EAPP

• Academic texts are objective. They use formal words or technical words specific in a certain field. They are usually written by
professionals and has references where authors based their information.

• Non-academic texts are non-objective and use casual and informal language. They are written by anyone who wanted to voice their
own opinion and point ofview in a certain matter.

Paper Format

Introduction
• Contains the background details of the text to be justified, e.g. description, author.
• Includes a thesis or topic sentence that states the aim of the paper and may give insight into your examples and evidences
• At least one paragraph

Body
• Includes the evidences and support of the paper in addition to your idea
• At least one paragraph

Conclusion
• This section should wrap all of your arguments and points
• Restates the main arguments in a simplified manner
• At least one paragraph

• Academic texts exhibit all the properties of a well-written text i.e. organization, unity, coherence and cohesion, and strict observance
to rules of language use and mechanics.
• Hedging expressions is used to demonstrate politeness and indirectness in expressing claims and facts.

The Structure of Academic Text

Academic texts usually exhibit all the properties of a well-written text i.e. organization, unity, coherence and cohesion, as well as
strict observance to rules of language use and mechanics. In general, authors observe the following when writing academic texts.
• They state serious questions and issues.
• They provide facts and evidences from reliable sources.
• They use accurate words and avoid jargons, slang, and colloquial expressions.
• They use objective point-of-view and avoid being subjective.
• They cite and list references.
• They use appropriate transitions or signal words.
• They provide clear topic sentences or main idea.
• They follow strict rules of language use such as capitalization, punctuation, and spelling. They use hedging or cautious language to
tone down their claims.

● A summary is a condensed version of an original text that all essential facts are in it.
● Do not include examples, evaluations, and interpretations in your summary.
● Read headings and subheadings carefully and note down keywords.
● Use keywords to help you form sentences that reflect the content of the text.
● Connect the sentences using appropriate conjunctions.
● Use simple present or simple past tenses and in reported speech format. Changing the point-of view may sometimes be
needed.

Summary is telling the main ideas of the article in your own words. It gives an overview of the
work and is much shorter than the original text. It comes from the Latin word, “sum”.

Abstract is simply a short, standalone summary of the work or paper that others can use as an
overview to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose.

Précis is a concise summary of an article or other work. It is a French word that literally means to
cut short. It summarize a core of the original document and provide readers with the information about its
significance and worth.

1. For longer texts, skim read the information. Note subheadings, the first and last paragraphs, and topic sentences.
2. Use a dictionary to understand the text better if needed.
3. Read the original text multiple times so not to miss any critical points.
4. Write notes in bullet form using key words and ideas to remember it better.
5. Put the text away and write your summary from your notes to refrain from copying the original text.
6. Use an in-text reference at the start or end of the summary.
7. Asses the summary if it truly reflects the idea of the original author.

Thesis statement
Thesis Statement is usually a single sentence that expresses the main idea of a research paper or
essay. It is usually found in the introductory part presenting the main idea of the whole text followed
by supporting details presented at the body of the text

• Topic is the subject of the thesis statement which is “being a full-time housewife.
• Claim is the stand of the author which is the term “a tough job” that needs to be supported.
• Supporting details are needed to justify the claim which are “24/7 supervision, household management and budgeting” and
discussed in the body of the text.

Formal outline is more traditional and structured with the use of Roman Numerals, Arabic numbers, lower, and uppercase letters to
show the hierarchy of information. Also, it may be classified as alphanumeric (combination of Roman numerals, alphabet, and Arabic
numbers) and decimal outline (decimals).

Informal outlines The outline can be a bullet or numbered list or simply a series of notes to help organize a writer's ideas.

Here are a few critical approaches in writing or literary criticisms that you may use in creating your speech or paper:
1. Formalism or Formalist Criticism- is an approach that treats a work uniquely and focuses on the text itself.
2. Gender Criticism- this approach carefully examines how sexual identity affects literary work. An example of this is Feminism.
3. Biographical Criticism- is an approach that states that the life and experiences of the author affects his/her writings.
4. Historical Criticism- is an approach that explains how a text and its meaning may be shaped by the events during its creation.
5. Sociological Criticism – tries to examine the cultural, economic, and political situation that the creator has and the society.
6. Psychological Criticism – shows how modern psychology (behavior) may affect literature.
7. Mythological Criticism- shows recurrent universal patterns (concept of morally good and bad) in most literary works.
8. Reader-Response Criticism- emphasizes the reader’s (audience) role in interpreting the meaning of the text. Also, this approach
focuses on what happens inside the mind of the audience.
Module 7 quarter 1
CRITIQUE PAPER
There arethe things to consider when writing a review, critiquing work of an art and program:
1. Read, watched, or listened to the work more than once.
When you first read, listened or watched ones’ work your initial reaction is to have a general comment or judgment about it and forget other
important details of the work. So to avoid biases and vague ideas about the written work or an event or program, it is best if you will reexamined it
and take a closer look at it.
2. Review essential information
Tell readers the complete title of the work and the name of its author or creator. Supply the publisher, publication date, and other information about
when the piece was created and where readers or viewers can find it. Check your facts. The details in a review must be accurate.
3. Understand your audience
Reviews appear in all sorts of places. You’ll find them in local and national publications, online, and also in specialized journals and neighborhood
newsletters. Research the places you hope to publish your review, and write accordingly. Think about what you need to explain.General readers
will need more background information than readers of a publication aimed at experts.
4. Take a stand
State your opinion of the work you’re evaluating. Your review can be negative, positive, or mixed. Your job is to support that opinion
with details and evidence. Even if readers disagree with you, they need to see how you reached your conclusions.
5. Explain how you’re judging the work
Decide on your criteria, the standards you’ll use to judge the book, show, or film. You might believe a novel is successful when it has characters
you care about and a plot that makes you want to keep reading. State these criteria so your readers understand what you believe.
6. Introduce evidence to support your criteria
Support your judgments with quotations or descriptions of scenes from the work. Also consult outside sources. Have other critics agreed with your
opinion of this work? You may want to mention these reviews, too. Always make sure to cite other writers’ work correctly, if used.
7. Know the conventions of the genre
Every type of writing or art has specific elements. A mystery has to have suspense; while a romance must have characters you believe would be
attracted to one another. Consider theme, structure, characters, setting, dialogue, and other relevant factors. Understand these conventions and
take them into account as part of your criteria.
8. Compare and contrast
Comparison can be a great way to develop your evaluation. Suppose you claim that a film has wonderful, original dialogue. Demonstrate this by
sharing some dialogue from another film that has stiff, wooden, or clichéd dialogue. Use the contrast to prove your point.
9. Do not summarize the entire plot
Books, films, and television shows have beginnings, middles, and endings. People read and watch these works in part because they want to know
what happens. Let them enjoy their stories. Provide a general idea of what happens, but don’t give away important secrets, especially the end.
Aside the things mentioned above, you have to remember terms related to writing a review;
1. Critique - a detailed analysis and assessment of something, especially a literary, philosophical, or political theory.
2. Reaction - an action performed or a feeling experienced in response to a situation or event.
3. Summary - a brief statement or account of the main points of something.
4. Conclusion - a judgment or decision reached by reasoning.
5. Work of art - is something which is very attractively presented or intricately detailed.

- Writing an objective/balanced review, or critique a work of art, an event or a program is not a piece of cake. Reviews are
needed to inform people about the work: be it product, food, place, bill, movie, and others.

- Recently, the Anti- Terror Bill gained oppositions in the social media due to some provisions which Netizens found unfair and
could lead to violating the Human Rights. This reaction from people is the result of reviewing and critiquing, since when you
review, you are examining the work closer using analysis and rememberevery detail of the work.

- Reading, watching, listening and examining the work more than once can help the writer to produce an objective/ balanced
review, critique of a work of art, or an event or a program. Providing essential information about the work is necessary so that
others can relate to the work and eventually understand the ideas.

- Having a firm stand of your analysis of the review is vital: weak proposition weakens the review or critique stance.

Module 8 Quarter 2
• Concepts are abstraction of everything; these are your thoughts, notions, and perceptions about the things around you.
• Formal definition is when you include the term/word, the class and its unique characteristics.
• Informal definition is using the known word related to the term.
• Extended definition is a method used if the full sense of a term cannot be conveyed in a brief sentence. It is extensive and
subjective.

Under extended definitions there are other modes or patterns which can be used:
• Explication employs critical interpretation of a concept and use careful judgement about the good and the bad parts of a concept.
• Classification is a method of defining concepts by putting people, things into groups according to the ways they are alike.
Module 9 Quarter 1
Concept paper is an essay that focuses on a thorough analysis of an idea, thought, and theory. Its primary aim is to produce
informative and descriptive essay.
Concept Paper has two kinds: The implicit and the explicit concepts.
1. Implicit is implied or understood though not plainly or directly expressed. Or something when it is not directly stated but is either
suggested in the wording or necessary to effectuate the purpose.
2. Explicit is, “to fully and clearly express something, leaving nothing implied.” Something is explicit when it is cleared stated and
spelled out and there is no room for confusion, as in the writing of a contract or statute. Or it is stated directly.
Concept Paper has five elements :
- Title
- Brief overview of the research topic
- Summary of what is already known about that topic.
- Brief statement of the research
- An explanation of why this research question is important.
- Concept paper has three important parts: Introduction, Body and Conclusion.

Module 10 Quarter 1
There are lot of things which you must consider when starting up a project or a novel concept.
• Start with a bit of information that piques your interest;
• Know the people, setting, things, genre, and events of the concept;
• Decide on the graphical/visual aids you will use for the concept you choose; and , read
• Use graphs, diagrams, tables, and other visual aids in making your concept paper to make it interesting and comprehensive.

Module 1 Quarter 2
● A position paper is written to express a writer’s position on a specific issue.
● Arguments use logos and are based in logic.
● A stand states the writer’s position regarding an issue.
● The claim is the central argument and it is the fuller version of the stand.
● The evidence expands and supports the claim.

Module 2
In order to write an effective argument, bear the following things in mind:
● Fallacies are misguided beliefs which are not logical but are still used in arguments.
 ● Some of the fallacies discussed in this module are:
o Hasty Generalization is grounded only on one unusual situation the writer
focused on because he has not studied enough examples before writing
an argument
o Slippery Slope assumes the order of actions.
o Circular Argument restates its claim as its conclusion instead of strengthening the argument itself.
o Straw Man argues on a claim that the opponent did not state.
o Either/ Or is the kind of argument fails because it limits the choices by two but in truth, there are more options to choose from.
o Red Herring - This uses unfortunate but useless information to mislead the main argument.
o Post Hoc makes use of the assumption of cause and its effect.
o Ad Hominem uses insults and attacking the person’s character instead of his/her arguments
o Dicto Simpliciter uses a general rule or observation as universally true regardless of the circumstances or the individuals
concerned.
● Counterclaims are made for rebutting the stated claim showing opposing position.

Module 3
Bear the following things in mind in order to write an effective position paper:
- A position paper has an introduction, body, and a conclusion.
- A position paper’s introduction includes the topic, issue, stand, and claim.
- The body of a position paper contains evidences to support the claim.
- The conclusion summarizes the writer’s position.

Introduction
In this part of a position paper, the writer introduces the topic, issue, stand, claim or thesis statement. This part defines the issue and
discusses its background. It provides the writer’s stand through the claim or thesis statement.

Body
This part elaborates the evidences of the writer justifying his/her arguments about the issue. Evidences like data based on statistics,
legal basis, and other proof are presented in the body of a position paper. Counterclaims are also written in the body to rebut the
opposing position and strengthen arguments.

Conclusion
The conclusion part of a position paper summarizes all the points provided by the writer. It also gives the writer a chance to persuade
the reader to believe his/her arguments.
Module 4
To concretize your knowledge about the different kinds of reports, bear in mind the following key concepts:
A research report shows the result and interpretation of a systematic and formal investigation of a scientific inquiry.
A field report is a combination of theories and practice learned in the classroom. It presents description and analysis of the
observation conducted by the researcher.
A scientific or laboratory report describes a process, accepts or rejects a hypothesis, and presents the result of a scientific
research which may be used as a reference for future researches.
A survey report is a paper that describes the process and presents the results of a survey.

Survey Report
1. Title page
2. Executive Summary – survey methodology, key results
3. Background and Objectives – objectives and purpose of the survey
4. Methodology – explanation of how the survey is conducted
5. Results – analysis of the survey’s result
6. Conclusions and Recommendations – implications and recommendations

Module 5
● Survey is a data-gathering tool that uses sets of question to get facts or information.
● An interview is a data-gathering instrument that uses planned questions to qualitatively gather data from the respondent.
● A questionnaire is a research instrument that contains series of questions for the purpose of getting specific information.
Open-ended - It is a type of question that allows the respondents to express their answers in their own words. Open ended
questions do not limit respondents to a single answer.
Closed-ended - It is a type of question that expects a specific answer based on the pre-decided categories. Close-ended questions
can be in the form of dichotomous (Yes or No), multiple choice, or rating scale
Rating Scale - How likely is it that you would recommend e-books to your friends?
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Likert Scale - I am satisfied with the current reading program in my school.
o Agree
o Neither agree nor disagree
o Disagree
Module 6
QUESTIONNAIRE
According to Barrot & Sipacio (2016), a questionnaire is an instrument for collecting data which consists of a series of questions
where respondents provide answers. When constructing a survey questionnaire, the following should be considered:
1.Scale- This measures how much people agree or disagree with various statements about the study.
2.Construct- It is a trait or characteristic that you would like to evaluate or measure.
TYPES OF QUESTIONS
1. Dichotomous Questions- In dichotomous question, only two choices are provided.
Examples: Male/Female Yes/No Agree/Disagree
2. Open-Ended Questions- In open-ended questions, the respondents are free to give their
ideas and insights on an issue.
Example: What are your favorite mobile games?
3. Closed Questions-They are also called Multiple-Choice Questions which consist of three or more mutually exclusive questions
with different categories.
Example: How often do you watch Korean dramas?
-Never -3 or 4 times a week? -Nearly everyday
4. Rating Scale Questions- This kind of question asks the level of agreement or disagreement of the respondents to statements and
questions.
Example: The restaurant serves quality food.
Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

Module 7
TEXTUAL PRESENTATION OF DATA uses words, statements, or paragraphs, with numerals, or measurement to describe data.
TABULAR PRESENTATION OF DATA has table number and title, caption subhead (columns and rows), body (data under each
subhead)
TABULAR PRESENTATION WITH TEXTUAL ANALYSIS uses verbal description of data after the table.

A graph is a representation of data using bars, lines, circles, and pictures. Each type of graph has a specific function or purpose.
Graphs can help in presenting data swiftly and accurately.
A line graph shows a continuous change or trend. Bar graphs are used to compare categories of data which can be drawn
horizontally or vertically.
A pie graph is a circular statistical graphic which is divided into slices to illustrate numerical proportion.

Module 8
Research report is a detailed description of the processes and information that the researchers have gathered about their chosen
research topic.
There are different parts of a research report.
● Background of the Study serves as introduction of the report.
● Review of Related Literature and Studies establishes the importance of the research based on existing literature about the
study and links results with other findings.
● Methodology focuses on the methods, materials, and participants of the study.
● Results and Discussion highlights the most important data from the study.
● Inferences made by the researchers based on the study are called conclusions.
● Recommendations are practical solutions to the problems presented in the study
● Complete list of references must be included to increase the credibility of theresearch.