ELECTRICITY

ELECTRIC CURRENT OHM’S LAW

CURRENT

The flow of electric charge is known •Potential difference between two

as Electric Current. It is expressed in points is directly proportional to
Charge: Protons and electrons possess terms of rate of flow of charges. The the current, provided temperature
some charge. Proton has positive SI unit of electric current is Ampere is constant. V ∝ l
charge. Electron has negative charge. (A). •⇒ V = lR
Neutron does not possess any charge. Direction of electric current is same as
Like charges repel each other and •R is a constant known
direction of positive charges and
unlike charges attract each other. as Resistance. The SI unit of
opposite to the direction of flow of
negative charges. resistance is ohm (Ω)
Conductors and Insulators: Conductors •Factors on which resistance of a
are those materials in which electrons Potential Difference: Work done per conductor depends-
can move freely. All metals are unit charge in taking charge from one •It is directly proportional to
conductors. Insulators do not have any point to another is known length of conductor.
free electrons to move. For example, as Potential Difference.
wood and plastic. •Inversely proportional to the
area of cross-section.
The unit of potential difference is volt •Directly proportional to the
(V). 1V is defined as the potential
temperature.
difference between two points if 1
Joule of work is done to move 1 •Depends on nature of material.
coulomb charge from one point to
another.

RESISTIVITY
Resistivity is the property of the material. The SI unit of Advantages of Parallel Combination over Series
resistivity is ohm-metre. Combination: If one component fails in series
• Resistivity of metals varies from 10-8 to 10-6. combination, then complete circuit is broken and
• Resistivity of insulators varies from 10 12 to 1017 no component can work properly. Different
• Copper and aluminium are used in electrical appliances need different current, this can be met
transmission due to their low resistivity. through parallel.
• Resistance = Resistivity * Length of Conductor/Cross
Sectional Area Heating effects of Electric Current: When charge Q
moves against the potential difference V in time t,
Resistors in series the amount of work is given by-
When two or more resistors are joined in series, then their
total resistance is given by the formula-

RS = R 1 + R 2 + R 3
The current will remain same through all resistor. Total Joule’s Law of Heating: Heat produced in a resistor is directly
voltage is given by- V = V1 + V2 + V3 proportional to square root of current. It is also directly proportional
Voltage across each resistor is given as – V1 = lR1, V2 = to resistance for a given current. Also, directly proportional to time
lR2 [V1 + V2 + V3 = V], V3 = lR3V = lR H = l2 Rt
⇒ V = lR1 + lR2 + lR3
R = R1 + R 2 + R 3 Filament of electric bulb is made up of tungsten because it has a
very high melting point and also does not oxidize readily at a high
Resistors in parallel temperature. Electric fuse is a safety device to protect the electrical
In this case, voltage is same across each resistor and is appliance from short circuit.
equal to applied voltage. Total current is given as-
Electric Power: The rate at which electric energy is dissipated or
consumed in an electric current. The SI unit of power is Watt.
P = Vl
⇒ P = l2 R = V2/R
V/R = V/R1 + V/R2 + V/R3 The commercial unit of electric energy is kilowatt hour (KWh).
1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3