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GB1 2 Cell Structures Functions To Cell Modifications

The document provides an overview of cell structure and functions, highlighting that cells are the basic unit of life and consist of three major parts: the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. It details various organelles and their functions, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, as well as differences between plant and animal cells. Additionally, it discusses special modifications in cells, including microvilli, flagella, and cilia.

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19 views60 pages

GB1 2 Cell Structures Functions To Cell Modifications

The document provides an overview of cell structure and functions, highlighting that cells are the basic unit of life and consist of three major parts: the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. It details various organelles and their functions, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, as well as differences between plant and animal cells. Additionally, it discusses special modifications in cells, including microvilli, flagella, and cilia.

Uploaded by

jubethcerbovaldezco
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

Cell Structure and Functions


- it is the basic unit of life
- building blocks of the living world
- makes up all living things, from simplest to the most
complex
- Cell is a microscopic membrane-bound system that
controls all the chemicals and molecules that helps
sustain an organism’s existence.
- Unicellular organisms have different structures compared
to multicellular organism
MAJOR PARTS OF A CELL

- The cell has three major parts, namely, the cell membrane,
the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
- outermost part of the cell
- acts as a gatekeeper which controls the entry and exit of
materials or substances from the cell.
- composed of phospholipid bilayer which is a double layer
of fats and proteins
- semi-permeable
- serves as security of the cell
- is a rigid wall found in
plant and bacterial
cells, which lies
outside the cell
membrane.
- Serves as secondary
wall for plant and
bacterial cells.
- the area in the cell where the organelles
are located
- composed of water, proteins and salts
- the liquid portion of the cytoplasm is
known as cytosol
- contains enzymes that break down
waste and enable metabolic reactions
- Cytoskeleton helps maintain the
structure of the cell
A cytoskeleton is present in
the cytoplasm of all cells
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- responsible in transporting molecules across the cytoplasm
and is also capable of assembling new lipids for export to
other cells.
- 2 types of ER
Rough or granular ER (RER)
Smooth or agranular ER (SER).
Rough
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (RER)
- synthesizing and
modifying
proteins
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum (SER)

- It synthesizes fatty
acids and
phospholipids
- site of protein synthesis
- present in both prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells
- they freely swim around the
cytoplasm, some are attached to
RER.
- developing muscle cells, and skin
and hair cells contain large
numbers of free ribosomes
- a fluid-filled vesicle
enclosed by a membrane
- this organelle stores
chemicals within the cell
- both plant and animal cells
have vacuoles
- Plant cells have bigger
vacuole since it stores
water and waste products
- serve as digestion slots for cellular materials that are due for
expiration or are no longer useful
- known as the “suicide bag” of the cell
- capable of self-destruction in order to save the rest of the
other organelles from being poisoned. This process is called
phagocytosis.
- A system of irregular
network of canals which
functions as the
manufacturer and the
shipping center of the cell
- it modifies, sorts and
packages the
macromolecules
synthesized by the cell
- Known as the powerhouse of
the cell.
- Serves as the site for cellular
respiration
- Mitochondrion has the
responsibility to produce ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) which
is the energy of the cell.
- An organelle that can only be found in plants and
photosynthetic protist.
- Serves as the site of energy conversion in plants.
- Contains the green pigment of the plant called chlorophyll
- A small cylindrical dark bodies, which occur in pairs hence
sometimes called diplosome.
- Found outside the nucleus
- Plays a major role in the formation of spindle fibers during
cell division.
- A spherical structure usually located near the
center of the cell and enclosed by nuclear
membrane.

- it is the control center of the cell


1.Karyoplasm or Nucleoplasm – protoplasmic
content of the nucleus
2. Nuclear membrane - double layer membrane that
envelopes the nucleus
3. Nuclear pores - are perforated holes in the nuclear
membrane that permit the movement of selected
molecules between the nucleus and the rest of the cell
while blocking the other passage of other molecules
4. Nucleoli – synthesis of RNA and protein
5. Chromosomes – rod/thread like structure
carrying genes
1.Chromosome – rod/thread like
structure carrying genes
2.Gene – basic unit of heredity and
consists of specific sequence of DNA or
RNA
3.DNA – contains the genetic code
- a cell with no definite or distinct nucleus
- no membrane bound organelles
- circular chromosome
- no nuclear membrane
- has cell wall and cell membrane
- found in bacteria
- a cell with definite or true nucleus
- has membrane bound organelles
- its genetic material is enclosed in the
nucleus
- structurally more complex
ANIMAL CELL
Special Modifications
Microvilli – finger-like extension increase the
surface area
Flagella – tiny whip-like structure that allows
a cell to move.
Cilia – tiny thread-like projection
Pili – slender hair-like extension for attachment
Special Modifications
Special Modifications
Cilia
PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL
Presence of Plastids Absence of Plastids

Absence of Lysosome, Centriole Presence of Lysosome, Centriole

Absence of Cell wall,


Presence of Cell wall, Presence of
Presence of Tight and Gap
Plasmodesmata
Junctions
Nucleus usually at the edge of the Nucleus usually at the center of
cell the cell
With small vacuole throughout
With one large vacuole
the cell
Chloroplast – contains green pigment
(chlorophyll)
Chromoplast – contains yellow (carotenoid) , red
(phycoerythrin) , blue (xanthophyll)
Leucoplast – colorless plastids that contain
organic substances such as oil, starch and
protein.

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