Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

SREE VENKATESWARA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(Autonomous)
N.RAJUPALEM, NELLORE (Dist)
AFFILIATED TO JNTU, Anantapur.

ENERGY CONSERVATION & AUDIT

(20A02706)
LAB MANUAL
(R 20 REGULATION)
IV BTECH EEE – I SEM

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING

NAME OF THE STUDENT

ROLL NO.

YEAR

BRANCH

1|Page Department of EEE, SVCN, Nellore

 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

SREE VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Autonomous)
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University – Anantapur)
GOLDEN NAGAR, NH5 BYPASS ROAD, NORTH RAJUPALEM, KODAVALURU (V&M),
SPSR NELLORE An ISO 9000:2015 Certified Institution

LABORATORY MANUAL
ENERGY CONSERVATION AND AUDIT
(20A02706) LAB

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Lab In charges HOD

Mr. N. Sudarshan Rao, Assistant Professor Mr. K. Gunavardhan,
Mr. M. Ramu, Assistant Professor Associate Professor

2|Page Department of EEE, SVCN, Nellore

 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

SREE VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Autonomous)
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University – Anantapur)
GOLDEN NAGAR, NH5 BYPASS ROAD, NORTH RAJUPALEM, KODAVALURU (V&M), SPSR NELLORE
An ISO 9000:2015 Certified Institution
VISION & MISSION OF THE INSTITUTE
VISION
 To be a Best Institute to originate and foster skilled Engineers creating Change makers for the
Development of Nation through phenomenal wisdom with morals, values and societal
responsibilities.

MISSION

M1: To impart graduates with quality education using innovative teaching-learning process to
excel in their careers.
M2: To build an ecosystem to play a vital role in strengthening innovative research and
entrepreneurship skills among graduates.
M3: To produce engineers with moral values and social responsibility to address societal needs for
better nation.

VISION & MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

VISION

 Empowering students to serve the Nation with value-based Education by imparting strong
principles and practices of Electrical Engineering to shape them into skilled Engineers
suitable to Industry, research and societal needs.

MISSION

M1: To prepare the students technically strong and excel in their career by providing quality
teaching and learning process.

M2: Create research oriented culture through state of art laboratories to invoke the desire and
ability of lifelong learning among the students for pursuing successful carrier.

M3: To develop creative thinking ability to apply the knowledge professionally with due
consideration of social and ethical values

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

PEO 1: To provide students with the fundamental knowledge, methodologies and use of
cutting edge technologies in the field of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

PEO 2: Graduates should have solid fundamentals in core and multidisciplinary domain for
successful implementation of engineering products and also to pursue higher studies.

PEO 3: Pursue professional growth through moral and continuous learning attitude by
adapting the current trends towards the well being the society.

3|Page Department of EEE, SVCN, Nellore

 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

SREE VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Autonomous)
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University – Anantapur)
GOLDEN NAGAR, NH5 BYPASS ROAD, NORTH RAJUPALEM, KODAVALURU (V&M), SPSR NELLORE
An ISO 9000:2015 Certified Institution

PROGRAM OUTCOMES
PO_1 Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
PO_2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO_3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
PO_4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO_5 Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO_6 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO_7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.
PO_8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
PO_9 Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO_10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.
PO_11 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one‟s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO_12 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES(PSOS)

Students are able to analyze and design the electrical and electronic circuits with the
PSO_1 knowledge of courses related to circuits, power electronics, power system and control
systems.
Get employed in allied industries through their proficiency in program specific domain
PSO_2 knowledge, specialized software packages or become an entrepreneur.

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 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

B.Tech (EEE)– IV-I Sem LTPC
1 0 2 2
(20A02706) ENERGY CONSERVATION AND AUDIT
(Skill Oriented Course – V)

Course Objectives:
The following industry relevant skills of the competency „Undertake energy conservation and
energy audit‟ are expected to be developed in the students by undertaking
 Identification of energy losses and opportunities of energy conservation.
 Implementation of energy conservation technique.
 Apply energy conservation techniques in electrical installations.
 Use Co-generation and relevant tariff for reducing losses in facilities.
 Carryout energy audit for electrical system.

Course Outcomes:
At the end of the course the student will be able to:
• Understand energy conservation policies in India.
• Design energy conservation techniques in electrical machines.
• Apply energy conservation techniques in electrical installations, Co-generation and relevant tariff for
reducing losses in facilities.
• Design and analyze energy audit for electrical system.

List of Experiments:
Theory:
Different types of Electrical apparatus, ratings, units, Loads, efficiency calculations, power
consumption calculations, improvement of p.f., lightening, fans, electricity tariff, need for energy
saving, energy audit questionnaire

List of Experiments:
1. Analyze star labeled electrical apparatus and compare the data sheet (Pamphlet) of various star ratings.
2. Determine the „% loading‟ and the related efficiency of given Induction motor at different loading
3. Determine the reduction in power consumption in star mode operation of Induction motor
compared to delta mode at no load/ light loads.
4. Use APFC / PFC unit for improvement of p. f. of electrical load.
5. Compare power consumption of (Fluorescent and LED) lighting
6. Determine Net Energy Saving by Lamp replacements.
7. Determine Energy conservation in Fan by using Electronic Regulator
8. Analysis of electric bill based on tariff of Industrial consumer to reduce energy usage and electric bill
9. To analyze the energy bill of a commercial consumer and to suggest (if needed) suitable tariff to
achieve energy conservation and reduction in energy bill
10. To interpret the energy bill of a residential consumer, suggest suitable tariff to achieve energy
conservation and reduction in energy bill.
11. Estimate energy saving by improving power factor and load factor for given cases.
12. Prepare a sample energy audit questionnaire for the given industrial facility.
13. Prepare an energy audit report
14. Determination of rating of Inverter capacity for household applications

References:
1. Guide Books no. 1 and 3 for National Certification Examination for Energy Managers and Energy
Auditors
2. Energy Management and Conservation By Sharma, K. V., Venkataseshaiah P

Online Learning Resources/Virtual Labs:

1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108106022

5|Page Department of EEE, SVCN, Nellore

 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

SREE VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Autonomous)
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University – Anantapur)
GOLDEN NAGAR, NH5 BYPASS ROAD, NORTH RAJUPALEM, KODAVALURU (V&M), SPSR NELLORE
An ISO 9000:2015 Certified Institution

DO’S AND DON’TS IN THE LAB

DO’S:-

1. Proper dress has to be maintained while entering in the Lab. (Boys Tuck in and shoes, girls
with apron)
2. All students should come to the Lab with necessary tools. (Cutting Pliers 6”, Insulation
remover and phase tester)
3. Students should carry observation notes and record completed in all aspects.
4. Correct specifications of the equipment have to be mentioned in the circuit diagram.
5. Student should be aware of operating equipment.
6. Students should be at their concerned experiment table, unnecessary moment is restricted.
7. Student should follow the indent procedure to receive and deposit the equipment from the
Lab Store Room.
8. After completing the connections Students should verify the circuits by the Lab Instructor.
9. The reading must be shown to the Lecturer In-Charge for verification.
10. Students must ensure that all switches are in the OFF position, all the connections are
removed.
11. All patch cords and stools should be placed at their original positions.

DON’Ts:-
1. Don‟t come late to the Lab.
2. Don‟t make or remove the connections with power ON.
3. Don‟t switch ON the supply without verifying by the Staff Member.
4. Don‟t switch OFF the machine with load.
5. Don‟t leave the lab without the permission of the Lecturer In-Charge.

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 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

INDEX

Expt.
No.
Name of the experiment Marks Sign

Analyze star labeled electrical apparatus and compare the data

1 sheet (Pamphlet) of various star ratings.

Determine the „% loading‟ and the related efficiency

2
of given Induction motor at different loading
Use APFC / PFC unit for improvement of p. f. of
3
electrical load.
Compare power consumption of (Fluorescent and
4
LED) lighting

5 Determine Net Energy Saving by Lamp replacements

Determine Energy conservation in Fan by using

6
Electronic Regulator
Analysis of electric bill based on tariff of Industrial
7
consumer to reduce energy usage and electric bill
To analyze the energy bill of a commercial consumer
8 and to suggest (if needed) suitable tariff to achieve
energy conservation and reduction in energy bill
To interpret the energy bill of a residential consumer,
9 suggest suitable tariff to achieve energy conservation
and reduction in energy bill.
Estimate energy saving by improving power factor
10
and load factor for given cases.
Prepare a sample energy audit questionnaire for the
11
given industrial facility.

Additional Experiments
Determine the reduction in power consumption in star
12 mode operation of Induction motor compared to delta
mode at no load/ light loads.

13 Prepare an energy audit report

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 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

Practical set-up/ Circuit diagram /Work Situation

Use catalogues of any three same size star labeled appliances, (For example, Three T.V.‟s
and three refrigerators) of different manufacturers.

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 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

Exp No.1: Analyze star labeled electrical apparatus and compare the
data sheet (Pamphlet) of various starratings.

Aim: Identification of suitable star labeled appliance helps in comparison of energy

efficiency, running cost while purchasing new machine/equipment. Also efficient appliance
reduces carbon emission thus protecting our environment.

Resources Required:

Suggested
Sr. No. Name of Resource Quantity
Broad
Specification
1 Catalogues by different Three star, 165litres. 01
2 manufacturers of Four star, 165 litres. 01
3 Refrigerators. Five star,165 litres 01
4 Catalogues by different Three star, 32” 01
5 manufacturers of Four star, 32” 01
6 Televisions. Five star, 32” 01
7 Catalogues by different Two star, one ton 01
8 manufacturers of Air Three star, one ton 01
9 conditioners. Four star, one ton 01
Precautions To Be Followed:
1. While comparing two models make sure that models are manufactured in the
same year.
2. Also models we are comparing should be of same size/capacity.

Procedure:
1. Get three catalogues by different manufacturer of refrigerators, but same
size/capacity, same year of manufacturing.
2. Look into the star label & note down annual energy consumption.
3. Calculate the annual running cost as per the tariff (cost per unit) in your area.*
4. Calculate the annual interest on the purchase cost assuming suitable rate of
interest, say 8%. Per annum**
5. Add this annual interest on purchase cost to the annual running cost to get the
total yearly expenses of the equipment.
6. Assume a reasonable life span for the electrical appliance. (Refer to Table 1.1)
7. Multiply total yearly cost with the average life span of the equipment to get
lifeterm expenses for the equipment.
8. Add this life term expense to the purchase price to get life term cost of the
equipment.
9. Judge which equipment is a better choice in the long run.
10. Repeat the above steps for other electrical appliances.
.∗ 𝑨𝒏𝒏𝒖𝒂𝒍𝑹𝒖𝒏𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 =
(𝑲𝒘𝒉 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒍𝒂𝒃𝒆𝒍) × 𝑻𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝒊𝒏 𝒚𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂

** Annual interest = Purchase cost x Rate of Interest/100

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 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

Table 1.1:

Sr.No. Electrical Appliance Average Life in

years
1 LED TV 18
2 Refrigerator 15
3 Split Air conditioner 20

Observations And Calculations (use blank sheet if space is not sufficient)

Electrical Appliance No.1:
Size /Capacity –
Average life of the appliance-
Total Life
Annual Life
Annual Annual yearly term
Star Energy term
Model expen expen
Sr. ratingof consumpt Features interest Runnin se se
cost=
No. ion in /year if any on Purc
the g cost =col.6 =
appliance Kwh purcha hase
se cost + col.8
cost+
col.7 x life
col.9
in
years

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1
2
3
4

Electrical Appliance No.2:

Size /Capacity –
Annual Life
Featur Life
Star Energy Total term
Mod es Annu term
Sr. rating of consu Annu yearly expens
e l/ if any al cost=Pu
No the mption al expense e=
year intere rchase
applianc in Kwh Runni =col.6+c col.8x
st on cost+co
e n g ol.7 life in
purch l.9
cost years
a se
cost
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1
2
3
4

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Electrical Appliance No.3:

Size /Capacity –

Total Life
Star Annual Fe Annual
Model/ Annua yearly term Life
ratin Energy a interest
Sr. l expens expens term
g of consum year tur on
No. Runni e e cost=Pur
the ptionin es purcha
appli Kwh ,if se cost ng cost = chase
=col.6+
ance any col.8x cost+col.
col.7 life in 9
years

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1
2
3
4

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Results:

Conclusions (Actions/decisions to be taken based on the interpretation of cost analysis)

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Circuit Diagram:-

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Exp No.2: Determine the ‘% loading’ and the related efficiency of given
Induction motor at different loading

Aim: To know the operating efficiency of the motor. And able to interpret percentage loading
of a given Induction motor for efficient operation.

Theoretical Background:

Nameplate Details:
S.No Parameter Range
1. Voltage 415V
2. Current 4.8A
3. Power 2.2 KW
4. Speed 1400 rpm
5. Phases 3

Apparatus required:
S.No Instrument Type Range Number
1 Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1
2 Voltmeter MI (0-600)V 1
3 3 Auto Transformer 440/ 0-470V, 10A, 50 Hz 1
4 Watt meters UPF 10A/600V 2 Nos
5 Tachometer Digital (0-9999) rpm 1 No
6 Connecting wires - - -

Precautions:
1) There should not be any load on the motor initially.
2) The brake drum should be filled with water to cool it.
3) If any wattmeter shows negative deflection, reverse either its pressure coil or current coil
and take that reading as negative.
4) The rotor external resistance should be kept at max resistance position initially

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Tabular Column
S.N PF Curre Spee %Slip Input Torqu Output %η= Percent
o cos  nt d N S  N S1 S2 Powe e= Power= Output age
= IL N NS r (S1-S2) 2NT Input loading
W Amp Rp * K K W *9.81* 60 * 735.5 * *
3V I s L L
m 100 g g Wat r N-m (BHP) 100
ts

Expected graph:

Sample Calculations:-
Load voltage VL= S2 =
Load current = Load Torque =
Speed N = %Slip=
Input power = %Efficiency=
Output power =
S1 =

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 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram and taking care that the brake belt is loose and
the brake drum is filled with water for cooling, start the motor and note down the
readings of ammeter, wattmeter and the speed of the motor in the table.
2. Load the motor by tightening the brake belt in steps up to full load (the full load
current read by the ammeter) and note down the readings as in step1 in the table.
3. Plot the performance characteristics of the motor.

Result:

Conclusion:

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Circuit Diagram

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Exp No. 3: Use APFC / PFC unit for improvement of p.f. of electrical
load.

Aim: To Improvement in the PF increases the power handling capacity, improves voltage
regulation, and reduces the power loss which results in the reduction of energy bill. Reactive
power generators help offset the non-working power required by the loads, thereby
improving the power factor. and to improve p.f and achieve energy conservation.

Resources required:

Sr. No. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

Three phase Induction
1 3 hp,415 Volts 01
motor
2 AC Voltmeter 0 – 500V 01
3 AC Clamp on ammeter 0-20A 01
Three phase 5/10Amp,
4 PF meter 300/600V 01
5 Wattmeter Single phase, 5/10A, 300/600V 02
3 phase,50Hz,1 KVAR(in steps
6 Capacitor Bank of 0.2KVAR) 01

Theoretical background:
 Improved power factor increase the efficiency of system and devices. Improved
power factor reduces voltage drops, the size of a conductors/cables leading to
monetary reduction in the cost of the conductors.
 The most practical and economical power factor correction device is the capacitor. It
improves the power factor because the effects of capacitance are exactly opposite
from those of inductance.

Precautions to be followed:
1. Make sure that the main switch is in „OFF‟ position while making connections.
2. Make sure load is off at the beginning of the practical.
3. Make sure all capacitors are properly discharged before connection.

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the switch of capacitor bank in off position..
3. Switch “ON‟ the supply.
4. Start the Induction motor at no load or light load.
5. Note down the readings of current at supply side (Before capacitor bank) and load
side (after capacitor bank) using clamp on ammeter.
6. Note down the readings of wattmeter‟s, p.f meter, and voltmeter.
7. Switch ON switches of appropriate capacitor bank in steps.
8. For each step note down all meter readings. (minimum four readings)
9. Switch OFF the capacitor bank one by one.
10. Stop the Motor.
11. Switch „OFF‟ the supply.

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Observations And Calculations (use blank sheet if space is not sufficient)

Total Total
Suppl PF Line pof =
Cap Suppl Load Active Reacti
S y meter Cos((tan -1
a y Curre power ve
r. curre readi √𝟑(W1W
cito Volta nt, ,Pwatt power,
N n t, Is ng 2)/
r ge V IL,amp W1+ Q,
o amps cos∅ (W1+W2)
Ban volts s W2 VAR
k )
√𝟑(W1-
W2)
1 OFF

2 C1

3 C2

4 C3

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Result:

Conclusion:

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Circuit Diagram

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Exp No. 4: Compare power consumption of (Fluorescent andLED)

lighting.

Aim:
The electrical diploma engineers are expected to know all about the benefits of energy
efficiency and find out how society (Individual or group) and environment is benefited by
using Energy efficient lighting.

Resources required:

Sr.
Resource required Specification Quantity
No
1 1-Phase Auto Transformer 2KVA, 0-250V 1
2 AC Ammeter 0-1-2/0-2.5-5 Amp 2
3 AC Voltmeter 0-300 Volt 1
4 Wattmeter(LPF) 1-2/300,2.5-5/300 2
5 Lux-meter Digital type 1
6 FT with induction choke 230V,50Hz 1
7 FT with electronic ballast 230V,50Hz 1
8 CFL of different rating 5,12,18,25,55W 1-each
9 LED lamps of Different ratings 2,5,8,12,18,25,35W 1-each
10 Two way piano switch 5Amp/230Volt 1

Theoretical Background
Construction and working of different types of lamps and control gears.
Interpretation of their specification with their technical features. Selection of lamps based on
type of lighting system. To connect the lamps in the circuit with control gear and proper
meters to measure electrical power drawn by the lamp.
Precautions To Be Followed
1. Select proper range of meters.
2. Ensure the position of auto transformer at zero position before switching on the
supply.
3. Position of Lux-meter must be at the same distance (i.e. approximately 1.5m) from
light source for the measurement of illumination.

Procedure
1. Make the connection as per the circuit shown.
2. Check and adjust the zero settings of all the meters.
3. Keep the auto transformer at zero position.
4. Switch on the supply.
5. Adjust the voltage to the rated voltage of the lamps.
6. Keep the two way switch at position 1.
7. Observe shoots up in starting current.
8. Note down the meter readings and measure illumination with lux-meter.
9. Reduce the voltage and note down the minimum voltage at which the lamp glows
bright/ ignite.
10. Change the switch to position 2.
11. Repeat step 7 to9.
12. Switched off the supply.

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Observations and calculations:

Comparison of power consumption of FTL with LED.
Type Rating in Current Voltage Power Illumination On
of Watts I in V in consumed in the working Plane
lamp Amp Volts Watts in Lumen/sq.m

Comparison of power consumption of FTL with induction choke and Electronic

Ballast.

Illumination on
Type of Voltage required to Curren Power
theworking plane
Ballast ignite the FTL tin in Watts
Lumen/sq.m
Amps
Conventional Rated :

Minimum :

Electronic Rated :

Minimum :

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Result:

Conclusion:

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Circuit Diagram

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Exp No. 5: Determine Net Energy Saving by Lampreplacements.

Aim:
The electrical diploma engineers are expected to suggest replacement of inefficient
lamps in the existing installations with energy efficient lighting techniques. Such techniques
reduce the burden on supply utility on large extent by reducing energy wastage, also help the
consumers by reducing energy bills.

Resources required:

Sr.
Resource required Specification Quantity
No
1. Lux-meter Digital type 1
2. Multimeter Digital type 1
3. Clamp-on meter Digital type 1
4. Pamphlets of efficient lighting Any manufacturer 3 samples

Theoretical background:
The knowledge of different types of luminaries with luminaire, control gears for
efficient lighting system with their application and other technical features. Methods of
lighting schemes based on the need of facility.

Precautions to be followed:
1. Select proper range of meters.
2. Ensure all the switches are off before starting the work.
3. Measurement of lumen must be carried out on working table where the
illumination is desired.

Procedure:
1. Visit the place allocated to your group for the above purpose.
2. Draw the existing electrical installation plan by indicating the position of lamps,
windows and doors.
3. Tabulate the power rating, type, condition and method of control of each lamp by
marking code/ number to each lamp.
4. Summarize the total power consumption of the existing system.
5. Replace all the existing lamps by energy efficient lamps and then calculate total
power conservation.
6. Estimate the effective electric power conserved.

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Observations And Calculations

Assume the lamps are in operation for 8 hours/day and cost per
energy unit (kWh) =Rs.3.00
Number of days in particular month:

Sr. No/ Power rating Energy Power rating Energy Net Energy
Lamp of existing consumption per of efficient consumption saving/
code lamp month by lamp per month by month
existing lamp efficient lamp (e=b-d)
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Net saving in monthly bill in rupees = Net Energy Saving X Cost per unit

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Result:

Conclusion:

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Circuit Diagram

Fig 6.1

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Exp No. 6: Determine Energy conservation in Fan by using

Electronic Regulator.
Aim:
To know about the benefits of energy efficiency and the use energy efficient
regulators to regulate the speed of electric fan. Able to select proper type of regulator based
on the requirement and availability.
Theoretical Background
Construction and working of different types of conventional an electronic regulators.
Interpretation of their specification and technical features. Selection of regulators based on
rating and type of fan. To connect the fan in the electric circuit with regulate the speed and
connect proper meters to measure electrical power drawn.

Resources Required

Sr. No Resource required Specification Quantity

1 1-Phase Auto Transformer 2KVA, 0-250V 1
2 AC Ammeter 0-1-2/0-2.5-5 Amp 2
3 AC Voltmeter 0-300 Volt 1
4 Wattmeter(LPF) 1-2/300,2.5-5/300 2
5 Conventional regulator 230V,50Hz 1
6 Electronic (Step type) 230V,50Hz 1
7 Electronic (Smooth variable) 230V,50Hz 1
8 Tachometer Digital non-contact type 1
9 Two way piano switch 5Amp/230Volt 1

Precautions To Be Followed
1. Select proper range of meters.
2. Ensure the position of auto transformer at zero position before switching on the
supply.

Procedure
1. Make the connection as per the circuit shown in fig 6.1.
2. Check and adjust the zero settings of all the meters.
3. Keep the auto transformer at zero output voltage position.
4. Switch on the supply.
5. Keep the two way switch in position-1 to connect the convention regulator in the
circuit.
6. Note down the meter readings and measure the speed.
7. Now keep the two way switch in position-2 to connect the electronic regulator inthe
circuit.
8. Repeat step-6
9. Observe the jerk operation of motor while change the steps of regulator.

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Observations And Calculations

Comparison of power consumption in regulators.
Type of
Power
Regulato Steps Current I Voltage V Speed in
consumed
rwith in Amp in Volts rpm
inWatts
specificatio
n
1
Conventional 2
3
4
1
Electronic 2
3
4

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 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

Result:

Conclusion:

33 | P a g e Department of EEE, SVCN, Nellore

 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

SAMPLE OF ENERGY BILL (PASTE HERE).

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 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

Exp No. 7: Analysis of electric bill based on tariff of Industrialconsumer

to reduce energy usage and electric bill.

Aim:
To interpret the electricity bill and the tariff schedule of the industrial
consumers. They are then expected to suggest suitable tariff if applicable to achieve energy
conservation and its impact to reduce the energy bill.

Resources Required
 Electric bill of Industrial consumer for the current or last month.
 Tariff schedule booklet of the relevant supply utility.
 Different types of tariff applicable to conserve energy and its impact on reductionin
energy bill.
 TOD tariff schedule

Sr.No Time of day Block Cost/kWh in Rs Remark

1 06.00 am to 09.00 am Rs. (6.00 + 0.00) Per unit Base Load
2 09.00 am to 12.00 noon Rs. 6.00+ 0.80) Per unit Peak Load
3 12.00 noon to 06.00 pm Rs. (6.00 + 00) Per unit Base Load
4 06.00 pm to 10.00 pm Rs. (6.00 + 1.10) Per unit Peak Load
5 10.00 pm to 06.00 am Rs. (5.00 – 1.50) Per unit Off Peak load

Theoretical Background
Knowledge of the terms used in electrical power distribution and framing of tariff.
Classification of consumer based on amount of energy consumption. Various types of tariffs
used to calculate energy bill of industrial consumer with their respective merits and demerits.

Precautions To Be Followed
Ensure that the electricity bill is of current or last month.

Procedure
1. Collect electric bill of industrial consumer of the current or last month.
2. Interpret the type and structure of tariff used to calculate the electricity bill.
3. Use different types of tariffs which are applicable to the industrial consumers and
calculate electricity bill.
4. Compare the energy bill based on the cost.
5. Suggest type of economical tariff schedule of rate applicable to the industrialconsumer.

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 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

Observations And Calculations

Calculation of energy bill by using tariffs schedule as applicable to the aboveconsumer.
 TIME OF DAY TARIFF/ any other tariff applicable
Total monthly
Tariff Structure Units consumed in Monthly bill
given time block
06.00 am to 09.00 Rs. (5.00 + 0.00) Per
am unit
09.00 am to 12.00 Rs. (6.00+ 0.80) Per
noon unit
12.00 noon to 06.00 Rs. (5.00 +0. 00) Per
pm unit
06.00 pm to 10.00 Rs. (6.00 + 1.10) Per
pm unit
10.00 pm to 06.00 Rs. (5.00 – 1.50) Per
am unit
Total Units: Rs:

Suggest proper tariff structure after the above exercise.

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Result:

Conclusion:

37 | P a g e Department of EEE, SVCN, Nellore

 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

Sample Of Energy Bill (PasteHere)

38 | P a g e Department of EEE, SVCN, Nellore

 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

Exp No. 8: To analyze the energy bill of a commercial consumerand to

suggest (if needed) suitable tariff to achieve energy conservation and
reduction in energy bill.

Aim:
To interpret the electric bill and the tariff schedule of the commercial consumer and
expected to suggest suitable tariff applicable to achieve energy conservation and its impact
to reduce his/her energy bill.

Resources Required

 Electricity bill of commercial consumer for the current/last month.

 Tariff schedule booklet of the relevant supply company/utility.
 Different types of tariff applicable to conserve energy and its impact on reduction
in energy bill.

Theoretical Background
Significance of the terms used in electrical power distribution and framing of tariff.
Classification of consumer based on amount of energy consumption. Various types of tariff
schedule used to calculate energy bill of commercial consumer with their respective merits
and demerits.

Precautions To Be Followed

1. Take electricity bill of current/last month.

2. Identify the type of tariff therein.

Procedure

1. Collect current/last month electricity bill of a commercial consumer.

2. Interpret the type and structure of tariff used to calculate the electricity bill.
3. Interpret the components of the bill.
4. Use different types of tariffs which are applicable to the commercial
consumersand calculate the electricity bill.
5. Compare the change in electricity bill charges.
6. Suggest type of tariff which benefits the consumer.

39 | P a g e Department of EEE, SVCN, Nellore

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Observations And Calculations

Calculation of energy bill by using different tariffs as applicable to consumer.

Tariff Structure Energy bill

Total monthly (Excluding fixed
Cost per % Incentive on Unitsconsumed at charges, Taxes
Unit Avg PF Avg PF and
interest)

Total Units: Rs:

Cost of Energy consumed = Units consumed per month X Cost per unit

Incentive on PF improvement = Cost of energy consumed X % Incentive on Average

PF Energy bill (Excluding fixed charges, Taxes, interest etc.) = Cost of Energy consumed
+ Incentive on PF improvement

(Note: Suggest proper tariff structure after analysing actual energy bill with the
calculatedenergy bill by selecting appropriate tariff as applicable.)

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 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

Result:

Conclusion:

41 | P a g e Department of EEE, SVCN, Nellore

 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

SAMPLE OF ELECTRICITY BILL OF A DOMESTIC/RESIDENTIAL USED (paste

below)

42 | P a g e Department of EEE, SVCN, Nellore

 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

Exp No. 9: To interpret the energy bill of a residential consumer,

suggest suitable tariff to achieve energy conservation and
reduction in energy bill.
Aim:

To analyze the electric bill and the tariff schedule of the residential consumer and
expected to suggest suitable tariff applicable to achieve energy conservation and its impact
to reduce his/her energy bill.

Resources Required
 Electricity bill of residential consumer for the current/last month.
 Tariff booklet of the relevant supply company/utility.
 Different types of tariff applicable to conserve energy and its impact on reduction in
energy bill.

Theoretical Background
Significance of the terms used in electrical power distribution and framing of tariff.
Classification of consumer based on amount of energy consumption. Various types of tariff
schedule used to calculate energy bill of commercial consumer with their respective merits
and demerits.

Precautions to be followed
Identify correctly the type of tariff used in preparation of the bill.

Procedure
1. Collect current/last month bill of residential consumer.
2. Interpret the type and structure of tariff used to calculate the electricity bill.
3. Interpret the various heads in which the cost is distributed with significance.
4. Use different types of tariffs which are applicable to the residential consumers and
calculate electricity bill.
5. Compare the change in bill.
6. Suggest type of tariff.

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Observations and Calculations

Calculation of energy bill by using tariffs as applicable to Residential consumer.
 Prompt Billing
Description Amount Prompt payment Remark/ comments
Payable Benefit in Rs
Before Due date
On Due Date
After due Date

 Block rate tariff

Tariff Structure
Unit Total units bifurcation in Total cost
Cost/ Unit
consumption steps
inBlock
0-200
201-300
301 and above
Total Units: Rs:

 Step rate Tariff

Tariff Structure
Unit Total units bifurcation in Total cost
consumptio Cost/ Unit steps
nin Steps
0-99
If Exceeds
99

If Exceeds
199

Total Units: Rs:

Suggest proper tariff structure after analysing actual energy bill with the calculated
energy bill by selecting appropriate tariff as applicable.

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Result:

Conclusion:

45 | P a g e Department of EEE, SVCN, Nellore

 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

Numerical Problem:

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 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

Exp No. 10: Estimate the Energy saving by improving

powerfactor and load factor.

Aim:
To estimate the impact of power factor and load factor on energy consumption and its
cost. They must be able to suggest the ways by which the load factor and power factor can be
improved.

Resources Required
1. Numerical from standard text books
2. From BEE guide.
3. Problem case study literature.

Theoretical Background
Significance of the terms used in electrical power generation, distribution, utilisation
and framing of tariff. Importance Load curve, load duration curve, load pattern of the industry
and the provision of diversity of load to accommodate in off peak period.
Load Factor = Consumption during the period (kWh) x 100
Demand x Number of hours in that period.

Precautions to be Followed

1. Take proper cases of load factor and power factor improvement.

2. Identify the cost effective and energy saving.
3. Analyse the impact with different values of the above factors.

Procedure

1. Choose various numerical pertaining to energy saving by improving power factor and
load factor.
2. Interpret the load profile and its need.
3. check whether load factor can be improved by:
i) By maximum Demand reduction: Reduce demand by distributing your
loads over different time periods.
ii) By increasing production: Keeping the demand stable and increasing your
consumption is often a cost-effective way to increase production while
maximizing the use of your power.
4. Make comparative study of various cases and their interpretation.
5. Finally, this results in to reduction in average unit cost per kWh.

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Observations and Calculations

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 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

Result:

Conclusion:

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 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet if space is not sufficient)

Note: Questionnaire should be tailor made to the industry to be visited.

Sample Questionnaire for Industry/Commercial Premises:

1) General Information:

Name of the Company

Contact Person
& Designation
Address
Phone No. Cell No.

Fax No. Email

Operation One/Two/Three Shifts per day &6/7 days per
week

Fuel Consumption ( per month) for DG set.

Unit
Description Rate Consumption Total Amount
Fuel 1
Fuel 2
Fuel 3

Electricity Bill Detail ( If possible, please attach a copy of the

recent bill)
Connected Contract
Load, KVA Demand, kVA
Actual
Demand, kVA Power Factor
Type of
supply
KWH

Power Month- 1:
( Minimum of Month- 2: Tariff structure and Total
Six month) Month- 3: schedule rate Amount,
Consumption, Month- 4: Rs.
kWh/ month Month- 5:
Month- 6:

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 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

Exp No.11: Prepare a sample energy audit questionnaire

for thegiven industrial facility.

Aim:
Energy audit questionnaire aims at interpreting the existing energy consumption
pattern and identify the potential for energy saving. It is very important to have a well-
structured questionnaire to understand the pattern of energy consumption.

Theoretical Background
 Location of the industry.
 Type of the Industry.
 Connected Load.
 Electrical energy consumption.

Work Situation:
Visit any nearby industry/Institution/Workshop/Residential Building and inspect it for
Energy audit purpose.
Resources Required:

Sr. Suggested Broad

Name of Resource Remark
No. Specification
1 Audit Team - 4-5
members
Postal Address, Mail
2 Name of the 01
id,
industry/firm Mobile Number

Precautions to be followed:

1. Check whether all the areas/departments of the industry has been covered.
2. Follow the safety measures throughout the visit.

Procedure

1. Identify type of consumer like small scale industry/Institution/Workshop/Residential

Building or any other electricityconsumer premises.
2. Form audit team comprising 4 to 5 students.
3. Prepare appropriate questionnaire pertaining to the type of consumer.

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2) Lighting Load Details:

Sr. N Type of lighting Ballas Qty Power Operating

o fixtures t type . Rating hours

1) Data collection of various appliances/Machines

A: Motors: ( Use similar sheets for different motors)

Facility/Location:

Department:
Process and Nature of Load: ____________
Motor Type: _______
Motor Purchase Date / Age :
Coupling Type:
Method of starting
Duty Cycle
Rewound _ Yes _ No
Motor Nameplate Data/ History
1. Manufacturer:
2. Motor ID Number:
3. Rating in (HP/ kW):
4. Enclosure Type:
5. Synchronous Speed (RPM) :
6. Full-Load Speed (RPM) :
7. Voltage Rating:
8. Full-Load current:
9. Full-Load Power Factor:
10. Full-Load Efficiency (%): _
11. Insulation Class:

52 | P a g e Department of EEE, SVCN, Nellore

 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

4) Electrical Utility:

Operating
Equipment Capacity/ Rating Quantity
Hrs.
Transformer KVA, KV/ k V, A,
Air
cfm , kg/ cm2
Compressor
Refrigeratio
n system / TR,
Chillers
Cooling
TR
Tower
Other

5) D.G.Set Details:

Sr. D. G.Set capacity Qty. Operating HSD

No. Hours

6) Thermal Load Details:

Fuel Operating
Sr. Thermal Capacity Fuel Consumption Hrs. (per
No Load Used Rate day).
( Kg/day)
Kg/ cm2 HSD
Dryer
Oven
Hot Air
Generator

7) Environmental condition (geographical details)

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8) Additional Information (if any)

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Results:

Conclusion:

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 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

Circuit Diagram

Fig 12.1

Fig. 12.2

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 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

Exp No. 12: Determine the reduction in power consumption in

star mode operation of Induction motor compared to delta mode at No
load/light load.

Aim: To determine the reduction in power consumption in star mode operation of Induction
motor compared to delta mode, under no load/ light load conditions. In order to conserve
energy without going for replacement, the best way is to use star delta starter/ converter at
reduced loads.

Resources Required

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.
1 Three phase Induction motor 3hp,415 V. 01
2 Star-Delta converter Suitable for the above motor 01
3 Lamp bank 5 kW 01
Single phase 5/10Amp,
4 Wattmeter 02
250/500V, 1500W
5 AC Voltmeter 0-500 V. 01
6 AC Ammeter 0-10 A 01
7 DC Voltmeter 0-300V 01
8 DC Ammeter 0-20A 01
9 Rheostat 800 Ohms,1A. 01
Precautions to be followed:
1. Make sure that the main switch is in „OFF‟ position while making connections.
2. Make sure load is off at the beginning of the practical.
Procedure
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig. 12.1.
2. Switch on the supply by keeping the Star Delta Converter in delta mode.
3. Increase the field excitation of the generator to bring up to the rated voltage.
4. Note down the readings of all the meters at no load.
5. Gradually increase the lamp load in steps, until motor is loaded up to 30% of full
load.
6. For each step note down all meter readings.
7. With Star Delta Converter, change the motor terminals to star mode.
8. Repeat the step no.5 & 6.
9. Switch off the load.
10. Decrease the field excitation of generator and STOP the motor.
11. Switch OFF the supply.

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 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet if space isnot sufficient)

Rated power of the Induction motor, Wr = kw

Full load efficiency of Induction motor, m =_______________(As per name plate details)

Full load efficiency of Generator, g= (As per name plate details)

𝑽𝒐𝑰𝒐 𝑿 𝑵𝒎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎
*%𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 =
𝑾𝒓

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 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

Results:

Conclusion:

59 | P a g e Department of EEE, SVCN, Nellore

 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

Practical set-up/ Circuit diagram /Work Situation

Survey Industry/ Institution where energy audit is to be carried out.

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 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

Exp No.13: Prepare an energy audit report (phase-I, Walkthrough Audit)

Aim
An energy audit is a systematic procedure that aims to obtain an adequate
knowledge of the energy consumption of a building or an industrial plant. It also aims to
identify and evaluate the cost-effective energy saving opportunities. The energy audit
practice is aimed to prepare the students of diploma engineering to understand the
significance of energy audit and cost effective implementation to benefit the firm/ society
theyserve.
Resources Required

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.
Questionnaire along with
1 answers obtained by 1 set
informal interview &
survey
1 set comprising
2 Electricity Bills of 12 monthly
bills
Apparatus to measure
3 different quantities 1 each
4 Supervisor/shift in-
charge

Minimum Theoretical Background

1. Total connected load, Nature of load, Duty cycle, Understand the electrical plan
layout.
2. Energy bill comprises of cost of maximum demand charges (fixed), energy
consumption charges (variable), and also penalty for low power factor.
3. Also energy charge includes a component based on time of use.

Precautions to be followed:

1. During inspection, apart from the visual inspection, check the condition of the
electrical installation, opportunity for use of Natural light.
2. Follow the safety measures throughout the visit.
3. Load is segregated based on end use, such as lighting & fan load, air conditioningload,
water pumping, computers & printers, any other load which uses electricity.
4. The accurate temperature measurement is very vital in refrigeration and air
conditioning. All instruments, including gauges and thermometers shall be calibrated
over the range of test readings for the measurement of all parameters.

Procedure
1. Visit the industry along with the team.
2. Organize an informal interview with the plant manager/ energy manager if required.

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 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet if space isnot sufficient)

Name of Industry/workshop/Institution:

Name of Contact Person:

Designation:
Mobile Number:
Address of Company:

Tel. No. : Fax. No. :E mail:

Preparation of Data sheets:

1. Past 12 Months’ Electricity Bills (Enclose Photo Copy of bills )

Month kWh M.D. P.F Rs. Bill in Rs.

charge charges incentive /kWh
s /penalty.

a b c a+b+or-c
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
July
Aug
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total

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3. Familiarize yourself with plant activities.

4. Collect the information as per the questionnaire prepared in the previouspractical..
5. Confirm/ Assure that all the relevant information necessary to carry out the audit of the
plant have been covered.
6. Collect monthly energy bill of the industry for the last one year.
7. Analyze and plot energy consumption pattern from energy bill.

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2. Assessment of existing Lighting System:

i. Lamp and Ballast Details:

Sr. Plant Lighting Device Rating in watts Quantity in Operating

No. Location & Ballast Type Lamp & Ballast numbers Hours/ day

ii. Details of Lighting Transformer (If provided):

Sr. Plant Lighting Meter Provision available

No. Location Transformer Quantity Volts / Amps / kW / Energy
Rating

iii. Illumination Measurement:

Sr. Plant Day Time Night Time Recommended Remarks

No Location Lux Average Lux Average Illumination
Level Level level as per IS

3. Assessment of Existing Air conditioning & Refrigerating System:

Capacity in Frequency of
Specific Power Operational Maintenanceof
Tons& Star consumption hours
Sr.No rating & the Compressor
Typeof Unit

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 Energy Conservation & Audit Lab

4. Transformer details

Transformer Name Plate Details

 Transformer Rating :
 Transformer Make :
 Transformer Serial No. :
 Transformer Voltage Rating: HV/LV
 Transformer Taps :
 Transformer Current Rating: HC/LC
 % Voltage Impedance:
 Year of Manufacturing

5. Details of Motors:

Type Rating Any

Sr. Location of the of Percentage Operating Maintenanc
No. Motor Motor Load Hours/month eissues?

6. Any other Load:

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Result:

Conclusion:

66 | P a g e Department of EEE, SVCN, Nellore