CELL AND CELL

ORGANELLES
 CELLS
-is the smallest unit of a living thing
-is the basic building block of all organisms.
A living thing can be composed of either one cell or many
cells.
TYPES OF CELLS
- prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Cells can be highly
specialized with specific functions and characteristics.
 CELL THEORY
1. ROBERT HOOKE-
-an English scientist that used
a compound microscope to
examine thin slices of cork, the tough outer bark of
a tree.
-he coined the term “cell”.
 CELL THEORY
2. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek- -one of
the first people to describe living cells
when he observed single-celled
organisms (“ animalcules”)
swimming in a drop of pond water.
TYPES OF CELL

Prokaryotes: (bacteria): simple cells with no internal membrane-bound

structures. DNA is in a special region of the cytoplasm.

Eukaryotes: complex cells with internal membranes. DNA is in a

nucleus separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane.
PROKARYOTES
The type of cells which do not have a well-defined nucleus and no
membrane-bound organelles.
Organisms with prokaryotic cells are called prokaryotes and they are
generally single-celled microorganisms.
pro = before; karyon– = nucleus
PROKARYOTES
Cytoplasm consists of the jelly-like cytosol inside the cell, plus the
cellular structures suspended in it. In eukaryotes, cytoplasm specifically
means the region outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane.
DNA is the genetic material of the cell.
Ribosomes are molecular machines that synthesize proteins.
Plasma membrane- a double layer of phospholipids, with proteins
and cholesterol that separates the cell interior from the outside
environment and it controls what can enter and exit the cell
PROKARYOTES
 PROKARYOTES
STRUCTURES
Cell wall - provides an extra layer
of
protection, helps the cell maintain
its shape, and prevents
dehydration.
Peptidoglycan - a polymer
composed of linked carbohydrates
and small proteins that makes up
the
cell wall of prokaryotes
PROKARYOTES
STRUCTURES
Fimbriae - numerous, hair-like
structures that are used for
attachment to host cells and other
surfaces.
Pili - rod-like structures, allows a
bacterium to transfer
DNA molecules to other bacteria,
while others are involved in
bacterial locomotion—helping the
bacterium move.
PROKARYOTES
STRUCTURES
Capsule – outermost layer of
carbohydrates. It is sticky and helps the
cell attach to surfaces in its environment.
Flagella - whip-like structures that act as
rotary motors to help bacteria move.
EUKARYOTES
Complex cells with internal membranes. DNA is in a nucleus separated from the
cytoplasm by a membrane.
A membrane-bound nucleus, a central cavity surrounded by membrane that houses
the cell’s genetic material.
A number of membrane-bound organelles, compartments with specialized functions
that float in the cytosol. (Organelle means “little organ,” and this name reflects that
the organelles, like the organs of our body, have unique functions as part of a larger
system.)
Multiple linear chromosomes, as opposed to the single circular chromosome of a
prokaryote.
EUKARYOTES
Cell Organelles and Functions
Organelle - “little organ”, is one of several different types of membrane-enclosed bodies in
the cell, each performing a unique function.

Plasma Membrane – a double

layer of lipids that separates the
cell interior from the outside
environment. This double layer
consists largely of specialized lipids
called phospholipids.
Cell Organelles and Functions
Phospholipid - made up of a hydrophilic, water-loving, phosphate head, along with two
hydrophobic, water-fearing, fatty acid tails.
Phospholipid bilayer – double layered structure made up of 2 layers of phospholipid
facing away each other.
Hydrophilic Head – faces towards the
external environment
Hydrophobic Tail – faces away from
the external environment
Cell Organelles and Functions
Cytoplasm - everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope
Cytosol - a water-based solution that contains ions, small molecules, and
macromolecules.
Cytoskeleton - a network of fibers that supports the cell and gives it shape, is also
part of the cytoplasm and helps to organize cellular components.
Nucleus - cell’s central organelle,
which contains the cell’s DNA
Cell Organelles and Functions
Endoplasmic Reticulum - a system of
channels that is continuous with the
nuclear membrane (or “envelope”)
covering the nucleus and composed of
the same lipid bilayer material.
Responsible for the synthesis
of lipids and the modification
of proteins.
Rough ER – synthesis of Proteins.
Ribosomes are attached to the ER
making it look rough
Smooth ER – synthesis of Lipids. No
ribosomes attached.
Cell Organelles and Functions
Golgi Apparatus –
responsible for the
packaging and sorting of
molecules
Cell Organelles and Functions
Centrosomes – plays an
important part of how the
cell organizes the cell
division.
Cell Organelles and Functions
Mitochondria – The powerhouse of the cell.
Provides energy(ATP)
Cristae – Folds of the inner membrane. The
folds increase surface area of the membrane,
which is important because the inner
membrane holds the proteins involved in the
electron transport chain
Matrix - the space within the inner
membrane, contains the mitochondria's DNA,
ribosomes, soluble enzymes, small organic
molecules, nucleotide cofactors, and
inorganic ions.
Cell Organelles and Functions
Ribosomes – reads the RNA and
translate it to a protein by sticking
amino acids together
Small and Large Subunit - The
smaller subunit reads the mRNA
transcript while the
larger subunit facilitates the
synthesis of the amino acid chain.
Cell Organelles and Functions
Choloroplast – converts solar
energy, water and CO2 into
glucose
Lumen - the thylakoid discs
Thylakoid - an internal system of
interconnected membranes, that
carry out the light reactions of
photosynthesis.
Stroma - the colorless fluid
surrounding the grana within
the chloroplast.
Grana - a stack of thylakoid discs
Cell Organelles and Functions
Vacuole – enclosed sac that serves as
a storage. Maintains rigidity or
maintain turgor pressure inside of the
plant.
Tonoplast - the membrane that
surrounds the large vacuole in a
mature plant cell.
Cell Sap - a fluid found in the
vacuoles (small cavities) of the
living cell; it contains variable
amounts of food and waste materials,
inorganic salts, and nitrogenous
compounds.
Cell Organelles and Functions
Lysosomes - a membrane-bound
cell organelle that contains
digestive enzymes. They break
down excess or worn-out cell
parts. They may be used to
destroy invading viruses and
bacteria.
Hydrolytic Enzyme Mixture - can
break down many kinds of
biomolecules.
glycosylated membrane transport
proteins – Transports materials
Cell Organelles and Functions
Vesicles – membrane bound and
produced by the golgi apparatus
or endoplasmic reticulum
Transport Vesicles - carry proteins
from the rough endoplasmic
reticulum to the cis face of the
Golgi apparatus, where they fuse
with the Golgi membrane and
empty their contents into the
Golgi lumen.
Secretory Vesicles - are membrane
bound and produced by the golgi
apparatus or endoplasmic
reticulum
Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
 Self Assessment:
1. Why do we say that a cell is the basic building block or basic unit
of life?
2. In evolution, all life on earth evolved from a single-celled organism.
What do you think is the reason why life became diverse and even
became multicellular after billions of years?
3. Why do chloroplasts is only present in plant cell?
4. How do vacuoles in plant cell differ in animal cell?
5. What is the function of mitochondria in both plant and animal
cell? Who was your mitochondria in your life?
Explain your answer?
ANNOUNCEMENT
Hey guys!
I am proud of you all that you have finished reading this!

Now I am extremely excited and extremely happy to inform you that we will have an
extremely long quiz about the following topics!

1. Introduction to Zoology
2. Cell and Cell Organelles
NO EXCUSES!
Maam,
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nainform.
Walang net.
I am telling you this in advance so you can have a May pinagawa
po sa akin.
long time to review. *inaudible
You are all enrolled in this subject so expected to sad noices*
read your lessons.
I am making things a bit easier for you guys so all I
need is your compliance. Thank you and have a
great day!