EAPP

LESSON 1: READING AND RESEARCHING ACROSS

DISCIPLINES
A. METHOD OF PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT
● Knowledge of text structure pertains to readers ability to identify the organizational pattern of
a text in order to locate and gather specific information, thus improving their understanding of
the text.

I. COMMON RHETORICAL PATTERNS

1. DEFINITION - explores a subject by presenting both Denotation (dictionary
meaning) and Connotation meanings
2. ILLUSTRATION - explains or clarifies a subject by presenting examples to
support a general statement. (For example, for instance, another example of
this)
3. DESCRIPTION - uses vivid details to allow the readers to visualize the
subject. Often adjectives are used.
4. PROCESS ANALYSIS - shows how to do something or how something
works by analyzing and presenting the steps in an orderly manner.
5. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST - explain two ideas/ objects by showing
their similarities and differences.
6. CAUSE AND EFFECT - analyzes why something happened and what the
consequences are or might be
7. CLASSIFICATION - works by clustering objects, people, or events on the
basis of their similarities and characteristics, forming categories.

B. GETTING THE MAIN IDEA OF A PASSAGE

● The Main Idea of a text refers to the most important concept the writer wishes to impart to
the readers, which is also called the Thesis Statement.

REMINDERS ABOUT WHAT A THESIS STATEMENT IS:

● It is expressed as a complete sentence, not a phrase, topic, title or question.
● It expresses an opinion, attitude, or view regarding a topic.
● It is not a statement of fact or an announcement.
● It is not too broad nor too specific.

QUALITIES OF A GOOD THESIS STATEMENT

1. A thesis statement is always formed DECLARATIVE STATEMENT
2. A good thesis statement is FOCUSED. Meaning it PROVIDES SUPPORTING POINTS that
STRENGTHEN THE CLAIM.
3. A good thesis statement has CLEAR BOUNDARIES. It sets limits as to what the essay
intends to explore
LESSON 2: ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL
WRITING STYLE AND THE RHETORICAL SITUATION

FOUR FEATURES OF LANGUAGE USE

FORMALITY
❖ Formality reflects your dignified stance in your writing as a member of the academic
community.
➢ Choosing expanded modal forms over contracted forms, such as using cannot
instead of can’t, do not instead of don’t.
➢ Choosing one verb form over two-word verbs, such as damage instead of mess up.
➢ Choosing expanded terms over their abbreviated equivalents, such as as soon as
possible instead of ASAP.
➢ Avoiding colloquial/trite/idiomatic expressions, such as kind of like, as a matter of
fact, I need to go to John.

OBJECTIVITY
❖ Writing must be impersonal and maintains a certain level of social distance
➢ Avoiding the use of personal pronouns such as you, I, and we.
➢ Avoiding rhetorical questions as it marks “closeness” with the reader, and
constantly seeks his/her attention.
➢ Avoiding emotive language that shows biases and lessens objectivity.

EXPLICITNESS
❖ Academic writing demands the use of signposts that allow readers to trace the relationship in
the parts of the words/sentences
❖ STRUCTURE: The way in which the language is being organized and used to convey
meaning
❖ In combining ideas effectively, you will need to avoid redundancy and at the same time, make
sure that the ideas are packed effectively.
CAUTION
❖ Academic writing requires care since knowledge is built from proven theories and concepts.
Caution is needed to avoid generalization.

LESSON 3: UNDERSTANDING AND AVOIDING

PLAGIARISM

PLAGIARIASM
❖ Plagiarism is a serious form of academic dishonesty and if frowned upon the academe.
❖ It is also defined as copying verbatim of language and ideas of the other writers and taking
credit for them.
❖ is using other people’s words and ideas without clearly acknowledging the source of
information.

TWO TYPES OF PLAGIARISM

1. PLAGIARISM OF IDEAS
a. occurs when credit for a work is ascribed to oneself untruthfully.
2. PLAGIARISM OF LANGUAGE
a. happens when an author uses the language of another writer and claims it as his/her
own.
i. Word-for-word from a source: word-for-word copying and citing the source.
ii. Word-for-word plagiarism of a text: the writer simply cites the author but
copies the whole text verbatim.
iii. Patchwork Plagiarism: ideas from the source are mixed with interpretations
of the writer, creating patches of text where ownership of ideas is unclear.

EFFECTIVE NOTE-TAKING TECHNIQUES

3 TYPES OF NOTE TAKING TECHNIQUES

1. USING DIRECT QUOTATION

a. QUOTATION MARKS: Using direct quotation means to lift text and enclose them in
quotation marks. In addition to the author’s name, the page numbers are included.
b. ELLIPSIS: If the text is too long, you may omit certain parts and replace them with an
ellipsis (three dots). If the words omitted are at the end of the statement, another dot
is added, making it four.
c. INTERPOLATION: Interpolation may be done to insert notes within the directly
quoted passage to help readers understand the context of the statement.
Interpolation is marked by open and closed brackets.
d. Twenty percent of the total length of the work may employ direct quotations. For
1000 words essay only 200 words allotted for direct quotation.
2. SUMMARIZING
a. Summarizing involves understanding texts and “representing the ideas of the writer in
a more condensed form, using mostly your own words” (Henderson, 2015, p. 87)
 b. As the writer of a summary, your task is not to judge or interpret the text, but to
express the essence as precisely as possible. (Abrams, 2020)
c. Summarizing is a short restatement of the main idea of the text.
i. STEPS ON SUMMARIZING
1. Include the title and identify the author in your first sentence.
2. The first sentence or two of your summary should contain the
author’s thesis, or central concept, stated in your own words
*ANSWERS THE QUESTION: “What is this piece/article about?”
3. In general, omit minor details and specific examples.
4. Avoid writing opinions or personal responses in your summaries
5. Be careful not to plagiarize the author’s words. If you do use even a
few of the author’s words, they must appear in quotation marks.
3. PARAPHRASING
a. Contrary to summarizing, the objective in paraphrasing is not to condense the
material. The writer should be able to use their own words to explain what the
material means, regardless of whether it condenses the original or make it longer.
b. A restatement in your own words of the main idea and supporting details of the text.
i. STEPS ON HOW TO PARAPHRASE
1. Start your first sentence at a different point from that of the original
source
2. Use synonyms (words that mean the same thing)
3. Change the sentence structure (e.g. from active to passive voice)
4. Break the information into separate sentences

LESSON 4: THE CRITICAL EVALUATION PAPER

Critic Critique
the person doing the criticism.
the paper or essay or the product of criticizing

Criticize
to judge or to evaluate someone or something.

CRITIQUE PAPER
❖ It is a genre of Academic writing.
❖ It briefly and critically summarizes and evaluates a work or concept.
❖ It is used to carefully analyze a variety of works.
❖ It uses a formal academic writing style and has clear structure.

Critiques can be used to evaluate:

1. Creative works – novels, exhibits, films, shows, images and poetry.
2. Researches – monographs, journal article, systematic reviews and theories .
3. Media – news reports and feature articles.

The Structure and Language of Critique

Critiques are papers made of important rhetorical patterns in academic writing as they present a
balanced view of things.
Tips in developing your technique
1. Provide background information for the readers including the central ideas of the book, the
concept, the event, or the movie to be critiqued.
2. Relating your critique to greater realities.

Critiques should be organized in the following manner:

1. The first part should provide readers a sense of the ideas you want to tackle.
2. The next part should provide a summary of the concept.
3. Strength and Weaknesses should be part of the critique.
4. The final section of the critique should include the final recommendations of the author.

The first part of your critique paper, often referred to as the introduction, should give readers a clear
sense of the subject or focus of your critique. In this section, you typically provide:

THE SUBJECT
Identify the work you are critiquing (e.g., a book, article, artwork, or study), including its title, author,
and other relevant details.

MAIN IDEA OR FOCUS

Briefly summarize the main ideas or arguments presented in the work, giving readers a sense of what
the work is about.

YOUR THESIS OR APPROACH

Introduce the central ideas or points of critique you plan to discuss. This gives readers a preview of
your evaluation and the specific aspects you will analyze.

In a critique paper, neutrality is important, but there is more room for personal analysis and evaluation
compared to purely objective research papers. Here's how it works in a critique:

OBJECTIVE EVALUATION
A critique paper typically starts by presenting a neutral, objective summary of the work being critiqued
(such as a book, article, artwork, or research study). This section should be factual and free of
personal bias to accurately represent the original work.

ANALYTICAL JUDGEMENT
While the critique involves expressing your opinion or evaluation, these judgments must be supported
by evidence from the work itself and external references. Your analysis should focus on the strengths,
weaknesses, and effectiveness of the work, not just your personal feelings.

BALANCED PERSPECTIVE
Although you are evaluating the work, it is important to avoid extreme bias. A fair critique considers
both positive and negative aspects, providing a well-rounded assessment rather than simply praising
or condemning the work.
FORMALIST CRITICISM
It claims that literary works have intrinsic properties and treat each work as a distinct work of art.

Readers-Response Criticism
It is concerned with the reviewer’s reaction as an audience of a literary work.

FEMINIST CRITICISM
focuses on how literature presents women as subject of socio-political, psychological, and economic
oppression.

MARXISM CRITICISM
concerned with the differences between economic classes.
Attempts to reveal that the ultimate source of people’s experiences is the socio-economic system.

What is the main differences between a Critique paper and a

Review paper?
A critique offers an in-depth, analytical evaluation of a work, focusing on its strengths and
weaknesses based on evidence.

A review provides a more general assessment, summarizing and offering opinions on the work, often
to help readers decide whether to engage with it.

REVIEW
❖ When you write a REVIEW, you are called upon to pass judgment on a certain food, film,
restaurant, and product.
❖ The key to writing an effective review is to put oneself in the shoes of the consumer.

WRITING THE REVIEW

❖ A major part of a review is a brief summary of the event, book, concept, or object being
critiqued. In this part, specific descriptions are needed for the reader to have an overview of
the central features of the topic.
❖ Aside from providing an overview, it is important to provide informed insights on these
features (THESIS STATEMENT). For instance, weakness or strengths should be based on
what is observable and comparable to other items of the same class.
❖ The evaluation of the final section should summarize the strengths and weaknesses of
the subject to be critiqued. This includes points for readers to consider before reading the
book, watching the film, attending the event, or purchasing the item.

Important points to consider:

1. Recommendations must be backed up with sources to strengthen your claims.
2. A negative appraisal must be expressed with tact.
APA 7TH EDITION
The American Psychological Association (APA) Citation style is the most used format for manuscripts
in social science.

IT REGULATES: Stylistics, In-text citations, References

TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
1. Cut and Paste Plagiarism
2. Mosaic Plagiarism
3. Misattribution Plagiarism
4. Self-plagiarism (duplication/replication)

HOW DO WE AVOID PLAGIARISM

1. Citation or In-text Citation
a. references within the main body of the text, specifically in Review of Related
Literature
b. APA style is use (American Psychological Association)

STYLES OF CITATION
1. Integral Citation ‒ This is one way of citing or referring to the author whose ideas appear in
your work.
a. A study by Roxas (2015) reveals...
b. The latest work by Cuarto (2015) asserts...
c. According to Umali and Roque (2015) context is…

2. NON INTEGRAL CITATION - This citation style downplays any strength of the writer’s
personal characteristics. The stress is given to the piece of information rather than to the
owner of the ideas.
a. The other components of Intercultural Competence which are also present in SFG
are: context (Harold, 2015), appropriateness (Villar, Marcos, Atienza, 2016; Santos, &
Daez, 2016), and emotions (Flores, 2016).
b. Note: surnames of all authors must be included, however in subsequent citations of
authors with 3-5 authors, you only need the surname of the first author and the word
“et al”.

PATTERNS OF CITATION
1. SUMMARY. It is a shortened version of the original text that is expressed in your own
language. Making the text short, you have to pick out only the most important ideas or
aspects of the text.
2. PARAPHRASE. Instead of shortening the form of the text, you explain what the text means to
you using your own words. In doing so, it is possible that your explanations may decrease or
exceed the number of words of the original text.
3. SHORT DIRECT QUOTATION. Only a part of the author’s sentence, the whole sentence, or
several sentences, not exceeding 40 words, is what you can quote or repeat in writing
through this citation pattern. Since this makes you copy the exact words of the writer, it is
necessary that you give the number of the page where the readers can find the copied words.
a. Contexts is influenced by these four factors: “language, culture, institutions, and
ideologies.” (Aranda, 2015, p.8)
 4. Long Direct Quotation or Block Quotation, or Extract
a. This citation pattern makes you copy the author’s exact words numbering from 40 up
to 100 words. Under APA, the limit is eight lines. Placed at the center of the page with
no indentation, the copied lines look like they compose a stanza of a poem.

The latest study by Hizon (2015) reveals the social nature of language. Stressing this nature of
language, he says:

Language features result from the way people use language to meet their social needs. In
their interactions, they use language to describe, compare, agree, explain, disagree, and so
on. Each language function requires a certain set of language features like nouns for naming,
adjectives for comparing, verbs for agreeing, prepositions for directing, and conjunctions for
connecting ideas. (p. 38)

5. TENSE OF VERBS FOR REPORTING

a. Active verbs are effective words to use in reporting authors’ ideas.
b. Present their ideas in any of these tenses: present, simple past, or present perfect
tense.
c. The APA system, however, prefers the use of present perfect tense.

EXAMPLES OF APA REFERENCING STYLE

1. Citation or In-text Citation
a. (Lopena, 2016)
b. (Cortez, Mabeza & Brado, 2016, pp. 120-130)
c. According to Flores (2017)…
d. Olidan (2016) maintains that...
e. A study on the Pork Barrel Scam is a “doable research work” (Abunda, 2016, p.78)
2. References: (Books)

1. One author
Floro, J. A. (2016). The Colds Virus. Quezon City: GB Press.
Gorrez, B. M. (2017). The Philippine Educational System. Manila: Adarna Publishing House.
2. Two Authors
Oropesa, N. C. & Danes, J. L. (2017). Coron Islands. Baguio City: KLM Company.
3. Three Authors (List down the names in the order they appear in the title page.)
Regalaa, C. A., Bautista, C. C. & Laya, G. F. (2017). The Philippines’ Supreme Court Justice.
Pasay City: ABC Press.
4. Three or More Authors (Use the name of the first author listed on the title page.)
Bora, E. N. et al. ( 2016). BIR Regional Offices. Quezon City: Rex Bookstore.
Avilla, V. et al.(2016). Labour Unions. Pasig City: Hope Press.
4. Anonymous Author (If the authorship of a work is known but not revealed on the title page, the
name is given in brackets.)
[Candelario, E.]. The opium craze. (2016). Nowhere: Nonesuch Press.

5. Journals
APA format structure:
Author, A. (Publication Year). Article title. Periodical Title, Volume(Issue), pp.-pp. Retrieved from
journal URL
APA format example:
Jameson, J. (2013). E-Leadership in higher education: The fifth “age” of educational technology
research. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44(6), 889-915. Retrieved on August 12, 2017
from (put url)

6. Journals
A. Citing a general website article with an author
● APA format structure:
Author, A. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Article title. Retrieved from URL

APA format example:

Simmons, B. (2015, January 9). The tale of two Flaccos. Retrieved on August 12, 2017 from
http://grantland.com/the-triangle/the-tale-of-two-flaccos/

B. Citing a general website article without an author

● APA format structure:
Article title. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Retrieved from URL

APA format example:

Teen posed as doctor at West Palm Beach hospital: police. (2015, January 16). Retrieved on August
12, 2017 from
http://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/Teen-Posed-as-Doctor-at-West-Palm-Beach-Hospital-Police-288
810831.html