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Electricity Study Material

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19 views7 pages

Electricity Study Material

Uploaded by

shreekarpatil47272
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Electricity - Study material

Charge (q): It is very small particles present in an atom it can be either negative
(electron) or positive (proton)
“Coulomb” is the SI unit of charge, represented by C.

Net charge (Q) or Total charge:

n = 6.25 × 1018 electron


Thus, 6.25 x 1018 electrons constitute one coulomb of charge.

Electric Current (I): Rate of flow of electric charge through any cross section of a
conductor
I = Q/t or I = ne/ t
SI unit of current is “Ampere” rep. by A.

One Ampere (A): If 1C of charge flows through any cross section of a conductor
in 1sec, then the current is said to be one ampere.
1A = 1C/1s

Electric Circuit: It is a closed path along which an electric current flow.

Conventional current: Conventionally, the direction of electric current in a


conductor is opposite to the direction of flow of electrons.
Ammeter– It is a device used to measure the electric current in a circuit. It is
always connected in series in a circuit. It has low resistance.

Electric potential: Electric potential at any point in an electric field is defined as


the amount of work done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to that
point. Its SI unit is volt.

Electric potential Difference: The potential difference between two points in an


electric field is the amount of work done in bringing a unit positive charge from
one point to another.
SI unit of potential difference – Volts rep. by “V”
Potential difference = Work done / charge or V=W/Q

One Volt: The potential difference between two points in an electric field is said to
be 1V if 1 Joule of work is done to carry one coulomb (1C) of charge from one
point to another.
1V = 1J/1C

Voltmeter: It is a device, used to measure the potential difference. It is always


connected in parallel to the component across which the potential difference is to
be measured. It has high resistance.

Symbols of some commonly used components in circuit diagram


Ohm’s Law
The relation between current and potential difference is known as ohm’s law.

This law states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional
to the potential difference across its ends, provided the temperature and other
physical conditions remains constant.
Vα I or V = IR
Where “R” is the proportionality constant and is known as resistance of the
conductor.

Resistance: It is the property of a conductor that opposes the flow of current


through it. The SI unit of resistance is “Ohm” or Ω.

1 Ohm: The resistance of a conductor is said to be one Ohm, when the potential
difference across the conductor is 1V and the current flowing through it is 1A.
1 Ohm or 1 Ω=1V/1A
Factors on which resistance of a conductor depends:
(1) On its length (l)
(2) On its cross sectional area (A)
(3) On the nature of material
Resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to the length of the conductor.
i.e., Rαl.
Resistance of a conductor is inversely proportional to the area of cross section of
the conductor. i.e., Rα1/A
Resistance of a conductor depends upon the nature of the material of the
conductor.
On combining above factors, we get Rαl/A or R=ρ×l /A
Where “ρ ” (rho) is a proportionality constant known as resistivity of the material
of conductor.

Resistivity (ρ ): the resistance offered by a wire of unit length and unit cross-
sectional area is called resistivity.
ρ=RA/l
Its SI unit is ohm-meter (Ωm).

Resistance in Series– (Maximum Effective Resistance)


Let us take three resistance R1, R2 and R3 that are connected in series in a circuit.

In series combination

i). Current (I) through each resistance is same.

ii). Applied voltage (V) across the combination is equal to the sum of the voltage
drops across each resistance.
By Ohm’s law,

Thus, we conclude that effective Resistance of the several resistors joined in series
is equal to the sum of their individual resistance.

Resistance in Parallel (Minimum Effective Resistance)


Let us take three R1 , R2 and R3 , that are connected in parallel in the electric
circuit.

i). Voltage across each resistance is same and is equal to the applied voltage.

ii). Total current is equal to the sum of the currents through the individual
resistances.

By Ohm’s law,
Thus, we conclude that the reciprocal of total effective resistance of the several
resistors connected in parallel is equal to the sum of the reciprocals of the
individual resistance.

Disadvantage of series connection in on electric circuit :–


1. In series connection if any of the component fail to work, the circuit will break
and then none of the component (ex. TV, bulb, fan..) will work.
2. It is not possible to connect a bulb and a heater in series, because they need
different value of current to operate properly.
Hence, to overcome this problem we generally use parallel circuit.

Joule’s law of heating


It state that the heat produced in a conductor is
(i) directly proportional to square of the current(I) through it
(ii) directly proportional to resistance (R)
(iii) directly proportional to time (t) for which current flow through resistor.

Electric Power: Electric power is the rate at which electric energy is consumed by
an electric circuit

SI unit of electric power is “Watt” (W).


1 Watt® Defined as the power consumed by a device, when 1A of current passes
through it at the potential difference of 1V.

Kilowatt hour : It is the commercial unit of electrical energy. One kilowatt hour is
the electric energy consumed by an appliance of 1000 watts when used for one
hour.

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