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Lecture 7

This document discusses deflection and cracking in reinforced concrete structures. It notes that deflection and cracking must be controlled to ensure satisfactory serviceability of the structure under normal loads. Two methods for controlling deflection are described: limiting span-to-depth ratios and calculating actual deflection and checking against a limit value. Guidelines for limiting crack widths to avoid damage are also provided. The document gives an example problem for checking beam deflection and provides methods for controlling cracking without direct calculation, such as by specifying minimum reinforcement and limiting bar spacing or size.

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45 views23 pages

Lecture 7

This document discusses deflection and cracking in reinforced concrete structures. It notes that deflection and cracking must be controlled to ensure satisfactory serviceability of the structure under normal loads. Two methods for controlling deflection are described: limiting span-to-depth ratios and calculating actual deflection and checking against a limit value. Guidelines for limiting crack widths to avoid damage are also provided. The document gives an example problem for checking beam deflection and provides methods for controlling cracking without direct calculation, such as by specifying minimum reinforcement and limiting bar spacing or size.

Uploaded by

NOR EJATI BINTI DORA STUDENT
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DEFLECTION AND

CRACKING
LECTURE #6
DEFLECTION
DURABILITY
▪At serviceability limit sate the deformation of structures such
as deflection, cracking and other distortions under load shall
not be excessive.
▪Excessive deflections for example will lead to sagging of floors,
crushing of partitions, buckling of glass enclosures or excessive
vibrations.
▪Thus, it is very crucial to control the deflection and cracking of
reinforced concrete, so that the serviceability condition of
structure under normal load is satisfactory.
Deflection for Beams
▪To control the deflection, two alternative
methods are described in clause 7.4 EC2 as
follows:
➢Limiting span to depth ratios under clause 7.4.2
and;
➢Calculation of actual deflection and checking it
with a limit value, under clause 7.4.3
▪Here are the guides to satisfy the requirement
✓Final deflection of a beam, slab or cantilever subjected
to quasi-permanent loads should not exceed span/250.
✓For the deflection which takes place after the
application of finishes or fixing of partitions should not
exceed span/500 to avoid damage to fixtures and
fittings.
Limiting Span to Depth Ratio

▪l/d = K { 11 + 1.5 √fck (po / p) + 3.2 √(po / p – 1)3/2}


If p ≤ po

▪l/d = K { 11 + 1.5 √fck (po / p-p’)) + (1-12) √(p’ / p}


If p > po
▪ The basic ratio are modified in particular cases as follows:
▪ For flange section where the ratio of the flange width to the web
width exceeds 3, the values should be multiplied by 0.8
▪ For beam and slab, other than flat slab, with spans exceeding 7 m
with support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive deflection
the values should be multiplied by 7/span.
▪ Where more tension reinforcement is provided (As,prov) than that
calculated (As,req) multiply the values by As,prov/ As,req (upper limit =
1.5)
Example 4.1

▪A simply supported rectangular beam spanning 8 m is of 250


mm width and 550 mm effective depth. The area of tension
steel required is 1663 mm2 and the area of compression
steel required is 200 mm2. Reinforcing bars 6H20 and 2H12
are provided as tension and compression reinforcements
respectively. Verify the beam for deflection consideration
according to EC2. Assume concrete strength fck = 25 N/mm2
and steel strength, fyk = 500 N/mm2.
Solution 4.1
CRACKING
Cracks are usually induced in concrete as a results of:
▪ Flexural tensile stress due to bending under applied loads,
▪ Diagonal tension stress due to shear under applied loads,
▪ Volume changes due to shrinkage, creep, thermal and
chemical effects, and;
▪ Splitting along reinforcement due to bond & anchorage
For control of cracks two alternative methods described in EC2 clause 7.3.
A. Control of cracking without direct calculation, according to Clause 7.3.3 and
B. Calculation of cracks widths and checking it with a limit value, according to
Clause 7.3.4
In the absence of specific requirements (e.g water tightness) the cracks width may
be limited to 0.3mm in all exposure classes under quasi-permanent combinations
of laod.
In the absence of requirements for appearance, this limit may be relaxed to 0.4
mm for exposure classes X0 and XC1.
Control of Cracking Without Direction Calculation

Flexural cracking is generally controlled by providing a


minimum area of tension reinforcement and limiting the bar
spacing or the bar size.
1) Minimum reinforcement area, As,min.
Whenever the minimum area is provided, yield should not
occur and cracking will then be distributed throughout the
section with a greater number of cracks but of lesser width,
As,min is given by the expression:
2) Maximum Spacing of Reinforcement
Cracking due to loading is minimised by giving that the
maximum spacing between longitudinal reinforcing
bars in beam is limited to that given in Table 4.2.
The calculation of stress level fs can be complicated and
an acceptable approximation is to be taken as Equation
4.4.
3) Maximum Bar size
Table 4.3 indicated the maximum bar diameter for crack
control. The table is based on C30/37 concrete and 25
mm cover as an alternative to limiting spacing.

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