B.

TECH IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SUB :- ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II
GA :- 1 , SEM :- 4
SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
RACHIT SAXENA SIR AASHISH MEENA

SID:-101725

Q.1 What are different types of AC windings ? Explain in detail.

Ans. AC Winding:

Concentrated Windings

All the winding turns are wound together in series to form one multi-turn coil

All the turns have the same magnetic axis

Examples of concentrated winding are

field windings for salient-pole synchronous machines

D.C. machines

Primary and secondary windings of a transformer

Distributed Windings

All the winding turns are arranged in several full-pitch or fractional-pitch coils
These coils are then housed in the slots spread around the air-gap periphery to form phase or
commutator winding

Examples of distributed winding are

Stator and rotor of induction machines

The armatures of both synchronous and D.C. machines

Armature windings, in general, are classified under two main heads, namely,

Closed Windings

There is a closed path in the sense that if one starts from any point on the winding and
traverses it, one again reaches the starting point from where one had started

Used only for D.C. machines and A.C. commutator machines

Open Windings

Open windings terminate at suitable number of slip-rings or terminals

Used only for A.C. machines, like synchronous machines, induction machines, etc

Some of the terms common to armature windings are described below:

1. Conductor. A length of wire which takes active part in the energy- conversion process is
a called a conductor.
2. Turn. One turn consists of two conductors.
3. Coil. One coil may consist of any number of turns.

4. Coil –side. One coil with any number of turns has two coil-sides.

Q.2 Derive an EMF equation in AC machines. What do you understand by chording or short
pitch coil ?

Ans . We know that Synchronous Generator or Alternator will generate an EMF. The following is
the derivation of emf equation of Synchronous Generator or Alternator.

Let Φ = Flux per pole, in Wb

P = Number of poles

N = Synchronous speed in r.p.m

 f = Frequency of induced emf in Hz

Z = Total number of conductors

Zph = Conductors per phase connected in series

Zph = Z/3 as number of phases = 3

Consider a single conductor placed in a slot.

The average value of emf induced in a conductor = dΦ/dt

For one revolution of a conductor,

eavg per conductor = (Flux cut in one revolution/Time taken for one revolution)

Total flux cut in one revolution is Φ x P.

Chording

Chording angle can thus be defined as the angle by which coil span departs from the 180
electrical space degree. In the above figure, chording angle is ε and coil span is equal to (180-ε)
space electrical degree. Chording angle is very important as pitch factor of coil is dependent on
the chording angle. A proper selection of value of chording angle eliminates harmonics in the
generated emf.

Short Pitch Coil

If the angular distances between the two coil sides are less than one pole pitch, it is termed
short pitch or fractional pitch coil. The coil span or coil pitch for short or fractional pitch coil is
less than 180 electrical degree. In such coils, the two coil sides are not under the poles. Figure
below shows a short pitched coil.
Q.3 What do you mean by rotating fields ? Explain how polyphase induction motor start.

Ans. The rotating magnetic field is the key principle in the operation of induction machines. The
induction motor consists of a stator and rotor. In the stator a group of fixed windings are so
arranged that a two phase current, for example, produces a magnetic field which rotates at an
angular velocity determined by the frequency of the alternating current. The rotor or armature
consists of coils wound in slots, which are short circuited and in which the changing flux
generated by the field poles induce a current. The flux generated by the armature current
reacts upon the field poles and the armature is set in rotation in a definite direction.[2]

Rotating fields. As the direction of the current through the windings changes, the polarity of the
windings changes as well. Since there are two windings acting in conjunction with each other,
the polarity of the main field will depend upon the polarity of each winding. The arrow or
vector below each diagram indicates the direction of the magnetic field in each case.[12]

A symmetric rotating magnetic field can be produced with as few as two polar wound coils
driven at 90-degree phasing. However, three sets of coils are nearly always used, because it is
compatible with a symmetric three-phase AC sine current system. The three coils are driven
with each set 120 degrees in phase from the others. For the purpose of this example, the
magnetic field is taken to be the linear function of the coil's current.

polyphase induction motor start.

In this article we are going to discuss various methods of starting a 3 phase induction motor.
Before we discuss this, it is very essential here to recall the torque slip characteristic of the
three phase induction motor which is given below.

From the torque slip characteristic, it is clear that at the slip equals to one we have some
positive starting torque hence we can say that the three-phase induction motor is self starting
machine, then why there is a need of starters for three phase induction motor? The answer is
very simple.

If we look at the equivalent circuit of the three phase induction motor at the time of starting,
we can see the motor behaves like an electrical transformer with short circuited secondary
winding, because at the time of starting, the rotor is stationary and the back emf due to the
rotation is not developed yet hence the motor draws the high starting current. So the reason of
using the starter is clear here. We use starters in order to limit the high starting current. We use
different starters for both the type of three phase induction motors. Let us consider first
squirrel cage type of induction motor. In order to choose a starting method for a squirrel cage
motor, we have three main considerations:

(a) A particular type of starter is selected on the basis of power capacity of the power lines.

(b) The type of starter selected on the basis of the size and the design parameters of the motor.

(c) The third consideration is the type of load on the motor (i.e. the load may be heavy or light).
Q.4 What are the different types of polyphase Induction motor ? Explain the basic principle
and construction of polyphase Induction motor in brief. ?

Ans. A polyphase induction motor consists of a polyphase winding embedded in a laminated

stator and a conductive squirrel-cage embedded in a laminated rotor.

Three-phase currents flowing within the stator create a rotating magnetic field which induces a
current and consequent magnetic field in the rotor. Rotor torque is developed as the rotor slips
a little behind the rotating stator field.

Unlike single-phase motors, polyphase induction motors are self-starting.

Motor starters minimize loading of the power line while providing a larger starting torque than
required during running. Line current reducing starters are only required for large motors.

Three-phase motors will run on single phase if started.

A static phase converter is a three-phase motor running on single phase having no shaft load,
generating a 3-phase output.

Multiple field windings can be rewired for multiple discrete motor speeds by changing the
number of poles.

Q.5 What is a slip ? A 208-V, 10hp, four pole, 60 Hz, Y-connected induction motor has a full-
load slip of 5 percent

a. What is the synchronous speed of this motor?

b. What is the rotor speed of this motor at rated load?

c. What is the rotor frequency of this motor at rated load?

d. What is the shaft torque of this motor at rated load?

Ans.

A.

B.

C.

D.