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Serviceability Limit States

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Khaled Fada'aq
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16 views16 pages

Serviceability Limit States

Uploaded by

Khaled Fada'aq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Serviceability Limit States

Deflection & Cracks Limits and Checks


The main aspects to be satisfied at serviceability limit state (SLS) are that of deflection and
cracking. Limits for the serviceability limit state of deflection are set out in BS 8110: Part 2,
clause 3.2.1. It is stated in this clause that the deflection is noticeable if it exceeds L/250
where L is the span of a beam or length of a cantilever.
The code also states that damage to partitions, cladding and finishes will generally occur if
the deflection exceeds
1- L/500 or 20 mm whichever is the lesser for brittle finishes
2- L/350 or 20 mm whichever is the lesser for non-brittle finishes
Two methods are given in BS 8110: Part 1 for checking that deflection is not
excessive:
a- limiting the span-to-effective depth ratio using the procedure set out in clause 3.4.6. This
method should be used in all normal cases.
b- calculation of deflection from curvatures set out in BS 8110: Part 2, sections 3.6
Span-to-Effective Depth Ratio
The allowable value for the span-to-effective depth ratio calculated using the procedure given in
clause 3.4.6 of the code for normal cases depends on
1) the basic span-to-effective depth ratio for rectangular or flanged beams and the support
conditions
2) the amount of tension steel and its stress
3) the amount of compression steel
Basic span-to-effective depth ratios
The code states that the basic span-to-effective depth ratios given in Table 3.9 for rectangular and
flanged beams are so determined as to limit the total deflection to span/250. This ensures that
deflection occurring after construction is limited to span/350 or 20 mm whichever is the less. The
support conditions have also to be taken into account. The basic span-to-effective depth ratios from
Table 3.9 of the code. The values in the table apply to beams with spans up to 10 m. For longer span,
the values in the table should be multiplied by (10 / span) except for cantilevers where the design
should be justified by calculation.
Tension reinforcement
The deflection is influenced by the amount of tension reinforcement and the value of the stress at
service loads at the center of the span for beams or at the support for cantilevers.
According to clause 3.4.6.5 of the code the basic span-to-effective depth ratio from Table 3.9 of the
code is multiplied by the modification factor from Table 3.10. The modification factor is given by the
formula in the code:
Modification factor for tension (M.F.T) =
The design service stress fs is estimated from the equation
Compression reinforcement
All reinforcement in the compression zone reduces concrete shrinkage and creep and therefore the
curvature. This effect decreases the deflection. The modification factors for compression
reinforcement are given in BS 8110: Part 1, Table 3.11.
The modification factor is given by the formula
Modification factor for compression (M. F. C.) =
Deflection check
The allowable span-to-effective depth ratio is the basic ratio multiplied by the modification factor for
tension reinforcement multiplied by the modification factor for compression reinforcement. This
value should be greater than the actual span/d ratio for the beam to be satisfactory with respect to
deflection.

Allowable = BR × M. F. T × M. F. C
Actual span – basic depth ratio
Cracking Limits and Controls
Any prominent crack in reinforced concrete greatly detracts from the appearance. Excessive cracking
and wide deep cracks affect durability and can lead to corrosion of reinforcement BS 8110: Part 1, clause
2.2.3.4.1, states that for reinforced concrete cracking should be kept within reasonable bounds. The
clause points to two methods for crack control:
1. in normal cases a set of rules for limiting the maximum bar spacing in the tension zone of members
2. in special cases use of a formula given in BS 8110: Part 2, section 3.8, for assessing the design crack
width
Bar Spacing Controls in Beams
Cracking is controlled by specifying the maximum distance between bars in tension. The spacing
limits are specified in clause 3.12.11.2. The clause indicates that in normal conditions of internal
or external exposure, the bar spacing given will limit crack widths to 0.3 mm. Calculations of
crack widths can often be made to justify larger spacing. The rules are as follows:
1. Bars of diameter less than 0.45 of the largest bar in the section should be ignored except when
considering bars in the side faces of beams.
2. The clear horizontal distance S1 between bars or groups near the tension face of a beam
should not be greater than the values given in Table 3.28 of the code.
3. As an alternative the clear spacing between bars can be found from the formula (Clause
3.12.11.2.4 of the Code)
4. The clear distance s2 from the corner of a beam to the surface of the nearest horizontal bar
should not exceed one-half of the values given in BS 8110: Part 1, Table 3.28 or the
alternative formula.
5) If the overall depth of the beam exceeds 750 mm, longitudinal bars should be provided at a
spacing of s3 not exceeding 250 mm over a distance of two-thirds of the overall depth from the
tension face. The size of bar should not be less than √(S b b/fy) where Sb is the bar spacing and
b is the breadth of the beam (see clause 3.12.5.4 of the Code).
Stability
It is recommended that a structure should always be capable of resisting a lateral force not less
than 1.5 percent of the total characteristic loads acting through the centroid of the structure above
any level considered.
The general stability and robustness of a building structure can be increased by providing
reinforcement acting as ties. These ties should act both vertically between roof and foundation and
horizontally around and across each floor, and all external vertical load-bearing members should
be anchored to the floors and beams.
 Vertical Ties
Vertical ties should be provided by reinforcement, effectively continuous from roof to
foundation by means of proper laps, running through all vertical load-bearing members. In in situ
concrete, this requirement is almost invariably satisfied by normal design, but joint detailing may
affected in precast work.
 Horizontal Ties
Horizontal ties should be provided for all buildings, irrespective of height, in three ways
1. Peripheral ties
2. Internal ties
3. Column and wall ties
The resistance of these ties when stressed to their characteristic strength is given in terms of a
force Ft, where Ft = 60 KN or ( 20 + 4 × Number of stories in structure) KN, whichever is less.

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