11

Statistics and Probability

Quarter 3 – Module 5
Sampling Distribution of the
Sample Means

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Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 5: Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means

First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

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Writers: Brazille C. Ganzon PhD

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Learning Competencies: Finds the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of
the sample means. (M11/12SP-IIId-5)
Defines the sampling distribution of the sample means
for normal population when the variance is (a) known and
(b) unknown. (M11/12SP-IIIe-1)
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
 find the mean and variance; and
 define the sampling distribution

Lesson 1: Mean and Variance

What is it . . .

Statisticians are interested to know how the means of the samples of the same
size taken from the same population vary about the population mean, not just on
simply describing the variation of the individual data values about the mean of the
population.
Example:
Consider a population consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Suppose samples of size 2 are
drawn from this population, what is the mean and variance of the sampling
distribution of the sample means?
Solution :
Step 1. Compute the mean of the population (µ). µ = ΣX = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 3
N 5
Step 2. Compute the variance of the population (σ2).
X X ̶ µ (X ̶ µ)2
1 ̶ 2 4 σ2 = Σ(X - µ)2
2 ̶ 1 1 N
3 0 0 = 10
4 1 1 5
5 2 4 σ2 = 2
Σ(X ̶ µ)2 = 10
So the variance of the population σ2 = 2.
Step 3. Determine the number of possible samples of size n = 2. (Use a calculator)
NCn = 5C2 = 10
So there are 10 possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn.
Step 4. List all possible samples & their corresponding means.
(Refer to the 1st table below)
Step 5. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means & compute the mean
of the sampling distribution of the sample means (µx).
(Refer to the 2nd table below)

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Step 4. Step 5.
Samples Means Sample Means Frequency Probability
� (F) P(�) � • P(�)
1, 2 1.5 1.5 1 1/10 0.15
1, 3 2 2 1 1/10 0.20
1, 4 2.5 2.5 2 2/10 or 1/5 0.50
1, 5 3 3 2 2/10 or 1/5 0.60
2, 3 2.5 3.5 2 2/10 or 1/5 0.70
2, 4 3 4 1 1/10 0.40
2, 5 3.5 4.5 1 1/10 0.45
3, 4 3.5 �� = Σ[� • P(�)] = 3
3, 5 4
4, 5 4.5

So the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means �� = 3.

Step 6. Compute the variance (σ2x) of the sampling distribution of the sample means.
� P(�) � ̶ µ (� ̶ µ)2 P(�) • (� ̶ µ)2
1.5 1/10 ̶ 1.5 2.25 0.225
2 1/10 1 1 0.100
2.5 2/10 ̶ 0.5 0.25 0.050
3 2/10 0 0 0
3.5 2/10 0.5 0.25 0.050
4 1/10 1 1 0.100
4.5 1/10 1.5 2.25 0.225
�2� = Σ [ P(�) • (� ̶ µ)2 ] = 0.75
So the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means is �2� = 0.75.
What is the standard deviation of the population? the sampling distribution?
Let us compare the means, variances & standard deviations of the population and the
sampling distribution of the sample means.
Computed Result Population (N = 5) Sampling Distribution of the
Sample Means (n = 2)
Mean µ=3 �� = 3
Variance σ2 = 2 �2� = 0.75
Standard Deviation σ = 1.41 �� = 0.87

What have you observed of the mean, variance & standard deviation of the population
& the sampling distribution of the sample means?

What’s More . . .

A population consists of the five measurements 2, 6, 8, 3 & 1. How many different

samples of size n = 2 can be drawn from the population? What is the mean & variance
of the sampling distribution of the sample means? Follow steps 1 to 6.

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 Lesson 2: Mean and Variance with Replacement

What is it . . .
Properties of the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means
1. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is equal to the
population mean µ. That is, �� = µ.
2. The variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means σ is given by:
�2� = σ2 • N ̶ n for finite population; & �2� = σ2 for infinite population.
n N ̶ 1 n
3. The standard deviation σ of the sampling distribution of the sample means is given
by:
�� = σ2 • N̶ n for finite population where N ̶ n is the finite population
� √N ̶ 1 √N ̶ 1 correction factor
�� = σ2 for infinite population
�
The standard deviation �� of the sampling distribution of the sample means is
also known as the standard error of the mean. It measures the degree of accuracy of
the sample mean as an estimate of the population mean.
A good estimate of the mean is obtained if the standard error of the mean is
small or close to zero, while it is a poor estimate if the value is large.

Example:
A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 8, 11. Consider all possible samples
of size 2 which can be drawn with replacements from this population. Find the mean
& standard deviation of the population & the mean & standard deviation of the
sampling distribution of the means.
Solution :
Step 1. µ = ΣX = 2 + 3 + 6 + 8 + 11 = 30 = 6
N 5 5
Step 2. Compute the variance of the population (σ2) & then the standard deviation (σ).
σ2 = (2-6)2 + (3-6)2 + (6-6)2 + (8-6)2 + (11-6)2 = (-4)2 + (-3)2 + (0)2 + (2)2 + (5)2
5 5
σ = 16 + 9 + 0 + 4 + 25 = 54 = 10.8 so σ = √10.8 = 3.29
2

5 5
Step 3. NCn = 5C5 = 25 samples of size 2 which can be drawn with replacement since
any one of the five numbers on the first draw can be associated with any of the five
numbers of the second draw.
Step 4. List all possible samples & their corresponding means.
Samples Means Samples Means Samples Means Samples Means Samples Means

2, 2 4 3, 2 2.5 6, 2 4 8, 2 5 11, 2 6.5

2, 3 2.5 3, 3 3 6, 3 4.5 8, 3 5.5 11, 3 7

2, 6 4 3, 6 4.5 6, 6 6 8, 6 7 11, 6 8.5

2, 8 5 3, 8 5.5 6, 8 7 8, 8 8 11, 8 9.5

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2, 11 6.5 3, 11 7 6, 11 8.5 8, 11 9.5 11, 11 11

Step 5. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means & compute the mean
of the sampling distribution of the sample means (�� ).

Sample Frequency Probability � • P(�)

Means (�) (F) P(�)

2.5 2 2/25 0.20

3 1 1/25 0.12

4 3 3/25 0.48

4.5 2 2/25 0.36

5 2 2/25 0.40

5.5 2 2/25 0.44

6 1 1/25 0.24

6.5 2 2/25 0.52

7 4 4/25 1.12

8 1 1/25 0.32

8.5 2 2/25 0.68

9.5 2 2/25 0.76

11 1 1/25 0.44

�� = Σ[ � • P(�) ] = 6.08 or 6
Step 6. Compute the variance (�2� ) & standard deviation (�� ) of the sample means.
� P(�) � ̶ µ (� ̶ µ)2 P(�) • (� ̶ µ)2

2.5 2/25 ̶ 3.5 12.25 0.98

3 1/25 ̶ 3 9 0.36

4 3/25 ̶ 2 4 0.48

4.5 2/25 ̶ 1.5 2.25 0.18

5 2/25 ̶ 1 1 0.08

5.5 2/25 ̶ 0.5 0.25 0.02

6 1/25 0 0 0

6.5 2/25 0.5 0.25 0.02

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 7 4/25 1 1 0.16

8 1/25 2 4 0.16

8.5 2/25 2.5 6.25 0.50

9.5 2/25 3.5 12.25 0.98

11 1/25 5 25 1.00

�2� = Σ [ P(�) • (� ̶ µ)2 ] = 4.92

�� = 4.92 = 2.22
So the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means is 4.92 and
the standard deviation is 2.22.

What’s More . . .
A population consists of four numbers 3, 7, 11, 15. Consider all possible samples of
size 2 with replacement. Find the mean & standard deviation of the population & the
mean & standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means. Follow the 6 steps.

Lesson 3: Mean and Variance without Replacement

What is it . . .

What about if there is no replacement of the population?

Example:
A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 8, 11. Consider all possible samples
of size 2 which can be drawn without replacement from this population. Find the
mean & standard deviation of the population & the mean & standard deviation of the
sampling distribution of means.
Solution :
Step 1. µ = ΣX = 2 + 3 + 6 + 8 + 11 = 30 = 6
N 5 5
Step 2. Compute the variance of the population (σ2) & then the standard deviation (σ).
σ2 = (2-6)2 + (3-6)2 + (6-6)2 + (8-6)2 + (11-6)2 = (-4)2 + (-3)2 + (0)2 + (2)2 + (5)2
5 5
σ = 16 + 9 + 0 + 4 + 25 = 54 = 10.8 so σ = 10.8 = 3.29
2

5 5

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 So the variance is 10.8 and the standard deviation is 3.29.
Step 3. NCn = 5 C2 = 10 samples of size 2 which can be drawn without replacement,
this means that we draw one number & then another number different from the first.
Step 4. List all possible samples & their corresponding means.
Samples 2, 3 2, 6 2, 8 2, 11 3, 6 3, 8 3, 11 6, 8 6, 11 8, 11
Means 2.5 4 5 6.5 4.5 5.5 7 7 8.5 9.5

Step 5. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means & compute the mean
of the sampling distribution of the sample means (�� ).
Sample Means Frequency Probability � • P(�)
(�) P(�)
2.5 1 1/10 0.08
4 1 1/10 0.20
4.5 1 1/10 0.12
5 1 1/10 0.32
5.5 1 1/10 0.36
6.5 1 1/10 0.40
7 2 2/10 0.44
8.5 1 1/10 0.24
9.5 1 1/10 0.52
�� = Σ[ �• P(�) ] = 6
Step 6. Compute the variance ( �2� ) & standard deviation ( �� ) of the sampling
distribution of the sample means.

� P(�) � ̶ µ (� ̶ µ)2 P(�) • (� ̶ µ)2

2.5 1/10 ̶ 3.5 12.25 1.225

4 1/10 2 4 0.400

4.5 1/10 ̶ 1.5 2.25 0.225

5 1/10 1 1 0.100

5.5 1/10 ̶ 0.5 0.25 0.025

6.5 1/10 0.5 0.25 0.025

7 2/10 1 1 0.200

8.5 1/10 2.5 6.25 0.625

9.5 1/10 3.5 12.25 1.225

�2� = Σ [ P(�) • (� ̶ µ)2 ] = 4.05

�� = 4.05 = 2.01
So the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means is 4.05
and the standard deviation is 2.01.

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 What’s More . . .
A population consists of four numbers 3, 7, 11, 15. Consider all possible samples of
size 2 which can be drawn without replacement from the population. Find the mean &
standard deviation of the population & the mean & standard deviation of the sampling
distribution of means. Follow the 6 steps.

Assessment
Direction: Select the correct answer of each item and write only the letter on the
answer sheet provided. Items which need solutions are given
additional points.
1. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is greater than
the population mean.
b. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is lesser than
the population mean.
c. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is always equal
to the population mean.
d. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means maybe equal,
greater than or lesser than the population mean.
2. A certain population has a mean of 15.4 and a standard deviation of 5.6. If
random samples of size 5 is taken from this population, which of the following
statements is correct?
a. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is equal to 15.4.
b. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is lesser than
15.4.
c. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is greater than
15.4.
d. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is equal to 5.6.
3. The mean and standard deviation of the tax value of all vehicles registered in a
certain city are µ = P13,525 and σ = P4,180. Suppose random samples of size
100 are drawn from the population of vehicles, what is the mean �� of the
sample mean?
a. P13,525 b. P135.25 c. P4,180 d. P418
4. In problem no. 3, what is the standard deviation �� of the sample mean using the
formula �� = σ/ � ?
a. P4,180 b. P418 c. P41.80 d. P4.18
5. If a sample is drawn from a population, what happens to the standard error of the
mean if the sample size is increased from 50 to 200?
a. The standard error of the mean remains the same.
b. The standard error of the mean will also increase.
c. The standard error will decrease.
d. The standard error will either increase or remains the same.
6. How many possible samples of size n = 3 can be drawn from a population of size
N = 12 ?
a. 220 b. 144 c. 36 d. 24
7. Find the finite population correction factor given N = 200 and n = 20 using the
formula N ̶ n.

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 √ N ̶ 1
a. 0.95 b. 0.96 c. 0.97 d. 0.98
For nos. 8 ̶ 10, refer to the given situation: Consider a population consisting of
1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Suppose samples of size 3 are drawn from this population.
8. What is the mean of the population?
a. 1 b. 1.41 c. 2 d. 3
9. Compute the variance σ2 of the population.
X X ̶ µ (X ̶ µ)2
1 ̶ 2 4
2 ̶ 1 1
3 0 0
4 1 1
5 2 4
a. 1 b. 1.41 c. 2 d. 3
10. What is the standard deviation σ of the population?
a. 1 b. 1.41 c. 2 d. 3

Answer Key
Lesson 1
Step 1. µ = ΣX = 2 + 6 + 8 + 3 + 1 = 20 = 4
N 5 5
Step 2. X X ̶ µ (X ̶ µ)2 σ2 = Σ(X ̶ µ)2
2 ̶ 2 4 N
6 2 4 σ = 34
2

8 4 16 5
3 ̶ 1 1 σ2 = 6.8
1 ̶ 3 9
Σ(X ̶ µ)2 = 34
Step 3. NCn = 5C2 = 10
Step 4. Samples Means Step 5. � F P(�) � • P(�)
2, 6 4 1.5 1 1/10 0.15
2, 8 5 2 1 1/10 0.20
2, 3 2.5 2.5 1 1/10 0.25
2, 1 1.5 3.5 1 1/10 0.35
6, 8 7 4 1 1/10 0.40
6, 3 4.5 4.5 2 2/10 0.90
6, 1 3.5 5 1 1/10 0.50
8, 3 5.5 5.5 1 1/10 0.55
8, 1 4.5 7 1 1/10 0.70
3, 1 2 �� = 4

Step 6. � P(�) � ̶ µ (� ̶ µ)2 P(�) • (� ̶ µ)2

1.5 1/10 ̶ 2.5 6.25 0.625
2 1/10 ̶ 2 4 0.400
2.5 1/10 ̶ 1.5 2.25 0.225

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 3.5 1/10 ̶ 0.5 0.25 0.025
4 1/10 0 0 0
4.5 2/10 0.5 0.25 0.050
5 1/10 1 1 0.100
5.5 1/10 1.5 2.25 0.225
7 1/10 3 9 0.900
2
�� = 2.55

Lesson 2
Step 1. µ = 3 + 7 + 11 + 15 = 36 = 9
4 4

Step 2. X X ̶ µ (X ̶ µ)2 σ2 = Σ(X ̶ µ)2

3 ̶6 36 N
7 ̶2 4 σ = 80
2

11 2 4 4 σ = 20
15 6 36 σ = 20
2
σ = 4.47
Σ(X ̶ µ)2 = 80
Step 3. NCn = 4C4 = 16
Step 4. Samples 3, 3 3, 7 3, 11 3, 15 7, 3 7, 7 7, 11 7, 15
Means 3 5 7 9 5 7 9 11

Samples 11, 3 11, 7 11, 11 11, 15 15, 3 15, 7 15, 11 15, 15

Means 7 9 11 13 9 11 13 15

Step 5. � F P(�) � • P(�)

3 1 1/16 0.1875
5 2 2/16 0.6250
7 3 3/16 1.3125
9 4 4/16 2.2500
11 3 3/16 2.0625
13 2 2/16 1.6250
15 1 1/16 0.9375
�� = 9
Step 6. � P(�) � ̶ µ (� ̶ µ)2 P(�) • (� ̶ µ)2
3 1/16 ̶6 36 2.25
5 2/16 ̶4 16 2
7 3/16 ̶2 4 0.75
9 4/16 0 0 0
11 3/16 2 4 0.75
13 2/16 4 16 2
15 1/16 6 36 2.25
2
�� = 10
�� = 10 = 3.16
Lesson 3
Step 1. µ = 3 + 7 + 11 + 15 = 36 = 9
4 4
Step 2. X X ̶ µ (X ̶ µ)2 σ2 = Σ(X ̶ µ)2
3 ̶6 36 N
7 ̶2 4 σ2 = 80
11 2 4 4 σ = 20
15 6 36 σ2 = 20 σ = 4.47
Σ(X ̶ µ)2 = 80
Step 3. NCn = 4C2 = 6
Step 4. Samples Means Step 5. � F P(�) � • P(�)
3, 7 5 5 1 1/6 0.83
3, 11 7 7 1 1/6 1.17
3, 15 9 9 2 2/6 3
7, 11 9 11 1 1/6 1.83
7, 15 11 13 1 1/6 2.17
11, 15 13 �� = 9

Step 6. � P(�) � ̶ µ (� ̶ µ)2 P(�) • (� ̶ µ)2

5 1/6 ̶4 16 2.67
7 1/6 ̶2 4 0.67
9 2/6 0 0 0
11 1/6 2 4 0.67
13 1/6 4 16 2.67
2
�� = 6.68
�� = 6.68 = 2.58
Assessment
1. c 2. a 3. a 4. b 5. c 6. a 7. a 8. d 9. c 10. b