To narrow down the research scope
14. Which of the following is an example of a well-formulated hypothesis?
A. "Sales will increase."
B. "There is a positive relationship between employee satisfaction and
productivity."
C. "The weather affects consumer behaviour."
D. "The company will achieve its financial goals."
15. The components of a research problem typically include:
A. Objectives, literature review, and data collection methods
B. Hypotheses, research questions, and research methodolog y
C. Research design, sample size, and statistical analysis
D. Data analysis, findings, and conclusions

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16. What is a research problem?
A. A challenging situation in a business organization
B. A puzzle or riddle that needs to be solved.
C. A question that can be answered through research.
D. A theoretical concept in management
17. Which of the following is not a component of a research problem?
A. Background information
B. Research objectives
C. Data analysis techniques
D. Research questions
18. Problem formulation involves:
A. Identifying potential solutions to the research problem
B. Specifying the research design and methodology
C. Clearly defining the research problem and its scope
D. Collecting and analysing data
19. What is a hypothesis?
A. A proposed explanation for a phenomenon
B. A research question
C. A statistical technique used in data analysis.
D. A general statement of purpose for the research study
20. The importance of a hypothesis in research is to:
A. Provide a direction for the research study.
B. Generate multiple research questions.
C. Ensure data reliability and validity.
D. Guarantee a specific outcome.
21. Which of the following is not a criterion for hypothesis formulation?
A. Clarity
B. Specificity
C. Complexity
D. Testability
22. A well-formulated research problem should be:
A. Broad and open-ended
B. Specific and focused
C. Complex and abstract
D. General and ambiguous
23. What is the relationship between a research problem and research questions?
A. Research questions are used to define the research problem.
B. Research questions are derived from the research problem.
C. Research questions and the research problem are unrelated.
D. Research questions are synonymous with the rese arch problem.
24. Which of the following is an example of a well -formulated research problem?
A. "How can businesses increase profits?"

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 B. "What are the factors that contribute to employee satisfaction?"
C. "Why do customers prefer brand X over brand Y?"
D. "What is the impact of social media on consumer behavior?"
25. Hypothesis formulation is most closely associated with which research approach?
A. Quantitative research
B. Qualitative research
C. Experimental research
D. Descriptive research
26. What is the purpose of including a null hypothesis in research?
A. To propose an alter native explanation for the research findings
B. To provide a baseline for comparison in statistical analysis
C. To establish causation between variables
D. To support the research objectives
27. Which of the following is true about a research problem statement?
A. It should be vague and open to interpretation.
B. It should be concise and clear.
C. It should include multiple research questions.
D. It should be developed after conducting the research study.
28. What is the role of theory in hypothesis formulation?
A. Theory provides evidence to support the hypothesis.
B. Theory guides the formulation of the research problem.
C. Theory is unnecessary in hypothesis formulation.
D. Theory is used to refute the hypothesis.
29. What is the first step in hypothesis formulation?
A. Collecting data
B. Identifying research objectives
C. Reviewing existing literature
D. Formulating research questions
30. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a well -formulated hypothesis?
A. Testability
B. Specificity
C. Ambiguity
D. Clarity

Answer Keys (Chapter 2):

1. C 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. A
6. B 7. B 8. B 9. C 10. C
11. B 12. C 13. D 14. B 15. B
16. C 17. C 18. C 19. A 20. A

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 21. C 22. B 23. B 24. B 25. A
26. B 27. B 28. B 29. C 30. C

Chapter Three -Research Proposal

1. What is a research proposal?
A. A document outlining the research process and methodology.
B. A summary of research findings
C. A presentation of research results
D. A report on previous research studies
2. Which of the following is not an element of a research proposal?
A. Introduction and background
B. Research objectives and questions
C. Data analysis techniques
D. Research design and methodology
3. The purpose of a research proposal is to:
A. Provide a detailed timeline for the research study.
B. Secure funding for the research project
C. Publish the research findings.
D. Summarize the research literature.
4. Which section of a research proposal provide s an overview of the research
problem and its significance?
A. Introduction and background
B. Research objectives and questions
C. Data analysis techniques
D. Research design and methodology
5. What is the role of the literature review in a research proposal?
A. To present the researcher's own findings
B. To provide a summary of previous research on the topic
C. To analyse the data collected in the study.
D. To propose alter native research methodologies
6. Which of the following is not included in the research objectives section of a
research proposal?
A. The specific aims of the study
B. The research questions to be addressed.
C. The hypothesis to be tested.
D. The expected outcomes of the study
7. The research design and methodology section of a research proposal describes:
A. The sample population for the study
B. The statistical analysis techniques to be used.
C. The research instruments and data collection methods
D. The limitations and ethical considerations of the study

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 8. What is the purpose of including a timeline in a research proposal?
A. To estimate the cost of the research project
B. To demonstrate the feasibility of the research study
C. To provide a visual representation of the research findings
D. To specify the sample size for the study
9. Which of the following is not a potential benefit of conducting a rese arch
proposal?
A. Enhancing the researcher's knowledge and skills
B. Contributing to the existing body of knowledge in the field
C. Improving decision-making processes in the organization
D. Guaranteeing positive results for the research study
10. In a research proposal, the data analysis techniques section should include:
A. Detailed findings and interpretations of the data
B. The specific statistical tests to be used.
C. Recommendations for future research
D. A review of previous studies on the topic
11. What is the purpose of the conclusion section in a research proposal?
A. To summarize the research methodology
B. To provide recommendations for future research
C. To present the limitations of the study
D. To discuss the ethical considerations of the research
12. Which section of a research proposal typically includes information about the
researcher's qualifications and expertise?
A. Introduction and background
B. Research objectives and questions
C. Data analysis techniques
D. Researcher's credentials and budget
13. What is the recommended length for a rese arch proposal?
A. No specific length requirement
B. 1-2 pages
C. 5-10 pages
D. 20-30 pages
14. Which of the following is not a common format for organizing a research
proposal?
A. APA (American Psychological Association)
B. MLA (Moder n Language Association)
C. Harvard
D. Chicago
15. Which of the following is true about the research proposal process?
A. It is a one-time activity and does not require revisions.
B. It is a collaborative effort between the researcher and participants.
C. It is an iterative process that involves feedback an d revisions.

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 D. It is solely focused on data collection and analysis.
16. What is a research proposal?
A. A summary of research findings
B. A document that outlines the research plan and objectives
C. A report of research methodologies used.
D. A presentation of statistical analysis results
17. Which of the following is not an element of a research proposal?
A. Abstract
B. Literature review
C. Data analysis techniques
D. Research methodolog y
18. The research proposal serves to:
A. Present the final research findings.
B. Provide a detailed timeline for the research study.
C. Demonstrate the feasibility and significance of the research project.
D. Summarize the limitations of the research study.
19. What is the purpose of the abstract in a research proposal?
A. To provide an overview of the research topic
B. To present the research methodolog y
C. To analyse the research data
D. To discuss the research limitations
20. Which section of a research proposal provides an in -depth review of existing
literature?
A. Methodolog y section
B. Data analysis section
C. Introduction and background section
D. Conclusion section
21. The research objectives in a research proposal should be:
A. Vague and general
B. Complex and abstract
C. Clear and specific
D. Open-ended and exploratory
22. What is the role of the research methodology section in a research proposal?
A. To discuss potential ethical concer ns in the research study
B. To outline the steps and procedures for data collection and analysis
C. To present the results and findings of the research study
D. To highlight the limitations of the research study
23. The significance of the research study is addressed in which section of the
research proposal?
A. Abstract
B. Introduction and background
C. Methodolog y

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 D. Conclusion
24. Which of the following is not typically included in the introduction and
background section of a research proposal?
A. Research problem statement
B. Literature review
C. Data analysis techniques
D. Research questions
25. The research proposal should include a section on data analysis techniques to:
A. Provide details of the statistical tests to be used.
B. Discuss potential limitations of data analysis.
C. Explain the process of data collection.
D. Present the research findings.
26. The research proposal should include a section on ethical considerations to:
A. Discuss potential biases in the research study.
B. Outline measures to protect human subjects and ensure data integrity.
C. Evaluate the reliability and validity of the research data.
D. Summarize the research objectives and hypotheses.
27. What is the purpose of including a timeline in the research proposal?
A. To estimate the budget for the research study
B. To outline the steps and milestones of the research project
C. To discuss potential limitations of the research study
D. To present the research findings and conclusions
28. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a well -written research
proposal?
A. Clear and concise language
B. Logical flow and organization
C. Inclusion of personal opinions and biases
D. Appropriate use of citations and references
29. What is the last section of a research p roposal?
A. Introduction and background
B. Data analysis techniques
C. Conclusion
D. Literature review
30. What is the purpose of the conclusion section in a research proposal?
A. To summarize the research objectives
B. To present the research findings
C. To discuss potential limitations of the research study
D. To provide recommendations for future research

Answer Keys (Chapter 3):

1. A 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. B

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 6. C 7. C 8. B 9. D 10. B
11. B 12. D 13. C 14. B 15. C
16. B 17. C 18. C 19. A 20. C
21. C 22. B 23. B 24. C 25. A
26. B 27. B 28. C 29. C 30. D

Chapter Four -Research Design (Planning of Research Project)

1. What is research design?
A. The process of collecting data for research
B. The structure and plan for conducting the research study.
C. The analysis and interpretation of research findings
D. The presentation of research results
2. Why is research design necessary?
A. To ensure funding for the research project
B. To determine the research objectives
C. To guide the overall research process
D. To evaluate the research limitations
3. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good research design?
A. Validity
B. Reliability
C. Complexity
D. Feasibility
4. Research design includes decisions about:
A. Sample size and selection
B. Data analysis techniques
C. Ethical considerations
D. All
5. The research design should be aligned with:
A. The personal biases of the researcher
B. The research objectives and research questions
C. The research budget and resources available
D. The timeline for data collection
6. Which type of research design focuses on observing and describing phenomena
as they naturally occur?
A. Experimental design
B. Correlational design
C. Descriptive design
D. Causal-comparative design
7. What is the primary purpose of experimental research design?
A. To explore relationships between variables
B. To observe and describe phenomena

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 C. To establish cause-and-effect relationships
D. To analyze existing data sets
8. A good research design should prioritize:
A. Convenience sampling methods
B. Generalizability of findings
C. Minimizing costs and resources
D. Subjective interpretation of data
9. Which of the following is an example of a non -experimental research design?
A. Randomized controlled trial.
B. Case study
C. Quasi-experimental design
D. Survey research
10. What is the main advantage of using a longitudinal research design?
A. Allows for the study of cause-and-effect relationships.
B. Provides in-depth insights into specific cases.
C. Allows for the study of changes over time.
D. Provides generalizable findings to the population.
11. Which research design is best suited for studying the relationship between two
variables?
A. Experimental design
B. Correlational design
C. Descriptive design
D. Causal-comparative design
12. What is the role of the research design in ensuring validity?
A. It minimizes errors and biases in data collection.
B. It determines the statistical significance of the research findings.
C. It identifies potential confounding variables.
D. It establishes cause-and-effect relationships.
13. The sample size and sampling technique are determined during which stage of
research design?
A. Pre-research stage
B. During the research study
C. Post-research stage
D. None of the above
14. Which research design is characterized by studying a single case or a small
number of cases in-depth?
A. Survey design
B. Experimental design
C. Case study design
D. Cross-sectional design
15. What is the role of pilot testing in research design?
A. To test the statistical significance of the research findings

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 B. To determine the sample size for the research study
C. To identify and resolve any practical issues in data collection
D. To establish the reliability of the research instrument
16. What is research design?
A. The process of collecting data for research
B. The structure and framework of the research study
C. The statistical analysis techniques used in research
D. The interpretation of research findings
17. The need for research design arises because:
A. It ensures the accuracy of data collection
B. It provides a roadmap for the research study
C. It guarantees the success of the research project
D. It eliminates the need for data analysis
18. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good research design?
A. Clarity and simplicity
B. Flexibility and adaptability
C. Replicability and generalizability
D. Complexity and intricacy
19. The research design should be based on:
A. Personal opinions and biases of the researcher
B. Previous research studies in the same field
C. Random selection of research methods
D. The availability of resources
20. Which of the following is not an example of a research design?
A. Experimental design
B. Correlational design
C. Literature review design
D. Descriptive design
21. A good research design should have:
A. Multiple research objectives
B. Inflexibility and rigidity
C. A clear and logical structure
D. A large sample size.
22. The main goal of a research design is to:
A. Collect data efficiently.
B. Ensure a specific outcome.
C. Minimize research limitations.
D. Answer the research questions or test the hypotheses.
23. Which of the following is true about a res earch design?
A. It can only be applied to quantitative research studies.
B. It is independent of the research objectives.
C. It determines the type of data to be collected and analysed.

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 D. It is developed after data collection is complete.
24. Which research design is charac terized by manipulating variables and
controlling for confounding factors?
A. Experimental design
B. Descriptive design
C. Correlational design
D. Exploratory design
25. Which research design is most suitable for studying cause -and-effect
relationships?
A. Experimental design
B. Descriptive design
C. Correlational design
D. Exploratory design
26. What is the role of sample size in research design?
A. It determines the duration of the research study.
B. It ensures the accuracy of data collection.
C. It determines the type of statistical analysis to be used.
D. It represents the number of variables in the research study.
27. What is the purpose of pilot testing in research design?
A. To collect preliminary data for analysis
B. To validate the research questions or hypotheses
C. To assess the feasibility and effectiveness of research methods
D. To establish the sample size for the research study
28. Which research design focuses on describing and exploring phenomena without
manipulating variables?
A. Experimental design
B. Descriptive design
C. Correlational design
D. Exploratory design
29. Which of the following is a disadvantage of a cross -sectional design?
A. It cannot establish causal relationships.
B. It requires a large sample size.
C. It is time-consuming and expensive.
D. It is only suitable for qualitative research studies.
30. Which of the following is not a component of a research design?
A. Research objectives
B. Sampling technique
C. Data analysis software
D. Data collection methods

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 Answer Keys (Chapter 4):
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. D 5. B
6. C 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. C
11. B 12. A 13. A 14. C 15. C
16. B 17. B 18. D 19. B 20. C
21. C 22. D 23. C 24. A 25. A
26. C 27. C 28. B 29. A 30. C

Chapter 5: Sources and Methods of

Data Collections
1. What are primary sources of data?
A. Sources that are collected directly from the research participants.
B. Sources that are collected from published articles and books.
C. Sources that are collected from gover nment documents.
D. Sources that are collected from online databases.
2. Which method of data collection involves directly observing and recording
behaviours or events?
A. Questionnaires
B. Interview
C. Direct observation
D. Secondary sources
3. Questionnaires are a data collection method that:
A. Involves face-to-face interaction with the research participants.
B. Requires the researcher to directly observe behaviours or events.
C. Involves providing written or online forms to the research participants.
D. Requires in-depth interviews with selected participants.
4. Interviews as a data collection method:
A. Involve gathering data through direct observation.
B. Involve administering written or online questionnaires.
C. Involve face-to-face or virtual interaction with the research participants.
D. Involve analysing published articles and books.
5. Secondary sources of data refer to:
A. Data collected directly from the research participants.
B. Data collected through direct observation.
C. Data obtained from published articles, books, or official documents.
D. Data obtained through face-to-face interviews.
6. Public and official documents are examples of:
A. Primary data sources
B. Secondary data sources

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 C. Direct observation methods
D. Questionnaire-based data collection methods
7. Books and other sources are considered:
A. Primary data sources
B. Secondary data sources
C. Direct observation methods
D. Questionnaire-based data collection methods
8. When choosing appropriate data collection methods, researchers should consider:
A. The availability of resources
B. The complexity of statistical analysis techniques
C. The research objectives and the nature of the research study
D. The opinions and biases of the research participants
9. In which data collection method are closed -ended questions typically used?
A. Direct observation
B. Questionnaires
C. Interview
D. Secondary sources
10. Open-ended questions are commonly used in:
A. Direct observation
B. Questionnaires
C. Interview
D. Secondary sources
11. Which data collection method allows for in -depth exploration of research topics?
A. Direct observation
B. Questionnaires
C. Interview
D. Secondary sources
12. Which method of data collection is most suitable for studying sensitive topics or
personal experiences?
A. Direct observation
B. Questionnaires
C. Interview
D. Secondary sources
13. The use of multiple data collection methods is known as:
A. Direct observation
B. Triangulation
C. Questionnaires
D. Secondary sources
14. Which of the following is a limitation of using secondary sources of data?
A. Limited availability of data
B. High cost of data collection
C. Potential bias in data collection

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 D. Time-consuming data analysis
15. When using primary sources of data, researchers should ensure:
A. Anonymity and confidentiality of the research participants
B. Inclusion of personal opinions and biases
C. Reliance on published articles and books
D. Limited interaction with the research participants
16. Which of the following is an example of a primary data source?
A. Public and official documents
B. Books and other sources
C. Direct observation
D. Secondary data analysis
17. What is direct observation as a data collection method?
A. Recording data from existing sources
B. Obtaining data through interviews
C. Collecting data by observing and recording behaviours or phenomena
D. Sending questionnaires to respondents
18. Which data collection method involves a series of pre-determined questions
presented in written form?
A. Direct observation
B. Questionnaires
C. Interviews
D. Secondary data analysis
19. What is the main advantage of using questionnaires as a data collection method?
A. Allows for in-depth exploration of research topics.
B. Provides rich, qualitative data.
C. Enables quick and efficient data collection from a large sample.
D. Facilitates face-to-face interaction with respondents.
20. Which data collection method involves a face -to-face conversation between the
researcher and the respondent?
A. Direct observation
B. Questionnaires
C. Interviews
D. Secondary data analysis
21. Public and official documents are an example of which type of data source?
A. Primary source
B. Secondary source
C. Tertiary source
D. Quater nary source
22. Which data collection method allows for open-ended, exploratory questioning?
A. Direct observation
B. Questionnaires
C. Interviews

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 D. Secondary data analysis
23. Books and other published materials are an example of which type of data
source?
A. Primary source
B. Secondary source
C. Tertiary source
D. Quater nary source
24. Which data collection method is most suitable for obtaining detailed and nuanced
responses?
A. Direct observation
B. Questionnaires
C. Interviews
D. Secondary data analysis
25. What is the primary advantage of using secondary sources for data collection?
A. Provides real-time data.
B. Offers a higher level of control over data collection.
C. Requires minimal effort and cost.
D. Allows for personalized and tailored questions.
26. Public and official documents, such as gover nment reports and statistics, are
examples of which type of data source?
A. Primary source
B. Secondary source
C. Tertiary source
D. Quater nary source
27. Which data collection method allows for the collection of both qualitative and
quantitative data?
A. Direct observation
B. Questionnaires
C. Interviews
D. Secondary data analysis
28. What is the primary disadvantage of using secondary sources for data collection?
A. Lack of availability
B. Limited scope of information
C. Potential for data manipulation
D. Inability to provide specific insights
29. Which data collection method is most suitable for studying phenomena in their
natural setting?
A. Direct observation
B. Questionnaires
C. Interviews
D. Secondary data analysis
30. Which data collection method involves analysing existing data sets or databases?

21
 A. Direct observation
B. Questionnaires
C. Interviews
D. Secondary data analysis

Answer Keys (Chapter 5):

1. A 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. C
6. B 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. C
11. C 12. C 13. B 14. A 15. A
16. C 17. C 18. B 19. C 20. C
21. B 22. C 23. B 24. C 25. C
26. B 27. C 28. B 29. A 30. D

Chapter 6: Data Analysis & Interpretation

1. Data analysis is the process of:
A. Collecting data from various sources
B. Organizing and summarizing data
C. Designing research studies
D. Conducting statistical tests
2. Which of the following is not a data analysis technique?
A. Descriptive statistics
B. Hypothesis testing
C. Literature review
D. Regression analysis
3. Descriptive statistics involve:
A. Testing hypotheses
B. Drawing conclusions
C. Summarizing and presenting data
D. Predicting future trends
4. Inferential statistics are used to:
A. Summarize data.
B. Make predictions.
C. Test hypotheses
D. Present data visually
5. Qualitative data analysis involves:
A. Calculating means and standard deviations
B. Conducting surveys and questionnaires
C. Identifying themes and patter ns
D. Performing statistical tests
6. Content analysis is a data analysis technique used for:
A. Analysing numerical data

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 B. Identifying qualitative themes
C. Conducting experiments
D. Exploring correlations
7. Which of the following is an example of a quantitative data analysis technique?
A. Thematic analysis
B. Case study analysis
C. Chi-square test
D. Narrative analysis
8. Statistical significance refers to:
A. The practical importance of research findings
B. The level of confidence in research findings
C. The strength of the relationship between variables
D. The generalizability of research findings
9. Data interpretation involves:
A. Collecting and analysing data
B. Organizing and summarizing data
C. Making sense of research findings
D. Designing research studies
10. Which of the following is a key step in data interpretation?
A. Descriptive statistics
B. Identifying outliers
C. Drawing conclusions
D. Data collection
11. Triangulation in data interpretation refers to:
A. The use of multiple data sources or methods to validate findings.
B. Analysing data from three different time points
C. Conducting data analysis in three stages
D. Comparing data across three different research studies
12. The process of identifying themes and patter ns in qualitative data is known as:
A. Regression analysis
B. Grounded theory
C. Factor analysis
D. T-test
13. Which of the following is not a common data visualization technique?
A. Bar chart
B. Pie chart
C. Scatter plot
D. Hypothesis test
14. The purpose of data visualization is to:
A. Simplify complex data.
B. Present qualitative findings
C. Test hypotheses

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 D. Calculate statistical measures.
15. The final step in data interpretation is:
A. Collecting additional data
B. Conducting statistical tests
C. Writing the research report
D. Designing future research studies
16. What is data analysis?
A. The process of collecting data for research
B. The interpretation of research findings
C. The manipulation and organization of data for meaningful insights
D. The selection of appropriate data collecti on methods
17. Which of the following is not a data analysis technique?
A. Descriptive statistics
B. Inferential statistics
C. Content analysis
D. Data collection
18. Data analysis techniques help in:
A. Data collection and organization
B. Identifying research problems
C. Summarizing and describing data
D. Generating research hypotheses
19. What is the purpose of data interpretation?
A. To collect raw data for analysis
B. To validate research hypotheses
C. To make sense of the data and draw conclusions.
D. To select appropriate data analysis techniques
20. Which data analysis technique is used to summarize and describe data using
measures such as mean, median, and mode?
A. Content analysis
B. Inferential statistics
C. Descriptive statistics
D. Factor analysis
21. In data analysis, what does the term "validity" refer to?
A. The accuracy and reliability of the data collected
B. The statistical significance of the results
C. The generalizability of the findings to the larger population
D. The ethical considerations in data collection
22. What is the main goal of inferen tial statistics?
A. To summarize and describe data
B. To draw conclusions about a population based on sample data
C. To analyse qualitative data
D. To test research hypotheses

24
23. Which of the following is not a step in the data analysis process?
A. Data cleaning and preparation
B. Data visualization
C. Data collection
D. Data interpretation
24. Which data analysis technique is used to identify patter ns and themes in
qualitative data?
A. Descriptive statistics
B. Factor analysis
C. Content analysis
D. Inferential statistics
25. Data interpretation involves:
A. Organizing and summarizing data
B. Testing hypotheses and making predictions
C. Identifying trends, patter ns, and relationships in the data
D. Collecting raw data for analysis
26. What is the role of data visualization in data analysis?
A. To make the data look visually appealing
B. To enhance the interpretation and understanding of data
C. To replace data analysis techniques
D. To collect qualitative data
27. Which data analysis technique is used to examine the relationship between
variables and make predictions?
A. Content analysis
B. Inferential statistics
C. Descriptive statistics
D. Factor analysis
28. Which of the following is not a common data interpretation approach?
A. Quantitative approach
B. Qualitative approach
C. Mixed-method approach
D. Data collection approach
29. What is the purpose of data cleaning and preparation in data analysis?
A. To manipulate and transform the data for analysis.
B. To remove outliers and errors from the data set
C. To ensure the accuracy and consistency of the data
D. To select appropriate data analysis techniques
30. Which data analysis technique is used to identify underlying factors or
dimensions in a data set?
A. Content analysis
B. Inferential statistics
C. Descriptive statistics

25
 D. Factor analysis

Answer Keys (Chapter 6):

1. B 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. C
6. B 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. C
11. A 12. B 13. D 14. A 15. C
16. C 17. D 18. C 19. C 20. C
21. A 22. B 23. C 24. C 25. C
26. B 27. B 28. D 29. C 30. D

Chapter Eight: Interpretation and Research Report Writing

1. What is the purpose of interpretation in research?
A. To collect and analyse data.
B. To present research findings
C. To draw meaningful conclusions from research findings
D. To select appropriate research methodologies
2. Which of the following is not a key element of effective research report writing?
A. Clarity and conciseness
B. Accuracy and objectivity
C. Repetition of information
D. Proper organization and structure
3. What is the main goal of interpretation in research report writing?
A. To provide recommendations for future research
B. To explain the significance of the research findings
C. To summarize the research methodology
D. To present the raw data collected
4. Which of the following is a characteris tic of a well-written research report?
A. Inclusion of personal opinions and biases
B. Lack of logical flow and coherence
C. Inadequate referencing of sources
D. Clear and coherent presentation of information
5. Why is it important to interpret research findings accurately?
A. To support personal opinions and biases
B. To present a favourable image of the researcher
C. To draw valid and reliable conclusions
D. To include irrelevant information in the report

26
 6. Which section of a research report typically includes a summary of th e research
findings?
A. Introduction
B. Literature review
C. Methodolog y
D. Results and discussion
7. What is the purpose of the conclusion section in a research report?
A. To restate the research problem
B. To provide recommendations for future research
C. To summarize the research methodology
D. To introduce the research topic
8. Which of the following is not a guideline for effective research report writing?
A. Use clear and concise language.
B. Provide an extensive literature review.
C. Avoid plagiarism by properly citing sources.
D. Follow the appropriate referencing style.
9. Which section of a research report typically includes the research objectives and
research questions/hypotheses?
A. Introduction
B. Literature review
C. Methodolog y
D. Results and discussion
10. What is the primary purpose of the abstract in a research report?
A. To provide a detailed description of the research methodology
B. To summarize the key findings and conclusions
C. To introduce the research topic
D. To include references to relevant sources
11. What should be included in the introduction section of a research report?
A. Detailed analysis of the research findings
B. Discussion of previous research studies
C. Personal opinions and biases
D. Research objectives and the research problem
12. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a well-written research report?
A. Consistent and appropriate use of language
B. Proper use of headings and subheadings for organization
C. Inclusion of unrelated and irrelevant information
D. Accurate referencing of sources
13. What is the purpose of the literature review section in a research report?
A. To summarize the research methodology
B. To present the raw data collected
C. To provide an overview of previous research studies
D. To draw conclusions based on the research findings.

27
14. Which of the following is not a guideline for effective interpretation of research
findings?
A. Base interpretations on evidence and data
B. Avoid making unsupported claims or assumptions.
C. Overlook contradictory findings.
D. Consider alter native explanations for the findings.
15. Which section of a research report typically includes a discussion of the research
findings and their implications?
A. Introduction
B. Literature review
C. Methodolog y
D. Results and discussion
16. What is the purpose of interpretation in research?
A. To collect and analyse data.
B. To report research findings
C. To make sense of the research results and draw conclusions.
D. To select appropriate research methods
17. What is the key role of the researcher in the interpretation process?
A. To collect primary data
B. To validate research hypotheses
C. To provide objective analysis of the data
D. To write the research report
18. In research report writing, what is the recommended structure?
A. Introduction, methods, results, conclusion
B. Conclusion, introduction, methods, results
C. Methods, introduction, results, conclusion
D. Introduction, results, methods, conclusion
19. What is the purpose of a research report?
A. To summarize the research problem
B. To present research findings and interpretations
C. To collect primary data
D. To select appropriate research methods
20. What should be included in the introduction section of a research report?
A. Detailed description of the research methods
B. Detailed presentation of the results
C. Background information and research objectives
D. Recommendations for future research
21. What is the primary goal of research report writing?
A. To showcase the researcher's writing skills
B. To provide an opportunity for peer review
C. To effectively communicate research findings and interpretations
D. To summarize previous research studies

28
22. Which of the following is not a characteristi c of a good research report?
A. Clear and concise writing style
B. Logical organization and structure
C. Inclusion of personal opinions and biases
D. Accurate and consistent presentation of data
23. What is the purpose of the conclusion section in a research report?
A. To summarize the research methodology
B. To present recommendations for future research
C. To provide an overview of the research problem
D. To collect primary data
24. In research report writing, what is the importance of citing sources?
A. To demonstrate the researcher's knowledge of the topic
B. To acknowledge the contributions of previous researchers
C. To fulfil ethical requirements
D. To collect primary data
25. What is the recommended approach for writing the results section of a research
report?
A. Presenting raw data without interpretation
B. Providing a detailed analysis of the findings
C. Including personal opinions and biases
D. Omitting any negative or inconclusive results
26. What should be included in the methods section of a research report?
A. Detailed presentation of the resul ts
B. Background information and research objectives
C. Detailed description of the research procedures
D. Recommendations for future research
27. Which of the following is not a key element of research report writing?
A. Abstract
B. Literature review
C. Acknowledgments
D. Appendices
28. What is the purpose of an abstract in a research report?
A. To provide an overview of the research problem
B. To present recommendations for future research
C. To summarize the research findings and interpretations
D. To collect primary data
29. What is the primary audience for a research report?
A. General public
B. Research participants
C. Peers and experts in the field
D. Personal acquaintances of the researcher
30. What is the importance of proofreading and editing in research report writing?

29
 A. To ensure compliance with ethical guidelines
B. To make the report longer and more detailed
C. To check for grammar and spelling errors
D. To collect primary data

Answer Keys (Chapter 7):

1. C 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. C
6. D 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. B
11. C 12. C 13. C 14. C 15. D
16. C 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. C
21. C 22. C 23. B 24. B 25. B
26. C 27. C 28. C 29. C 30. C

@MGMT 2 Zone

M.H., Tadesse
Wollo University
Dessie, Ethiopia
July 2023

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