IPv4 Address

Network Layer Protocols

Network Layer Protocols
Network Layer Protocols and Internet Protocol
(IP)
Network Layer Protocols and Internet Protocol
(IP)
Grouping Devices into Networks and
Hierarchical Addressing
Binary & Decimal Numbering System
Binary & Decimal Numbering System
Addressing the Network
– IPv4
Classify and Define IPv4 Addresses
IP address Classes
Subnet mask
Private Addresses

 These private IP addresses are for intra-network use

only and can not be routed across the Internet.
 These private addresses are
•Class A  10.0.0.0/8 to 10.255.255.255/8
•Class B  172.16.0.0/16 to 172.31.255.255/16
•Class C  192.168.0.0/24 to 192.168.255.255/24
Private IP Addresses
Private IP addresses are another solution to the problem of
the impending exhaustion of public IP addresses.As
mentioned, public networks require hosts to have unique IP
addresses.
However, private networks that are not connected to the
Internet may use any host addresses, as long as each host
within the private network is unique.
Classify and Define IPv4 Addresses
IPv4 Subnetting
Segmentation of networks

 Purpose of network segmentation are:-

• Increase Network performance
• Increase Network Security
• Increase Network Management
Increase Network performance
Increase Network Security
Increase Network manageability
 Because the fast
deployment of internet, the
IP addresses become not
enough
Subnetting
Subnetting
Subnetting
Subnetting
Subnetting
Subnetting
Subnetting Example
- Which IP address should be assigned to PC B ?

A . 192.168.5.5 A
B . 192.168.5.32 B
192.168.5.33/27
C . 192.168.5.40
?
D . 192.168.5.63
E . 192.168.5.75
Answer : C
Subnetting Example
- Given the choices below, which address represents a
unicast address?

A. 224.1.5.2
B. FFFF. FFFF. FFFF.
C. 192.168.24.59/30
D. 255.255.255.255
E. 172.31.128.255/18

Answer : E
 Test a connectivity

 Ping is a utility for testing IP connectivity between hosts. Ping

sends out requests for responses from a specified host
address. Ping uses a Layer 3 protocol that is a part on the
TCP/IP suite called Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMP). Ping uses an ICMP Echo Request datagram.

 If the host at the specified address receives the Echo request,

it responds with an ICMP Echo Reply datagram. For each
packet sent, ping measures the time required for the reply.
Test a connectivity
Test a connectivity
Test a connectivity
Test a connectivity
Summary
VLSM and CIDR
 Objectives
 Compare and contrast classful and classless IP addressing.
 Review VLSM and explain the benefits of classless IP
addressing.
 Describe the role of the Classless Inter-Domain Routing
(CIDR) standard in making efficient use of scarce IPv4
addresses
 Introduction
 Prior to 1981, IP addresses used only the first 8 bits to specify
the network portion of the address
 In 1981, RFC 791 modified the IPv4 32-bit address to allow
for three different classes
 IP address space was depleting rapidly
the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) introduced
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
–CIDR uses Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM)
to help conserve address space.
-VLSM is simply subnetting a subnet
Classful and Classless IP Addressing
 Classful IP addressing
 As of January 2007, there are over 433 million hosts on
internet
 Initiatives to conserve IPv4 address space include:
-VLSM & CIDR notation (1993, RFC 1519)
-Network Address Translation (1994, RFC 1631)
-Private Addressing (1996, RFC 1918)
Classful and Classless IP Addressing

 The High Order Bits

These are the leftmost bits in a 32 bit address
 Classful and Classless IP Addressing
 Classes of IP addresses are identified by the decimal number of
the 1st octet
Class A address begin with a 0 bit
Range of class A addresses = 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255
Class B address begin with a 1 bit and a 0 bit
Range of class B addresses = 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
Class C addresses begin with two 1 bits & a 0 bit
Range of class C addresses = 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255.
 Classful and Classless IP Addressing
 The IPv4 Classful Addressing Structure (RFC 790)
An IP address has 2 parts:
-The network portion
Found on the left side of an IP address
-The host portion
Found on the right side of an IP address
Classful and Classless IP Addressing
Classful and Classless IP Addressing

 Purpose of a subnet mask

It is used to determine the network portion of an IP
address
Classful and Classless IP Addressing
 Classful Routing Updates
-Recall that classful routing protocols (i.e. RIPv1)
do not send subnet masks in their routing updates
The reason is that the Subnet mask is
directly related to the network address
 Classful and Classless IP Addressing
 Classless Inter-domain Routing (CIDR – RFC 1517)
Advantage of CIDR :
-More efficient use of IPv4 address
space
-Route summarization
Requires subnet mask to be included in routing update
because address class is meaningless
Recall purpose of a subnet mask:
-To determine the network and host portion
of an IP address
Classful and Classless IP Addressing
 Classless Routing Protocol
 Characteristics of classless routing protocols:
-Routing updates include the subnet mask
-Supports VLSM
Supports Route Summarization
Classful and Classless IP Addressing
 Classless Routing Protocol

Routing Routing Supports Ability to send

Protocol updates VLSM Supernet routes
Include
subnet
Mask

Classful No No No

Classless Yes Yes Yes

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
 Route summarization done by CIDR
-Routes are summarized with masks that are less
than that of the default classful mask
-Example:
172.16.0.0 / 13 is the summarized
route for the 172.16.0.0 / 16 to
172.23.0.0 / 16 classful networks
 Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
 Steps to calculate a route
summary
-List networks in binary
format
-Count number of left
most matching bits to
determine summary
route’s mask
-Copy the matching
bits and add zero bits
to determine the
summarized
network address