12

Media and
Information
Literacy
4th Quarter

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
This module was collaboratively designed, developed, and reviewed by
educators to guide you, the teacher or facilitator, in helping the learners meet the
standards set by the Department of Education. This module primarily aims to help
the learners understand the lessons in Media and Information Literacy based on the
Most Essential Learning Competencies – and see their relevance to real-life through a
fun-filled learning experience. This module hopes to engage the learners into guided
and independent self-learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore,
this also aims to help learners acquire the necessary 21 st-century skills while
considering their needs and circumstances.
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners’ progress while allowing them to
manage their learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they perform the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Media and Information Literacy Grade 12 Alternative Delivery
Mode (ADM) Module. This module was designed to provide you with fun and
meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and
time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the module while being an active
learner.
Specifically, this module aims to introduce you to Media and Information
Literacy as an important subject in the 21st Century learning for the students to be
able to maximize the use of modern technologies and be a responsible user and
capable producer of media and information.
This module contains the following parts: a. What I Need to Know (Introduction
and Learning Objectives), b. What I Know (Pretest), c. What’s In (Review), d. What’s
New (Introductory activity), e. What Is It (Content Discussion), f. What’s More
(Enrichment Activities), g. What I Have Learned (Generalization), h. What I Can Do
(Application), i. Assessment (Posttest), Additional Activities, Answer Key, and
References.
To enjoy learning about the lesson, you must set aside all other tasks that will
disturb you while answering the module. Use the module with care. Do not put
unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Follow carefully all the contents and
instructions indicated on every page of this module. Take note of the significant
concepts you find in the lesson which you may use for future references. Keep in
mind to USE SEPARATE SHEETS OF PAPER in doing all the provided activities to
meet all the lesson’s objectives. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks
in this module, do not hesitate to consult your facilitator. After accomplishing all the
activities, let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers. The success in
accomplishing this module depends on your will and grit. Keep going and enjoy
learning!
 12

Media and
Information
Literacy
Quarter 4 – Module 7:
Opportunities, Challenges and Threats in
Media and Information

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at
action@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

1
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written to help you understand various
opportunities, challenges and threats in media and information. It can be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary levels of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course but the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

After going through this module, you are expected to cite an example of an
issue showing the power of media and information to effect change (MIL11/12OCP
– lllh25)

What I Know

A. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is associated to a global computer network providing a variety of

information and communication facilities?
a. email c. you tube
b. internet d. information
2. Which of the following is not a traditional method in getting the needed data
and information?
a. Government Document c. Journalistic Writings
b. Eyewitness Account d. Yahoo
3. In the education sector, the use of technology is vital due to the following
reasons except _______________________.
a. It creates convenience in sharing and receiving information.
b. It supplements lessons.
c. It allows holding online lectures.
d. It increases sales of products and services.
4. What is referred to as a discipline in the curriculum of the senior high school
that fosters equitable access to information and knowledge?
a. Media and Information Literacy c. Personality Development
b. Philippine Politics and Governance d. Oral Communication
5. Which of the following is not a malicious threat of an internet?
a. Virus c. Spyware
b. Spam d. Digital Communication landscape

2
 6. What is meant by Media Innovation?
a. Change in several aspects of media.
b. Development in media platforms.
c. Technological changes and advancements.
d. All of the above.
7. Which does not belong to the group in the context of media innovation?
a. Website games
b. Computer animation
c. Computer-human interface
d. Typewriter
8. What is referred to as the collection, dissemination and analysis of news
information by the general public?
a. Online Shopping c. Citizen Journalism
b. Phishing d. Media Innovation
9. Which of the following must obtain sensitive information?
a. Usernames c. Credit Cards
b. Passwords d. All of the above.
10. Who among the following are responsible in human trafficking as one
challenge of media and information?
a. thieves c. drug lords
b. traffickers d. IT specialists

B. Write A if the statement is true, and B if the statement is false. Write your answer
on a separate sheet.
11. Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion.
12. An opinion is a self-report of feelings and personal judgement
accompanied by responsibility of thought.
13. Libel can be committed in the form of writing.
14. Piracy has become more rampant.
15. Cybercrime law includes laws related to computer crimes, internet crimes,
Information crimes, communications crimes and technology crimes.

3
 Opportunities, Challenges
Lesson
1 and Threats in Media and
Information

Do you ever wonder what makes technology in business, education and other
sectors so important? The answer to this question is evident – technology saves time
and effort, and most importantly, it improves communication.
Technology refers to the knowledge and utilization of tools, techniques, and
systems to serve a bigger purpose like solving problems or making life easier and
better.
Technology, particularly the use of internet, is vital in achieving any business
goal as it renders every transaction / activity efficient, i.e;, achieving maximum
productivity with minimum wasted resources.

What’s In

Recall what you have learned during the previous discussion about the
following terminologies.
1. fake news
2. copyright
3. intellectual property
4. fair use
5. netiquette
6. digital footprint
7. data privacy
8. trademark
9. cyberbullying
10. computer addiction

4
 What’s New

How well do you know?

Write Y if the statement conveys a positive attitude and X if otherwise. Use
separate sheets.

1. Maria uses the Internet as the major source of his school research and other
academic activities.
2. Mrs. Diaz, an English teacher does not allow her students to go to the library to
gather data and information needed for the presentation.
3. Cora believes that development is always accompanied by some risks and
threats.
4. The school principal encourages the teachers to use technology in the daily
presentation of lessons.
5. Zenaida bought some pirated CDs and DVDs as her gift to her father this
Christmas.
6. Carlo shops online without double checking the credibility of the store website.
7. Parents of some students refuse to accept media innovation due to lack of
technology skills training and awareness.
8. Mrs. Santos uses the traditional methods of teaching despite advancements in
technology.
9. Dado shares his FB account passwords to his friends.
10. Some people use the internet to recruit workers for non-existent jobs.
11. Mr. Cruz welcomes the opinions and personal judgements of his students
during class discussions.
12. A group of campus journalists published a false article in the school paper.
13. Millennials believe in the power of media and technology.
14. The School Management always respects the feelings and sentiments of the
workers.
15. The boss sends the memo online despite the limited online access by the
workers.

Processing:

1. Why are media studies important?

2. What type of media content should you share?

3. How often should you post media content?

5
 What is It

A Powerful Tool
Media and information literacy, an essential component of the Senior High
School Curriculum, fosters equitable access to information and knowledge, which,
in turn, open up opportunities. It is a field that deals with the effects of various mass
media.
Media and information are a powerful voice of the people to express feelings
and thoughts. People nowadays are already media and information literate, but to
engage in a digital society, one needs to be able to use these tools, and inquire,
understand, communicate, and think critically.

A. Opportunities, Challenges, Threats and Risks in Media and

Information
Modern professionals, students and adults use online materials to gather the
needed information for any research work. The Internet has made research work
easier. Is this a sign of progress? Some would say that the use of technology is not
always a sign of progress. For them, the use of traditional methods such as
government documents, minutes of the meeting, journalistic writings, eyewitness
accounts and other information sources is more effective than the use of modern
technology specifically the “internet”.
UNESCO recognizes that the internet holds enormous potential for
development. It provides an unprecedented volume of resources for information and
knowledge that opens up new opportunities and challenges for expression and
participation.
The principle of freedom of expression and human rights must apply not only
to traditional media but also to the internet and all types of emerging media
platforms, which will contribute to development, democracy and dialogue.
Digitalization and the accessibility of information through a wide range of
devices have enormously increased the information resources available to people.
The internet provides numerous and diverse opportunities towards attaining our
goals and objectives in life. It has positive effects in education and in economic
growth.
For example, online marketing has become vital to business success, as it has
a wider audience reach. A wider audience reach leads to increased product
awareness, which, in turn, results in higher sales.
In education, the use of technology is vital. It makes information sharing
convenient. In addition, educators use it to supplement lessons and to conduct
online classes.

Opportunities
Online Shopping. Through online shopping and by using a web browser,
consumers can directly buy goods over the internet. Consumers may visit the website
of the retailer directly or search alternative vendors’ websites using a shopping
search engine.

Citizen Journalism. It is the collection, dissemination and analysis of news and

information by the general public, especially by means of internet.
Suggested definition of Citizen Journalism from International Media Support, which
references to “untrained” citizens, on page 4 of the document on this link:
https://www.mediasupport.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Zim_IMS-Citizen-
Journalism-1-1.pdf)
Online Education. With internet connection, anyone can earn a degree without
having to attend face-to-face class sessions.6
Challenges

Age-inappropriate content. With the unabated spread of media, one has to be

very careful about access. There is a wealth of information one can gain from the
Internet, but there is also content that is unfit for children and young people like
pornography and violence.

Illegal content. The Internet has also been, and continues to be, used by
unscrupulous people to further their illegal activities, like human trafficking, the use
of force, force, fraud, or coercion to obtain a commercial sex act or labor, and child
pornography. Some groups also use the internet to further the ideas of racism and
discrimination.

Privacy invasion and identity theft. Data posted on the Internet may be accessed
and used for illegal activities. Personal information may be willing shared as pictures
or text on social media or inadvertently given by users as part of such offerings as
games or surveys. It is important for users to be aware of the risks before they decide
to share their personal data. A way to get sensitive personal information is phishing.
It is the fraudulent attempt to obtain sensitive information such as username,
passwords and credit card details by disguising oneself as a trustworthy entity in an
electronic communication.

Threats and Risks of Media and Information

It is stated in the Philippine Constitution that each person has the right to
freedom of opinion and expression. This right includes freedom to hold and express
opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas
through any media and regardless of frontiers.
With this right, we can negotiate, chat, and express our opinions and ideas,
provided that we show respect to persons whose opinions differ from ours. Showing
respect means listening to others as they explain their respective sides and trying to
understand their perspective and why. We do not have to agree with them. Instead
of dismissing them, we can engage them in a discussion and avoid being aggressive.
We can disagree peacefully.
Furthermore, this simply tells us that we should never abuse and misuse our
freedom of speech. Always remember that an opinion is a self-report of feelings or
personal judgement accompanied by responsibility of thought.
These are some laws against the abuse and misuse of media and information,
which violate the rights of others and threaten them in some ways.

Libel / Slander
A person commits libel if he/she, with malice, publishes a false statement
that is damaging to another person’s reputation, office, trade, business or means of
livelihood. n the Philippine constitution, libel is a violation of Article 355 of the
Revised Penal Code. As stated in this article, libel can be committed in the form of
writing, printing, and other similar means. If the hurtful statement is spoken, the
statement is slander.

General example of libel/slander: Spreading false rumors about someone

having an extra-marital affair, damaging the person’s reputation.

Piracy
Piracy refers to the unauthorized duplication of copyrighted content that is
then sold at substantially lower prices in the black market. It is illegal under the
Cybercrime Law, which states that acquiring any digital copy of any copyrighted
material is punishable by fine from Php 200,000 to Php 500,000 and six to twenty
years in prison. The Intellectual Property Code and the Anti–Camcording Law were
previously in place to combat piracy in the7 country.
 Piracy is a form of theft as it takes away from the producers and artists the
rightful compensation due them such as patent/royalty fees, product sales revenues,
etc . In 2011, the Washington-based office of the US Trade Representative (USTR) as
one of the world’s listed Quiapo in Manila among the 21 most “notorious markets”
for pirated and counterfeit goods. It was removed from the list in 2012, but over the
years, piracy has proliferated via the Internet, aided mainly by the ease of access to
technology.

Cybercrime Law
The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10175) covers all
other online anomalies such as identity theft, child pornography, data misuse,
cybersquatting and other computer-related and internet facilitated practices. This
law became controversial in 2012-2013 since it also criminalizes libel in the online
world, limiting certain exercises of freedom of expression.

B. Education, Economic, Social and Political Aspects and Influences of

Media and Information Literacy

Media Innovation
What is innovation? It is the process of developing a new method or process
or product that better serves existing uses or start to serve a previously unidentified
need. When we talk about media innovation, it includes the change in several aspects
of the media landscape – from the development of new media platforms to new
business models, to new ways of producing media texts changes in other areas such
as education, society, economy and politics.

Over time, there are always areas for improvement and advancement in media.
Innovation in media would mean new media associated with telephones and
communications, computers and internet, virtual worlds, website games, human-
computer interface, computer animation and other related media improvements and
advancements.

Influence of Media on Education

Nowadays, media plays a crucial role in strengthening society as it helps us
to know the current societal issues not only locally but also globally. It also enhances
the teaching and learning processes inside the four walls of the classrooms. Media
comes in different forms and each form affects the way people learn and interpret
information.
Some platforms can be employed to reinforce concepts and spark discussions,
such as short films, written articles, blog postings, and other digital media. Teachers
can use modern technology, such as an interactive Smart Board, to deliver the
lessons and activities. However, a piece of chalk, blackboard, Manila paper and other
non-digital or non-interactive interactive instruments like CDs and DVDs can still be
used to aid teachers in conducting lessons if the resources are limited.
Various media can be used in the classrooms to hone critical thinking and
problem-solving skills. For instance, a teacher can start and facilitate a discussion
on an opinion article in a blog, asking students whether they agree on the position
taken by the author and why / why not. Indeed, media’s power should be harnessed
to educate people – enlightening people’s minds and training people to form opinions
and find solutions to societal problems.

Influence on Society
Media’s power appears unstoppable. Almost everyone is exposed to countless
media images, advertisements, magazines, etc. With the advent of social media like
Facebook, Instagram, Messenger, Twitter, email and the like, we are connected in
ways that were not possible before. The communication line is always open. Because
of these, necessary societal interactions, camaraderie, and development of
friendships are facilitated. 8
 The way we now deal with people with different personalities, opinions, and
ideas, the way we access information about human life, relationships, education,
careers, entertainment, and others, and the way we do business to promote products
and services online are all conducted with modern media. These interactions are very
different from before, when the most prominent forms of media were magazines,
newspapers and books.

Economic Influence
The new media has made it possible for any individual to offer products and
services online. The various media platforms are a means to augment people’s
income. It is indeed true that the new media affect the economic progress and
stability of the country.
Innovation in media has likewise created new online jobs opportunities such
as tutorials in various subjects, airline booking, art selling, product reviews on
YouTube, blogging, photography and other IT related jobs.
Social media was once an expensive platform for businesses to advertise their
products/services. But nowadays, any media-literate person and business entity can
set up his / her/ its own brand to reach people and sell products and services easily.

Political Influence
With the wider internet reach in the Philippines and the corresponding
increase in Filipino social media users, political individuals and parties and
government agencies have realized the effectiveness and power of social media
platforms in terms of public communication.

Digital Diplomacy, also called E-diplomacy or Digi diplomacy is a

government’s use of social media and information technology to communicate to the
public, especially foreign public. Foreign ministries, embassies and other government
agencies have social media accounts especially on Twitter and Facebook.
Spreading information through social media enables to directly send messages
quickly and cost-effectively to the target audiences, without convening a press
conference or sending a press release to news agencies. Because of this, people now
have greater participation on issues facing the country and the world.
People have become informed about the subjects they need or want. Through
media reports focusing on the government programs, activities, and issues, the
public is informed about the political affairs and functions of the country.
Not all media effects are positive. One of the current issues about social media
on political affairs is the spread of fake news, both locally and abroad. The difficulty
of confirming whether social media news reports are true has led to the abuse of the
medium by interest groups who share half-truths or outright lies, which has led
Facebook and Twitter to remove fake accounts and purveyors of untruths.

9
 What’s More

A. Using a separate sheet of paper, write an essay focusing on one of the following
topics: Choose one topic only. Be guided by the essay rubrics below where 3 gets the
highest point and 1 is the lowest.
A. The Influence of Media on Violence
B. Effects of Media on Socio-Economic Dimensions
C. Role of Media in Crime Prevention

This output will be graded using this rubric.

Rubric for Essay
Organization Style Conventions Contents
Paragraph Choice, use and Grammar, Presence of ideas
formation which arrangement of spelling, and developed through
includes words, and sentence formation facts, details, and
introduction, body, sentence structure opinions.
and conclusion
3 Advanced Precise use of a No spelling, Substantial and
arrangement of variety of words punctuation or specific contents
content and sentence grammatical errors demonstrating
structure to create sophisticated ideas
consistent ideas
2 Functional Limited word Few spelling and Limited content
arrangement of choice and control punctuation with inadequate
content that explanation
sustains a logical of sentence errors, minor
order structure grammatical errors
1 Minimal control of Minimal control of Many spelling, Superficial and
content word choice and grammatical errors minimal content
arrangement sentence structure that interfere with
the meaning

B. Determine in which sector the following situations can be categorized. Write the
letter of your answer in a separate sheet of paper.
A. EDUCATION C. POLITICAL
B. ECONOMIC D. SOCIAL
1. Media enhances the learning and teaching processes inside the classroom.
2. Teacher makes use of the technology in lesson execution.
3. Teacher makes use of the Manila paper, chalk and board as aids for teaching.
4. School head encourages the teachers to consider films and documentaries and
other interactive lessons in the teaching activity.
5. Michael opens a “lechon-manok” store and promotes his products in the city
FB group account.

10
 6. Company employers create various IT-related jobs.
7. Government figures carry out the web for some diplomatic objectives.
8. The mayor addresses issues in his social media account instead of holding a
press conference.
9. Residents of the community question the legality of a city councilor’s funding
of the construction of flower boxes in the center of the barangay sidewalks.
10. The Philippines is a republic with a presidential form of government wherein
power is equally divided among its three branches.
11. Teacher considers the use of written articles and blog postings as some
teaching methodologies.
12. The company manager accepts the idea that technology is unavoidable.
13. Nelly always opens her communication line with relatives abroad using
Facebook messenger.
14. The Santos Family tries to develop connection and interaction among family
members using the higher version of technology.
15. Sally makes a lot of money from her online business, where she promotes
services and products on her Facebook account.

What I Have Learned

Ponder on the following questions and answer them. Be guided by the rubrics
below. Use separate sheets.
1. What situations demonstrate the power of media and information?
2. What opportunities can be gained if people use media and information
properly?
Needs Fair Good Excellent
Improvement
Correctness
(The ideas use
correct grammatical
rules)
Clearness
(The ideas are
presented well)
Unity
(The ideas have a
single complete
thought)
Emphasis
(The ideas have
relative importance)

11
 What I Can Do

You are challenged to conduct an interview with at least five vloggers/ social
media influencers. Explore the various reasons why they engage in vlogging. Ask
what they consider as the pros and cons of vlogging. The results of the interview
could be shared at once. Use various communication gadgets to gather needed data
and information. Be guided by the following rubrics in conducting an effective
interview.

Use of gadget Interviewer’s Skills - Interviewer’s Skills –

(In getting the needed Communication Data gathering
information)
3 Two or more interview He/she speaks effectively The needed information
gadgets are used with the good is gathered
pronunciation systematically
2 Only one interview He/she speaks effectively Only little information is
gadget is used enough gathered
1 No interview gadget is He/she does not speak The needed information
used effectively is failed to gather.

Assessment

Complete the sentences below by choosing the right word/s inside the box. Use
separate sheets.
a. freedom f. DVDs k. producers
b. expression g. CDs l. artist/artists
c. nicely h. copyrighted m. abuse
d. politely i. printing n. misuse
e. slander j. writing o. false

1-2. As citizens of the country, we are entitled to ________ of ___________.

3-4. Our opinions are to be expressed ___________ and _____________.
5. The action of making a false spoken statement damaging to a person’s reputation
Is ___________.
6-7. Libel can be committed in the form of __________ and _________ and
other similar means.
8. Piracy is referred to as an unauthorized duplication of _____________ content.
9-10. Ordinary people prefer pirated copies of _________ and _______
because these are cheaper.
11-12. This simply tells us that we should never ____________ and ___________ our
freedom of speech.
13. A person commits libel if he/she publishes _________ statement.
14-15. Piracy is a form of plagiarism for it steals the compensation of the
__________and ____________.

12
 Additional Activities

Explain the following concepts of media literacy in few sentences. Be guided by the
rubrics below. Use separate sheets.
1. All media messages are constructed.
2. Media messages are constructed using a creative language with its own rules.
3. Different people experience the same media message differently.
4. Media have embedded values and points of view.
5. Most media messages are organized to gain profit and/or power.

Criteria Needs Fair Good Excellent

Improvement
1 2 3 4
Correctness
(The ideas use correct
grammatical rules)
Clearness
(The ideas are
presented well)
Unity
(The ideas have single
complete thought)
Emphasis
(The ideas have relative
importance)

Answer Key

15. b
14. d
13. d
12. d
11. a
10. c
9. c
8. c
7. c
6. b
5. b Answers may vary
k 15.
4. a
l 14. What’s In
o 13.
3. a
n 12. 2. a
m 11. B. 1. a
f 10. A. Answers may vary b 10.
g 9. What’s More d 9.
h 8. c 8.
i 7. d 7.
j 6. d 6.
15. X 10. X X 5.
e 5. d 5.
d 4. 14. Y 9. X Y 4. a 4.
c 3. 13. Y 8. X Y 3. d 3.
b 2. 12. X 7. X X 2. d 2.
a 1. 11. Y 6. X X 1. b 1.

13
Assessment What's New What I Know
 12

Media and
Information
Literacy
Quarter 4 – Module 8:
Massive Open Online Course

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at
action@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

14
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written to help you understand the concept and
the types of one of the current trends in media and information which is the massive
open online course. Knowing the nature of massive open online course including the
advantages and limitations could help us to determine if a certain group of people or
locality can utilize it. The scope of this module allows many different learning situations
where students could identify their daily activities where aspects of massive open online
course are being used. The use of language recognizes the diverse vocabulary levels of
students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course but
the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you
are now using.

After going through this module, you are expected to describe the impact of
massive open online (MIL11/12 CFT-IIIi-26).

What I Know

Read and answer each question carefully. Write the letter of the best answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following pertains to the knowledge or skill acquired by a person

through instruction or study?
A. Book C. Learning
B. Reference D. Collaboration
2. Which term means “able to move easily from place to place”?
A. Accessibility C. Web site
B. Mobile D. Blog
3. Which is NOT a major massive open online course (MOOC) provider?
A. Coursera C. Udacity
B. Wikipedia D. EdX
4. What are the two main types of massive open online course (MOOC)?
A. xMOOCs and cMOOCs C. xMOOCs and yMOOCs
B. aMOOCs and bMOOCs D. sMOOCs and lMOOCs
5. What is defined as occurring or existing now?
A. Upcoming C. Simultaneous
B. Potential D. Current

15
6. Which is NOT an advantage of massive open online course (MOOC)?
A. Feasibility C. Repetition
B. Affordable D. With strict class schedules
7. What is referred to as a segment appearing as part of an online publication that
typically relates to a subject, and sometimes contain articles and personal
commentary by one or several authors?
A. Video C. Twitter
B. Recording D. Blog
8. What is described as a group of world wide web pages usually containing
hyperlinks to each other and made accessible online by a person, company,
institution, government agency, or organization?
A. Blog C. Online
B. Web site D. Channel
9. What do you call a model for delivering learning content online to anyone who
needs to take a learning course with no limit in attendance and participation?
A. Browsing C. 3D Environment
B. Massive Open Online Course D. Wearable Technology
10. Which of the following pertains to the quality of being reached, used, or seen?
A. Accessibility C. Attainability
B. Permissively D. Usability

16
 Lesson
Massive Open Online Course (MOOC)
1

You might not know it, but when your parents were younger, information was
much harder, and more expensive, to come by. For information on a wide variety of
topics, one had to consult an encyclopedia, a multi-volume collection of books with
alphabetically arranged topics. For word meanings, one used a dictionary which could
be pocket-sized and concise or massive and comprehensive. For more complete
information on a subject, there were textbooks and trade books. Except textbooks,
which were widely available wherever they were required in school, these sources of
information were mostly seen in public and private libraries.

The information contained in books were relatively stable, that is, they do not
change much over time, and new editions may not come for years. For new findings
from academic research, one read journal publications and similar periodicals, which
were available in university libraries. But, to keep abreast of current affairs, one read
newspapers, listened to radio, or watched television.

The 21st century has brought many technological advancements that led to the
development of the different modes of transmitting and getting information. Products
of technology have also resulted in a paradigm shift in the field of education – from the
traditional use of printed information such as books, journals, magazines, encyclopedia
and dictionary to using their digital or online versions. Now, information may also be
gathered from reliable and credible websites and how-to videos on YouTube, all found
using search engines such as Google, Yahoo, and Bing. The use of technology has also
influenced the behavior of people towards choosing the format and path of getting
information, shifting from the traditional classroom set-up to online-based learning,
thus, making it easier to gain knowledge anytime and anywhere.

https://www.flickr.com/photos/88031504@N00/2368123528 https://www.flickr.com/photos/tim_ellis/32824895204

This module will discuss one of the current trends in media and information
dissemination the Massive Open Online Course (MOOC), and how it influences the
behavior of people when it comes to learning new information.

17
 What’s In

KWL Chart
To check your prior knowledge about the topic and to solicit the questions that
you want to know about it, fill in the Know and Want to Know components of the
Know-Want to Know- Learned (KWL) chart properly and correctly. For the Know
component, you may write word/s or sentence. For the Want to Know component,
state your responses in question form. List as many responses as you want for each
component. Write your responses on a separate sheet of paper.

Topic Know Want to Know Learned

Massive Open
Online Course
(MOOC)

Guide Questions
1. Based on what you have written on the Know component of the chart, what do
you know about Massive Open Online Course (MOOC)?
2. If you were to think of a question that you want to ask about Massive Open
Online Course (MOOC), what question would that be?

Let’s have some fun! - Word Hunt Activity

A password is needed to log in to a computer. Codes are listed below inside the
term bank that could be used to determine the password of the computer. Encircle all the
codes in the puzzle completely and properly.

A K G T J B L O G J A O P
N C S F O L I D X B N N E
R W C I U M K T F H G L N
E C N E G K I L P O E I A
P M A S S I V E F G L N S
E C V B N S A S F G I E H
T P I U Y T I E D G C H K
I G R S Z X C B V B A N M
T H J U Y G D H I G R H M
I E C O U R S E F L K H G
O F G J O P E N W E I G H
N G A R Y R A M O S F T G
U O F E A S I B I L I T Y

TERM BANK
Course Blog Repetition Massive
Online Accessibility Open Feasibility

18
 What’s New

Make Meaning: Internet Assisted Activity

Describe the given word in each item correctly. You may use the internet to find
the meaning of the words.

WORD MEANING

1. Massive _____________________________________________
2. Open _____________________________________________

3. Online _____________________________________________
4. Course _____________________________________________
5. Feasibility _____________________________________________

6. Blog _____________________________________________

7. Accessibility _____________________________________________
8. Repetition _____________________________________________

9. Asynchronous _____________________________________________

What is It

Massive Open Online Course (MOOC)

MOOC is an acronym for Massive
Open Online Course. The word “massive”
means large number or amount, “open”
means accessible to all, “online” means
connected to or available through a
system, and “course” means the act of
moving in a path from point to point.
Therefore, MOOC refers to a route or
pattern of getting a content or information
https://www.pxfuel.com/en/free-photo-ebzbi
available through an online system that
can be accessed by many people. MOOC is also described as a pattern for providing

19
learning information or content online to any person who needs to take up a course with
no limit on attendance.

MOOCs are asynchronous web-based courses geared towards enabling several

hundreds of students all over the world to enroll and learn from top world-renowned
academic institutions at the same time. MOOCs deliver content via recorded video
lectures, online readings, and online assessments, with various degrees of student-
student and student-instructor interactions. Many MOOC-providers offer free courses,
which entice more people to enroll. There are MOOCs that provide certificates of
completion to the students; however, most of them do not count for college credit. The
concept of MOOC was invented in 2008 by Dave Cormier, from the University of Prince
Edward Island, for a course offered by the University of Manitoba, "Connectivism and
Connective Knowledge”, (https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/massively-open-online-course-
MOOC).

The learning material or video content used in an MOOC is created by an

educational institution, usually a university or a college that offers such programs.
The organization and administration operation of an MOOC are coordinated by
active MOOC platforms (e.g. Coursera and edX). MOOCs were created from the idea of
covering an entire university course online and thereby making it accessible to everyone
in the world. The intent was to "democratize" educational content from elite universities.

Types of Massive Open Online Course (MOOC)

There are two main types of MOOCs:

1. xMOOCs

xMOOC stands for eXtended MOOC. xMOOCs are based on traditional university
course structures and make use of established teaching approaches and materials.
Students will watch pre-recorded lectures, complete required readings, and participate
in discussions as produced and managed by a course instructor or an instructional
team from a higher education institution. These are typically self-contained and rarely
utilize content external to the main content delivery and learning platform.

2. cMOOCs

cMOOC stands for Connectivist MOOC. cMOOCs are based on the connectivist
learning model that favors collaboration among learners as a form of active learning.
Students in cMOOC work together to locate, evaluate, and contribute to the course
content by uploading materials in the form of tweets, blog posts, wikis and others, to
the course using the learning platform. A cMOOC instructor or instructional team
facilitates learning by finalizing, aggregating, and assessing the students’ contributions
to the course.

20
 The following table illustrates the conceptual differences between cMOOCs and
XMOOCs.

xMOOCs cMOOCs
Scalability of provision (e.g., Massive Community and Connections
offering university courses to a
larger audience)
Open access – Restricted license Open Open access and license
Individual learning in single Online Networked learning across
platform multiple platforms and services
Acquire a curriculum of Course Develop shared practices,
knowledge & skills knowledge and understanding

Advantages of Massive Open Online Course (MOOC)

https://www.igniteengineers.com/mooc-advantages-and-disadvantages/

1. Relax requirements – MOOC can be taken by anyone who is interested in the

subject matter and able to access the course, regardless of age, background, or
location.
2. Video format availability - Teaching in a modern video format (not just texts like
those that you’d find in other e-learning courses).
3. Accessibility- learning content from top universities like Harvard, Stanford, etc.
can be opened through online format.
4. Repetition- an MOOC will often run two or three times a year, ensuring that
students would not miss their chance.

21
 5. High quality- MOOCs are led by subject matter experts (SMEs) and supported
by teaching assistants, so that students have access to first-rate educational
resources.
6. Feasibility- an MOOC usually requires 1-2 hours of study a week for about 5
weeks, making learning doable even for busy students.
7. Self-paced- an MOOC enables students to work through the course materials
and assessments at their own pace.
8. Online collaboration- learners across the globe work together on common goals
without the need to meet each other in person.

What are some MOOC platforms?

There are already thousands of MOOCs from countless providers worldwide. Here
are the top MOOC platforms.

a. Coursera has over 20 million learners/participants. Courses were created by the

universities of Stanford, Princeton, Yale, London, Munich, Zurich, and many
more.
b. EdX has around 10 million learners/participants. Courses were created from
Harvard, MIT, Berkeley, and Oxford, among others.
c. Udacity is created as an MOOC platform at Stanford. Now mostly programming
courses in cooperation with industry partners such as Google, Facebook, or
Daimler. Course topics include artificial intelligence and self-driving cars.
d. FutureLearn is MOOC platform (UK-based) which includes various British and
European universities. Courses offered are shorter in duration compared to
others.

What’s More

Activity: Creating your own Massive Open Online Course Material

Using your smartphone/laptop, create a Massive Open Online Course Material
in the form of audio-visual presentation. The said material should focus on
understanding corona virus and how this virus can be transmitted and prevented
particularly at home and in school. The audio-visual material should not exceed 15
minutes. Use the audio-visual presentation rubric below to assess your output.

22
 Rubric – Audio-Visual Presentation

INDICATORS
CRITERIA Expert Intermediate (3 Novice Beginner
(4 points) points) (2 points) (1 point)
Organization Information Information Presentation Audience cannot
presented in a presented in a jumps around understand
logical and very logical sequence and audience presentation
interesting has difficulty because of weak
sequence following organization
Design All multimedia Multimedia Selection of Shows poor
elements work elements are media elements selection of
well together appropriate and are adequate graphics, fonts,
and enhance the sound, and
demonstrate presentation video
excellent
synthesis
Content Covers the topic Includes Includes some Includes little
completely and essential essential essential
in depth with a information and information with information and
variety of facts to give a few citations one or two facts
resources. viewers an and facts
Encourages understanding
viewers to know of the topic
more
Graphics Graphics Graphics vary Occasionally Poor use of
explain and and relate to uses graphics, graphics or no
reinforce presentation but rarely graphics
message of support
presentation presentation
Sound Excellent use of Sound and Some use of Poor use of
sound and music are used sound, but poor sound or no
music to to convey quality. sound used
reinforce message. Audio Audience has
message is clear. trouble
understanding
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.97.9516&rep=rep1&type=pdf

What I Have Learned

The students will fill in the Learned component of the KWL chart to generalize
the things they learned about the topic.

KWL Chart
Topic Know Want to Know Learned
Massive Open
Online Course

23
 What I Can Do

Work In Progress

You are tasked to create a blog about the effects of Earthquake in your local
community. Use the Blog Post rubric below to assess your output.

Rubric – Blog Post

INDICATORS
CRITERIA Expert Intermediate (3 Novice Beginner
(4 points) points) (2 points) (1 point)
Purpose The blog has a The purpose of The blog is mostly The blog appears
clear purpose to the blog is to about one topic, to be about
share and collect share information but sometimes the unconnected
opinions and and the blogger’s blogger gets off topics and events.
information about opinions about an the subject.
an important and important topic.
interesting topic.
Content The blog is fair The blog is fair. The blogger tries The blogger
and balanced. Blogger refers to to be fair in the presents one
Blogger refers to information from blog, but the viewpoint on the
information from more than one information topic. Do not draw
a variety of viewpoint and presented is conclusions about
viewpoints and draw conclusions missing critical the research, but
draw original based on content. I try to just repeat what
conclusions based research. draw conclusions, other sources
on research. but sometimes my have said about
conclusions are the topic
not based on
research.
Sources The blogger The blogger Most of the The information of
gathered extensive gathered information on the blog is
information from information from the blog comes opinion, without
a variety of some reliable from the opinions. any sources to
reliable sources sources outside The blogger cites back it up.
outside the the classroom. only one or two
classroom. Cites Cites all the sources, or the
the sources sources with no or citations have
correctly. very few minor numerous errors.
errors.
Audience My writing I think about I try to think Poor use of
engages my what my readers about my readers graphics or no
readers. I ask want to know and and answer their graphics
good questions write my blog questions, but
and describe entries to answer most of the time I
interesting ideas their questions just write about
to get my readers and concerns. what I am
to respond. interested in or
what is easy to
find.

24
 Sound Excellent use of Sound and music Some use of I rarely think
sound and music are used to convey sound, but poor about how my
to reinforce message. Audio is quality. Audience readers will
message clear. has trouble respond to my
understanding blog. I write about
what is interesting
to me or is easy to
find.
Voice Writing shows the Writing shows Writing sometimes Writing sounds
personality of the that the blogger shows that the like that the
blogger and care about the blogger care about blogger is just
reflects a deep topic. the topic. completing an
commitment to assignment
the topic. without caring
about the topic.
https://www.ffc8.org/cms/lib/CO01900636/Centricity/Domain/728/21_Blog_Rubric.pdf

Assessment

Read and answer each statement carefully. Then, write the letter of the best answer on
a separate sheet of paper.
1. Mr. Ramos, a professor in a University, is teaching online to a number of
students from different parts of the country and overseas using his uploaded
videos about the different parts and functions of the human body. Which
medium is being used here?
A. 3D C. Ubiquitous Learning
B. Massive Open Online Course D. Wearable technology
2. _____ are based on connectivist learning models that favors collaboration as a
form of active learning.
A. cMOOCs B. xMOOCs C. Google D. Yahoo
3. Which of the following is NOT massive open online flatform?
A. Google B. Coursera C. Edx D. Udacity
4. ____ are based on traditional course structures and make use of established
teaching approaches and materials
A. cMOOCs B. xMOOCs C. Google D. Yahoo
5. ____ enables students to work through the course materials and assessments at
their own rates while also interacting with a global learning community.
A. Accessibility B. Feasibility C. Repetition D. Self-paced
6. Erwin is watching a video about renowned Filipino scientists on his tablet in
the assigned learning station. Next, he will transfer to the next learning station
to watch the different Filipino folk dances. Which medium is being used here?
A. 3D C. Ubiquitous Learning
B. Massive Open Online Course D. Wearable technology
7. ____ is an advantage of MOOC in which a course runs two or three times a year,
ensuring that students would not miss their chance
A. Accessibility C. Repetition
B. Feasibility D. Self-paced

25
8. Mary Anne realized that she forgot to answer the guide questions in one of the
learning stations in the Science class. She decided to log in to her account as
soon as she got home. Which characteristic of ubiquitous learning is shown in
the situation?
A. Accessibility C. Interactivity
B. Permanency D. Adaptability
9. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of Mass Open Online Course?
A. Teaching in a modern video format
B. Courses in a true online format
C. Online interaction between learners and teachers
D. Uses paper and pencil test in evaluating students
10. Who invented the concept of Massive Open Online Course or MOOC in 2008?
A. Bill Gates C. Mark Zuckerberg
B. Dave Cormier D. Jeff Bezos

Answer Key

10. D
9. A
A
8. D Answers may vary. B
7. C Activity 1.2 B
6. A D
5. D D
4. B D
Answers may vary.
A
3. A Activity 1.1
B
2. A B
1. B What's More C
Assessment What I Know

26
 12

Media and
Information
Literacy
Quarter 4 – Module 9:
Media and Information
Literate Individual

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at
action@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

27
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written to help you in finding the overall
implication of media and information to an individual and the society as a whole.
The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations.
The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary levels of students. The lessons
are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course, but the order in which
you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

After going through this module, you are expected to be able to discuss the
implication of media and information to an individual and the society
(MIL11/12MILI-IIIj-29)

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the letter that corresponds to your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following statements is NOT beneficial to an individual about the
use of media and information literacy?
a. It makes studying convenient for students.
b. It keeps the individual updated on current events.
c. It connects people easily.
d. It distracts people from being productive.
2. It concerns the overall impact of media and information to individuals and
society.
a. Media and Information Literacy
b. Media and Information Literate Individual
c. Media Legislation and Regulation
d. Media to Its Audience and Stakeholders
3. The following media and information programs improve the students’ learning
environment EXCEPT _____
a. Discovery Channel c. Math Tinik
b. Sine Eskuwela d. O-Shopping
4. Ma. del Carmen learned the benefits of organic foods from a television program
and started using them. This shows that media and information ______.
a. improve a person’s lifestyle
b. can entice people to change their habits
c. become inappropriate to people
d. lead people to confusion
5. Ejhay Ashley wants to talk to his mother abroad through a video call. He may
use______________.

28
 a. Skype c. Twitter
b. Wikipedia d. YouTube
6. Mr. Reyes wanted to expand his network and manage his professional identity.
Which of the following can he use?
a. LinkedIn c. Pinterest
b. Kalibrr d. Instagram
7. Kyle Gabriele wanted to keep updated with what is happening around the
world. What cable channel would he watch?
a. CNN c. Movie Central
b. PBO d. Sports Channel
8. A media and information literate individual should know how to use ____.
a. television c. social media
b. AM and FM Radio d. different media platforms
9. Janine Lyka, a STEM student in senior high school, was able to gather
information about her research on herbal medicine through a website. This
shows the impact of media and information on ____.
a. education c. economy
b. politics d. society
10. Zyril created a social media account to advocate for fighting global warming.
It shows the media and information impact on ____.
a. education c. economy
b. politics d. society
11. Kiesha Miel, a student, uses her spare time to sell different accessories online.
It helps to augment her expenses in school. This shows ______impact of media
information literacy to individual.
a. educational c. social
b. political d. economic
12. A study claims that almost a quarter of world population is on Facebook.
People are now exposed to different cultures and practices. This shows the
______impact of media and information literacy.
a. educational c. economic
b. political d. social
13. A candidate for national election uses different media platforms to promote
his candidacy resulting in a landslide win against his opponent. It shows the
______impact of media and information literacy.
a. educational c. economic
b. political d. social
14. Vernice Gabriele became more interested in the lesson because the teacher
used audio-visual materials in the discussion. This shows that media and
information literacy can be applied to____.
a. education c. economy
b. politics d. society
15. Zyra sends her visa documents to her fiancé through electronic mail. It shows
the ______ impact of media and information literacy.
a. educational c. economic
b. personal d. professional

29
 Lesson Media and Information
1 Literate Individual

What is the impact to you when you are using different media platforms? In
this lesson, you will be gaining knowledge on the basic media and information which
can be beneficial to an individual. Literacy in using different media platforms would
help you utilize its purpose.

What’s In

In the previous lesson, you were taught about current and future trends in
media and learning, specifically the massive open online courses. Based on what you
have learned, write TRUE if the statement about massive open online is correct, or
FALSE, if not.

1. It teaches with modern video formats, not just text like those that you’d
find in other e-learning courses.

2. Not all content is fully accessible.

3. It mainly uses paper-based study materials like those required in

traditional distance learning.

4. It requires online interaction between learners and teachers via

discussion forums.

5. The learning material or video content used in an MOOC is always

created by an educational institution.

30
 What’s New

How well do you know?

As a young individual, you tend to trust and believe popular opinion. You can
be influenced by the information you read or hear. Share your views on the
information you might get from different media.

Headline from a tabloid

POSITIVE EFFECTS:
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________

NEGATIVE EFFECTS:

__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________

News from a TV Station

POSITIVE EFFECTS:
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
________________

NEGATIVE EFFECTS:

___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
________________

Information from the Internet

POSITIVE EFFECTS:

__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________

NEGATIVE EFFECTS:
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________

31
Your answer will be graded based on the following rubric.

Score Description
2 points Includes limited essential information and one or two facts
Includes some essential information with a few citations and
3 points
facts
Includes adequate amount of essential information and facts to
4 points
give viewers an understanding of the topic
Covers the message completely and in depth with a variety of
5 points
resources

What is It

Implication of Media and Information

Media and information literate individuals have the ability to find, evaluate,
and use reliable information, and communicate it through various formats and
media. Such literacy is important for learning, making sound decisions and solving
problems. The following are some of its effects on the individual and society:
Personal
 It improves the quality of life.
 Communication has been made easier.
 Information has become widely accessible.
 Conducting research has become more convenient
 Long-distance communication between family members have
become possible through video calls or instant messaging.
 It provides entertainment through various cable channels and internet
access.
Political
 It] generates greater political participation.
 In the fields of public service, the media and the government have a long-
standing relationship.
 Media keep the public and even the government informed on what is
happening in the country, helping both sectors make political decisions.
 Through media reports of government activities and issues, the public are
informed of the political affairs in the country and are further encouraged
to take a more active role in the government.

32
Economic
 It promotes economic opportunities.
 The new media have made it possible for ordinary individuals to offer their
materials for consumption, whether free or paid.
 YouTube, a free video host, is also an advertising medium. Advertisers pay
to display their ads with the videos. YouTube then pays video contributors
if their videos get enough views or if their channels have a high subscriber
rate.
 It creates new job opportunities. For example, new positions like
social media managers or multimedia specialists are now in-
demand. Likewise, programmers for various platforms can easily
find projects or permanent jobs. More specialized jobs lead to higher
pay and therefore result in a better economy.
Educational
 Media and information literacy improves learning environment through
different interactive media platforms.
 Reinvention of learning modalities makes knowledge accessible to more
people.
 Information can be easily accessed and assessed, thus, making studying
convenient for students.
 Learning resources can be easily improvised and customized to suit the
aptitudes of different types of learners.
Social
 Media and information-literate individuals form groups that are said to be
more cohesive units than those formed by people who are not, creating a
bond that does not only have relational implications but also create social
impact.
 People are being connected in ways that weret possible before.
 Media and information literate people would rarely, if ever, fall victim to
fake news and consequently react to it in a way that would destroy social
relationship.
 It allows people to develop camaraderie and interaction.
 Different social networks sites like Facebook and Instagram can be used
to build support groups engaging in different advocacies.
Professional
 It builds professional networks.
 Looking and applying for a job becomes easy by checking different
websites.
 Job hunting becomes convenient for applicants who can share their
personal profiles and other credentials to prospected companies.
 An individual can conveniently work from home through the use of
different media.

33
 What’s More

Activity 1
You have learned that different media have shaped our personal and social
life. How do information and media improve life in the following situations?

On-line business

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Television campaign about fighting climate change

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Live State of the Nation Address of the President

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

34
Celebrity cooking show

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Online NBI application and tax filing

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Social media network as a way to connect people

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Students conducting research

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Television program as learning environment for children

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

35
 People with visual impairment using Braille

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

A teacher uses audio-visual materials to discuss the

lesson

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

Your answer will be graded based on the following rubric.

Developing Accomplished Exemplary
(2 points) (3 points) (5 points)
Topic The answer is The answer is The answer is
remotely related to fairly related to directly related to
the topic. the topic. the topic.
Organization The points in the The points in the The points in the
answer are answer are answer are
logically ordered. somewhat logically logically ordered.
ordered.
Quality of Most details do Some details Most details
Information not support the support the support the
discussion. discussion. discussion.
Grammar & Answer has more Answer has one or Answer has no
Mechanics than two errors. two errors. errors.

36
Activity 2

You have long been taught that technology has contributed to society in
meaningful ways for the common good. Engage yourself in answering the following
questions. Use a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is a media and information-literate individual?
2. How does a media and information literate individual contribute to improve the
quality of life in terms of:
a. Educational
b. Economic
c. Personal
d. Professional
e. Political
f. Social
3. Identify some disadvantages of media and information in terms of:
a. Economic
b. Personal
c. Professional
d. Political
e. Social

What I Have Learned

Share your knowledge on media and information literacy as a means to

improve lives.

I am a media and information-

literate individual. I will use
different media platforms
to___________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
______________

37
Your answer will be graded based on the following rubric.

Score Description
2 points Includes little essential information and one or two facts
3 points Includes some essential information with a few citations and facts
Includes essential information and facts to give viewers an
4 points
understanding of the topic
Covers the message completely and in depth with a variety of
5 points
resources

What I Can Do

You are asked to use social media as platform to encourage people to plant
trees as a means to fight climate change. Write a post on your social media account
to support this campaign.

Create post

Photo/Video Tag friends Feeling/Activ… …

Rubric for Assessment

POINTS DESCRIPTION

4 The information and ideas presented in social media are

appropriate, interesting and well organized.
3 The information and ideas presented in social media
sound good and interesting.
2 The information and ideas presented in social media
shows some potential but lack clarity and organization.
1 The information and ideas presented in social media need
improvement.

38
 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Analyze the following situations. Identify the implication of media-
and- information literacy to the individual and to the society. Write only the letter of
the best answer. Use separate sheet of paper for your answer.

a. POLITICAL b. PERSONAL c. EDUCATIONAL

d. ECONOMIC e. SOCIAL f. PROFESSIONAL

1. Jun and Leny advertised their street food stall in different media platforms.
After a year, it became a profitable business.
2. Riza made new friends and reconnected with old pals using social media.
3. A Grab driver uses the Waze app to reach destination.
4. Shiela and Cas find it convenient to order their foods using an online app.
5. A mayor uses social media to update the public of the city’s activities, projects,
and programs to encourage people to take active role in beautifying the city.
6. The university uses a website portal as a learning management system (LMS),
which both the teacher and the student can access and can serve as an
essential tool for e-Learning.
7. Carmen, an environment advocate, uploaded her global warming vlog on
YouTube. After a month, it got thousands of shares.
8. A senate hearing was aired live in broadcast media.
9. An accountant gets hired through LinkedIn.
10. Janine and Jackie use trusted websites to gather related literature for their
research.
11. Randy James, a candidate for local election, created social media accounts to
post his campaign online and be more interactive with the people.
12. An advocate to clean the Ilog-Pasig uploaded his blog on social media and was
“trending” soon after. He has encouraged people with the same interest and
advocacy to support his endeavor.
13. Lyn, an Overseas Filipino Worker, uses Skype to have a video call with her
son, EJ.
14. Peter watches cable channels to entertain himself during his days-off.
15. Teacher Jeric used audio-visual materials to discuss the lesson.

FALSE 5.
FALSE 4.

Answer Key FALSE

TRUE
3.
2.
TRUE 1.

What’s In

c 15. b 15.
b 14. a 14.
b 13. b 13.
a or e 12. d 12.
a 11. d 11.
c 10. d 10.
f 9. a 9.
a 8. d 8.
a or b 7. a 7.
c 6. a 6.
a 5. a 5.
b 4. b 4.
d 3. d 3.
b 2. a 2.
d 1. Answers may vary 1. d 1.

Assessment What's More What I Know

39
 12

Media and
Information
Literacy
Quarter 4 – Module 10:
Text Information and Media

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities.
We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their
feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education
at action@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

40
 What I Need to Know

This module aims to help learners like you get well-acquainted with key
concepts of media and information and use this knowledge to communicate
effectively by using the technology in your hands. The scope of this module permits
it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes
the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the different dimensions of text information and media
(MIL11/12TIM-IVb-3)
2. comprehend how text information and media are formally and informally
produced, organized, and disseminated (MIL11/12TIM-IVb-4)
3. evaluate the reliability and validity of text information and media and their
sources using selection criteria (MIL11/12TIM-IVb-5)
4. produce and evaluate a creative text-based presentation using design
principle and elements (MIL11/12TIM-IVb-6)

41
 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. On a separate sheet of paper, write the letter
that corresponds to your answer.

1. Which of the following is NOT useful information regarding the use and
importance of media and information literacy?
a. It makes studying convenient for students.
b. It connects people easily.
c. It updates an individual about events, news, issues, and the like.
d. It distracts people from being productive.
2. It deals with the overall impact of media and information on individuals and
the society.
a. Media and Information Literacy
b. Media and Information Literate Individual
c. Media Legislation and Regulation
d. Media to Its Audience and Stakeholders
3. The following media and information programs improve the students’
learning environment EXCEPT.
a. Discovery Channel c. Math Tinik
b. Sine Eskwela d. O-Shopping
4. Shiela learned the benefits of eating organic food from a television program
and started eating more of it. This shows that media and information ______.
a. Improves a person’s lifestyle
b. Tempt people to act differently
c. May cause people to become too dependent on media and information
and forget to fact check information
d. Lead people to confusion
5. Ejhay wants to talk to his mother abroad through a video call. He may use
the following applications EXCEPT
a. Skype c. Facebook
b. Instagram d. YouTube
6. A professional wants to expand his network and manage his professional
identity. Which of the following can he use?
a. LinkedIn c. Pinterest
b. Kalibrr d. Instagram
7. Kyle Gabriele wants to update himself with what is happening around the
world. What cable channel should he watch?
a. CNN c. Movie Central
b. ANC d. Sports Channel

42
8. A media and information literate individual should know how to utilize____.
a. television c. social media
b. AM and FM Radio d. different media platforms
9. Janine, a STEM student in senior high school, was able to gather
information about her research on herbal medicine through a website. This
shows the impact of media and information on
a. education c. economy
b. politics d. society
10. Zyril created a social media account to fight global warming. This shows the
impact of media and information on
a. education c. economy
b. politics d. society
11. Kiesha Miel, a student, uses her spare time to sell different accessories on-
line. This helps to augment her expenses in school. This shows the
____________ impact of media and information literacy on an individual.
a. educational c. social
b. political d. economic
12. A study claims that almost a quarter of world’s population have Facebook
accounts. People are now exposed to different cultures and practices. This
shows the ______impact of media and information literacy.
a. educational c. economic
b. political d. social
13. A candidate for national election used different media platforms to promote
his candidacy. This resulted in a landslide win against his opponent. This
shows the ______impact of media and information literacy.
a. educational c. economic
b. political d. social
14. Vernice Gabriele became more interested in the lesson because the teacher
used audio-visual materials in the discussion. This shows that media and
information literacy can be applied in ____?
a. education c. economy
b. politics d. society
15. Zyra sent her pertinent documents to her fiancé through electronic mail.
This shows the ______ impact of media and information literacy.
a. educational c. economic
b. personal d. professional

43
Lesson

1 Text Information and Media

What catches your attention when reading a story or an article? Most people
would look at the text because of its content. While some will look at the visuals
accompanying the text if there is any. In this lesson, you will be learning how text
information can be an effective form of media and how it can be used and applied
for you to communicate effectively.

What’s In

Choose the letter that best describes the statement in each number.

_____1. People who are classified either as a A. Editor

correspondent or as a reporter B. Photographer
_____2. This person’s responsibility is to ensure C. Graphic Artist
that the author’s work is worth publishing D. Journalists
_____3. Someone who takes responsibility for the E. Art Director
printed material presentation starting from
text to images
_____4. Someone who is responsible for capturing images artistically to be
partnered with written material to represent an idea visually.
_____5. The person in charge of the overall concept of the material in terms of art,
design, and graphics.

What’s New

Examine the text message and answer the questions that follow.

44
1. What is the tone of this text message?
__________________________________________________________________
2. Why do you think some Filipinos will fall victim to this type of text message?
__________________________________________________________________
3. Why do you think this message sounds convincing?

Your answers will be graded using the following rubric.

Developing Accomplished Exemplary
(2 points) (3 points) (5 points)
Topic The answer is The answer is The answer is
remotely related to fairly related to directly related to
the topic. the topic. the topic.
Organization The points in the The points in the The points in the
answer are not answer are answer are
logically ordered. somewhat logically logically ordered.
ordered.
Quality of Most details do Some details Most details
Information not support the support the support the
discussion. discussion. discussion.
Grammar & Answer has more Answer has one or Answer has no
Mechanics than two errors. two errors. errors.

What is It

Text Information and Media

Text Information
Text information can be writer in script using the Roman alphabet or a
different script that is appropriate to the language of the reader. Text information
or textual information can be written in the language most appropriate to the
reader. For example, Japanese, Chinese, and Korean textbooks are using their own
language.

Creators of Text Information

Readers are influenced and persuaded by the power of written words. A
reputable and well-organized material or written work is a collective effort between
writers and members of the editorial team. Below are the several kinds of writers.
1. Author – someone who writes books, stories, or articles on different kinds of
topics. However, there is a difference in the focus of their writing. Usually,
an author writes stories or articles that are lengthy, like a novel. They are

45
 also connected to scholarly works, such as general reference materials or a
textbooks. An author is someone whose work has already been published.
2. Writer – a writer is more associated with writing literary works like poems
and short stories. A writer is usually a person who writes stories or articles
as an occupation, like a journalist, blogger or screenwriter.
3. Contributor – Like a writer, the contributor spends time writing articles
about topics that are of particular interest. Contributors can only submit
articles depending on the theme or space available. Most writers work full
time in a publication or publishing companies but some work as freelance
writers or contributors. A freelance writer is self-employed and is not
connected to a specific publication or company.
4. Columnist – someone who writes and shares his opinion, insights, and
commentaries about social or political issues. In a newspaper or a magazine,
articles written by columnists appear on a regular basis. Even though
columnists are free to express their opinion, they must abide by the
professional code of ethics for journalists. This means that columnists
should avoid using and making biased and derogatory remarks.
5. Blogger – a blogger is someone who writes personal opinions on topics or
issues that interest them. Their work can be seen and read in online
journals or websites. Rather than writing a column for a magazine or a
newspaper, a blogger shares their insights, ideas, reflections, experiences,
and activities through a blog entry.
6. Editor – someone who coordinates with the author or writer in planning,
reviewing, and revising content for publication. In addition, an editor’s task
is to coordinate with the layout artists to ensure that all corrections are
carried out from start to end. The editor also gives the final say to the final
content of the written text.
7. Publisher – someone who is responsible for preparing, acquiring, and
managing a publication. The publisher works with a team of writers,
authors, and layout artists and decides on the type and theme of the
material to be published.

Classifications of Text Information

The different sources of text information was presented in the previous
section. Print media, such as books, newspapers, and magazines contain various
information. Text information is classified into two: fiction and nonfiction.
1. Fiction – This refers to stories that are products of the writer’s imagination.
Fairy tales, mythologies, and legends are examples of fiction texts. Most
works of fiction are considered as forms of literature.
2. Nonfiction – Text information is classified as nonfiction if it is based on
facts and reality. Examples of nonfiction works are biographies, news, and
scientific researches. Text information like these are often present in
textbooks, encyclopedias, periodicals, and journals.

How Text Information is Produced

Text information is produced through the following steps:
1. The writer selects a topic or an issue worth writing about.
2. The writer does a thorough gathering of information about the topic.
3. The writer constructs an outline of the topic and composes the draft.
4. The writer goes back to the draft and develops it into a full text.
5. The writer turns in the article to the editor or publisher.

For articles in newspapers or magazines, the editor decides whether the

material is worthy of publication, based on the quality of the material and the
publication house’s style and theme.
For manuscripts written for possible publication as a textbook or novel, the
publisher usually has a team of reviewers who checks the quality of the
manuscripts in terms of content and genre. If the manuscript gets the approval of
the screening committee, it is forwarded to the editorial department and later
endorsed for printing. 46
Assessing and Evaluating Text Information
The following criteria should be considered in assessing and evaluating text
information.
1. Accuracy and Factuality. Text information should be precise and must be
based on facts. It should be thoroughly researched and the data should be
based on valid findings.
2. Objectivity. Text information should not contain any biases, prejudice, or
discrimination. If the material contains information favoring any side side or
groups, each must be discussed fairly and exhaustively.
3. Language appropriateness. The level and kind of language should be
appropriate for the target audience or readers.
4. Curriculum alignment. The textbook material should be consistent with the
curriculum and international standards prescribed.
5. Style and Format. Most books are based on the Chicago Manual of Style
(CMOS) when it comes to all editorial concerns like capitalization,
punctuation, and citation. On the other hand, academic papers follow the
American Psychological Association (APA) Style. Newspapers follow a
particular house style, depending on the news agency to which they belong.

Advantages of Text Information

❖ Text information covers a wide variety of topics.
❖ One can access text information easily.
❖ It is well-researched and comprehensively discussed.
Limitations of Text Information
❖ The book should be updated regularly to ensure accuracy and timeliness.
❖ Text information can be lengthy, making it difficult or tiresome to read.

Text as Visual
a. The representation or style of a text in the digital formal is called a typeface.
b. A typeface, (also referred as font, font type, or type) is usually composed of
alphabets, numbers, punctuation marks, symbols and other special characters.
c. Different emotions and meanings are expressed when various font types are
used. In case there is an absence of images and drawings, the easiest way to
communicate to people is through text.

Types of Typefaces
Serif
One common form of a typeface is called serif. It pertains to a short line at the top
or bottom of some styles of printed letters. This kind of typeface entails familiarity
and readability in large amounts of texts. Some publications such as books,
newspapers, magazines, and researches normally use serif typeface for the body of

the text. Serif fonts are also used to achieve a classic and elegant look in
publications.
Examples: Times New Roman, Garamond, Baskerville

Sans Serif
A typeface which does not contain serif in the letters is called sans serif. This
typeface conveys a clean and minimalist look to the text. To express clear and
straightforward meaning of the text, road signages, building directories, and
nutrition facts in food packaging use this typeface. Moreover, sans serif fonts are
mainly used in designing web pages to achieve a modern style look.
Examples: Arial, Helvetica, Tahoma, Verdana, Calibri

47
Slab Serif
A heavy and solid look to the text is expressed by slab serif. Usually, large
advertising signs on billboards use the slab serif typeface.
Examples: Rockwell, Playbill, Blackoak

Script
The brush-like strokes of the script typeface draws people’s attention to it. The
reason behid why this font must be used sparingly must be given. Most formal
events such as weddings or evening charity balls use the script typeface.
Examples: Edwardian, Vladimir, Kunstler

Decorative
Display or decorative typeface are artistic and eye-catching since it can show a wide
variety of emotions (such as happiness, fear, horror, etc.) or decorative fonts also
cater to various themes (such as spaceships, carnivals, holidays, seasons, kiddie,
etc.)
Examples: Chiller, Jokerman, Curlz MT

Design Principles and Elements

1. Emphasis – pertains to the force or intensity of expression which contributes to
the importance or vivid impression to something. To do this, a text can be enlarged,
be bold or italicized, darkened or lightened, or underlined.

2. Appropriateness – refers to how suitable or appropriate the text is for the target
audience, intention or purpose, or event. The selection criteria (tone, style, purpose,
clarity) should be followed in the creation of text-based content. The discussion of
font characteristics must be considered when choosing the typefaces to be used in
an output. Large bodies of text must use fonts which are readable and clear.

3. Proximity – refers to the distance of text elements from each other. Things that
are closely related should be brought together. Otherwise, text elements should be
placed far from each other. For example, the placements of the main title and
subtitle are usually close to each other.

4. Alignment – refers to the proper positioning or state of adjustment of parts in

relation to each other (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). The text positioned in the page
can be left, right, center or justified.

5. Organization – refers to the act or process of organizing various elements of text

in a page. Although elements of text are sorted away from each other (based on the
principle of proximity), the organization sees to it that somehow, they are still
connected with the rest of the elements in the page.

6. Repetition – the unity of the entire design and consistency of elements are the
concerns of repetition. The repetition of some typefaces within the page are
encouraged. However, when various typefaces are used on a page, it might result in
distraction and failure to communicate the content of the text.

7. Contrast – refers to the degree of difference between things having similar or

comparable natures (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). Visual interest in text elements
is generated by contrast. Contrast can be achieved when we combine the following
elements like: large fonts with small fonts, serif and sans serif, thin and thick
elements, and warm and cool colors.

48
 What’s More

Activity 1.1
Fill out the table below by specifying how the design principles and elements were
used in the product label and the effect it has on consumers.

Image(s) courtesy of:

(left)https://pixabay.com/vectors/liquid-soap-soap-bath-bathroom-154014/
(right)https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antibacterial_hand_soap.jpg

Design
Principles and Liquid Soap (Left Picture) Liquid Soap (Right Picture)
Elements
Emphasis

Appropriateness

Proximity

Alignment

Organization

Repetition

Contrast

49
Activity 1.2
Based on the given picture, complete the table by supplying the appropriate answer
for each question.

Image courtesy to: https://unsplash.com/photos/XXuVUrnpi8M

1. Who are the possible readers of this signage?

2. Who could have possible written this
signage?
3. What is the tone of the text in the signage?
4. What is the intention of the signage?

5. What are the design principles and elements

present in the signage?
6. What are the emphasized phrases in the
signage? Why were these given particular
attention?

Your answers will be graded using the following rubric.

Developing Accomplished Exemplary
(2 points) (3 points) (5 points)
Topic The answer is The answer is fairly The answer is directly
remotely related to the related to the topic. related to the topic.
topic.
Organization The points in the The points in the The points in the
answer are not answer are somewhat answer are logically
logically ordered. logically ordered. ordered.
Quality of Most details do not Some details support Most details support
Information support the the discussion. the discussion.
discussion.
Grammar & Answer has more than Answer has one or two Answer has no errors.
Mechanics two errors. errors.

What I Have Learned

Answer the questions briefly based on your objective insight and critical thinking.
1. How will you call the attention of a blogger to correct a wrong text
information on the blogsite they manage?
________________________________________________________________________
2. Would you apologize and honestly admit if you provided text information on
your newspaper column? Why or why not?
________________________________________________________________________
3. In your opinion, who should be responsible in ensuring that there would be
no misleading and erroneous text information released in print and social
media? Why?
____________________________________________________________________
50
Your answer will be graded based on the following rubrics:
 Score Description
Is unable to or infrequently uses deductive and inductive
2 points
reasoning skills
Uses deductive and inductive reasoning skills inconsistently and
3 points
weakly
4 points Uses deductive and inductive reasoning skills competently
Uses deductive and inductive reasoning skills consistently and
5 points
with ease

What I Can Do

You will take on the role of a graphic artist and writer. Choose one among
the following book genres (romance, historical, sci-fi, horror/suspense, or action)
and create an attractive book jacket with an ad blurb that best captures the book’s
storyline. The book cover design must have an attractive color together with
appropriate images and text.
RUBRIC FOR CREATIVE OUTPUT

Partially Meets Meets Standards Exceeds

Standards (10-15 points) Standards
(5-10 points) (20 points)
Relevance to the The output is The output is The output is
Theme remotely related to fairly related to directly related to
the theme. the theme. the theme
Originality The output The output The output
contains contains decent contains
insufficient evidence of distinctive
evidence of personal thought. evidence of
personal thought. personal thought.
Creativity The output The output The output
displays the least displays an displays an
amount of adequate amount exceptional
creativity. of creativity. amount of
creativity.
Color Harmony The image The image The image
displays displays displays the most
inappropriate appropriate colors. suitable colors.
colors.
Visual Appeal Little attention Adequate Extra attention
was given to attention was was given to
designing the given to designing designing the
output. the output. output.

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which is NOT a characteristic of a serif typeface?

a. classic
b. readability
c. formality
51
d. extravagant
2. Which of the following material is suited for a script typeface?
a. newspapers
b. magazines
c. wedding invitations
d. billboards and ads
3. Text information generally has the following characteristics except:
a. instant information
b. limited topics
c. time-consuming
d. well-researched
4. The responsibility of transforming texts into soft copy using an office
computer application is the responsibility of the:
a. data encoder
b. publisher
c. graphic artist
d. editor
5. Which text information should one use when they need data for a
research paper?
a. legends
b. fable
c. magazine
d. encyclopedia
6. Text information is produced through the following steps except?
a. The writer composes an article about their chosen topic.
b. The writer develops the article into a publishable material.
c. The writer turns in the article to the editor or publisher.
d. The writer submits articles randomly to every media platform.
7. Which of the following is NOT the editor’s responsibility?
a. acquires and manages a publication
b. coordinates with the author or writer
c. reviews and revises content for publication
d. ensures that corrections are done from start to end.
8. The following items comprise a typeface except:
a. alphabet
b. numbers
c. emoticons
d. symbols
9. Which does not belong to the group?
a. language appropriateness
b. accuracy and factuality
c. formality and readability
d. style and format
10. Which typeface has a clean and minimalist look to the text?
a. serif
b. sans serif
c. slab serif
d. script

52
 Additional Activities

Take a photo of a Filipino street food and make a 4.25” x 5.5” postcard with
the caption “(creative name of the food)? It’s More Fun in the Philippines.” Be sure
to comply with the criteria to produce text information and do not forget to
incorporate design principles and elements in your work. Be guided by the criteria
below.

Egg Waffles?

It’s More Fun in the

Philippines.

Image courtesy of:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Tokneneng-01.jpg

RUBRIC FOR CREATIVE OUTPUT

Partially Meets Meets Standards Exceeds

Standards (10-15 points) Standards
(5-10 points) (20 points)
Relevance to the The output is The output is The output is
Theme remotely related to fairly related to directly related to
the theme. the theme. the theme
Originality The output The output The output
contains contains decent contains
insufficient evidence of distinctive
evidence of personal thought. evidence of
personal thought. personal thought.
Creativity The output The output The output
displays the least displays an displays an
amount of adequate amount exceptional
creativity. of creativity. amount of
creativity.
Color Harmony The image The image The image
displays displays displays the most
inappropriate appropriate colors. suitable colors.
colors.
Visual Appeal Little attention Adequate Extra attention
was given to attention was was given to
designing the given to designing designing the
output. the output. output.

53
Answer Key

54
 12

Media and
Information
Literacy
Quarter 4 – Module 11:
Visual Information and Media

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities.
We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their
feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education
at action@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

55
 What I Need to Know

This module aims to help learners like you get well-acquainted with key
concepts of media and information and use this knowledge to communicate using
the technology in your hands. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. describe the different dimensions of visual information and media
(MIL11/12VIM-IVc-7)
2. comprehend how visual information and media are formally and informally
produced, organized, and disseminated (MIL11/12VIM-IVc-8)
3. evaluate the reliability and validity of visual information and media and their
sources using selection criteria (MIL11/12VIM-IVc-9)
4. produce and evaluate a creative visual-based presentation using design
principle and elements (MIL11/12VIM-IVc-10)

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. This describes a shape or outline that creates texture.
a. value
b. line
c. form
d. texture
2. This describes a geometric area that stands out from the space next to or
around it.
a. form
b. line
c. shape
d. value

56
3. This is determined by hue, intensity, and value which can play a large role in
visual perception.
a. color
b. texture
c. value
d. shape
4. This refers to the volume and thickness of a figure which can be viewed from
many angles.
a. form
b. line
c. shape
d. value
5. This refers to the illusion of surfaces, peaks, and valleys which results to a
feeling of smoothness or roughness in objects.
a. value
b. line
c. form
d. texture
6. This refers to the bringing together of a composition with similar units.
a. balance
b. harmony
c. contrast
d. directional movement
7. This refers to a feeling of visual equality in shape, form, value, and color
which impacts a composition.
a. balance
b. harmony
c. contrast
d. directional movement
8. This refers to the movement in which some elements recur regularly.
a. contrast
b. perspective
c. rhythm
d. directional movement
9. This refers to the result of the arrangement of objects in two-dimensional
space to look like how they appear in real life.
a. contrast
b. perspective
c. rhythm
d. directional movement
10. This refers to the suggestion of motion in a design as you move from object
to object through placement and position.
a. contrast
b. perspective
c. rhythm
d. directional movement

57
Lesson
Visual Information and
1 Media

You get attracted to a person’s work because of their visual interpretation.

While you may encounter visual media, which may be at times challenging to
interpret, it should not stop you from finding out the meaning behind the elements
incorporated in the product. In this lesson, you will be learning how visual
information can be an effective form of media and how it can be used according to
its primary purposes: to gain attention, to create meaning, and to facilitate
retention.

What’s In

Choose the letter that best describes the statement in each number.
_____1. This font gives a modern look and A. Typeface
is mostly used in web page design B. Serif
_____2. This is composed of alphabets, numbers, C. Sans serif
punctuation marks, and special characters. D. Script
_____3. This font is mostly used for large advertising E. Slab Serif
sign on billboards.
_____4. This font is usually used for textbooks, newspapers, and research
publications.
_____5. This font is usually used in wedding invitation cards and other formal
events or occasions.

58
 What’s New

Examine the visual media and answer the questions that follow.

Image courtesy of: http://ritm.gov.ph/first-aid-for-snake-bite-what-to-do-when-bitten-by-a-snake/

1. What type of visual media is presented above?

__________________________________________________________________
2. What are the purposes of this visual media?
__________________________________________________________________
3. What design elements are present in the given visual media?
__________________________________________________________________

59
Your answers will be graded using the following rubric.

Developing Accomplished Exemplary

(2 points) (3 points) (5 points)
Topic The answer is The answer is The answer is
remotely related to fairly related to directly related to
the topic. the topic. the topic.
Organization The points in the The points in the The points in the
answer are answer are answer are
logically ordered. somewhat logically logically ordered.
ordered.
Quality of Most details do Some details Most details
Information not support the support the support the
discussion. discussion. discussion.
Grammar & Answer has more Answer has one or Answer has no
Mechanics than two errors. two errors. errors.

What is It

Visual Information and Media

Visual Information
Visual information is the artistic or creative representation or interpretation
of an idea, concept, or emotion using different media.

1. Visual media and information – materials, programs, applications, and the like
that teachers and students use to formulate new information to aid learning
through the use, analysis, evaluation, and production of visual images.
2. Types of visual media – photography, video, screenshots, infographics, data
visualization (charts and graphs), comic strips/cartoons, memes, visual note-
taking, etc.
3. Formally and informally produced visual media – visual media produced by
formal organizations such as schools, government, and established
media/publishing outfits are considered formally produced. Other visual media are
considered informally produced.
4. Purpose of visual information - the primary purpose of visual information is to
gain attention, create meaning, and facilitate retention.
5. Visual design elements – the building blocks or basic units in the construction
of a visual image. The Design Elements are:
a. Line – describes a shape or outline. It can create texture and can be thick or
thin. Lines may be actual, implied, vertical, horizontal, diagonal, or contour.
b. Shape – usually a geometric area that stands out from the space next to or
around it, or because of differences in value, color, or texture. Shape may also be
organic.

60
 c. Value – the degree of light and dark in a design. It is the contrast between
black and white and all the tones in between. Value can be used with color as
well as black and white. Contrast is the extreme changes between values.
d. Texture – the way a surface feels or is perceived to feel. Texture can be added
to attract or repel interest of a visual element. Visual texture is the illusion of the
surfaces peaks and valleys, resulting in a feeling of smoothness or roughness in
objects.
e. Color – determined by its hue (name of color), intensity (purity of the hue), and
value (lightness or darkness of hue). Color and color combination can play a large
role in the design. Color may be used for emphasis or to elicit emotions from
viewers. Color may be warm, cool, or neutral. It plays a major role in our visual
perception, as it influences our reactions of the world around us. It is therefore
important to create color palettes that will evoke the appropriate audience
reactions.
f. Form – a figure having volume and thickness. An illusion of a 3-dimensional
object can be implied through the use of light and shading. Form can be viewed
from many angles.

Examples:

Vertical vs. Horizontal Line Value

Image(s) for Vertical, Horizontal and Value courtesy of:

https://unsplash.com/photos/rqjWIAfFwxo
https://unsplash.com/photos/oyrtK2hJqBY
https://unsplash.com/photos/VYsn4Kl10M4

Shapes
Geometric Organic Abstract
Image(s) for Geometric, Organic,
Abstract courtesy of:
https://unsplash.com/photos/I
nA1H-wCdAM

https://unsplash.com/photos/3
Z_0SxMEuUg

https://unsplash.com/photos/Uud
GNHJdNSo

61
Color Combination Texture

Image(s) for Color Combination and

Texture courtesy of:
https://unsplash.com/photos/S_x
VV-l8Q4I

https://unsplash.com/photos/I47
YxhpXeDw

6. Visual Design Principles are:

a. Consistency of margins, typeface,

typestyle, and colors is necessary, especially
in slide presentations or documents that are
more than one page.

b. Center of interest – an area that first

attracts attention in a composition. This area
is more important when compared to the https://www.flickr.com/photos/l
other objects or elements in a composition. ouiselynn/2207165151
This can be achieved by contrast of values,
more colors, and placement in the format.

c. Balance – a feeling of visual equality in

shape, form, value, color, etc. Balance can be
symmetrical and evenly balanced, or
asymmetrical and unevenly balanced.
Objects, values, colors, textures, shapes,
forms, etc. can be used in creating balance in https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/16
a composition. 3607398947064019/
SYMMETRICAL VS ASYMMETRICAL
d. Harmony – brings together a composition LAYOUT
with similar units. For example, if your
composition is using wavy lines and organic
shapes, you should consistently use these types of lines and not put in just one
geometric shape.

e. Contrast – offers some change in value

creating a visual discord in a composition.
Contrast shows the difference between
shapes and can be used as a background to
bring objects out and forward in a design. It
can also be used to create an area of
emphasis.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/m
f. Directional Movement - a visual flow astababa/31974462128
through the composition. It can be the
suggestion of motion in a design as you move from object to object by way of
placement and position. Directional movement can be created with a value

62
 pattern. It is with the placement of dark and light areas that you can move your
attention through the format.
https://unsplash.com/photos/e
HARMONY CAN BE ACHIEVED
g. Rhythm – a movement in which some MEvOt1ClEs
THROUGH REPETITION AND RHYTHM
elements recur regularly. Like a dance, it
will have a flow of objects that will seem like
the beat of music.

h. Perspective – this is created through the

arrangement of objects in two-dimensional
space to look like what they appear in real
life. Perspective is a learned meaning of the
relationship between different objects seen
MOVEMENT AND PERSPECTIVE
in space.

What’s More

Activity 1.1
A. Evaluate the visual media by providing the appropriate answer to each question
based on the given components.

63
 Image courtesy of: http://malacanang.gov.ph/wp-
content/uploads/Infographics_PML10ThingsToRemember1.png
Component Guide Questions Answers
Spectators To whom is the infographic for? 1.

Creator Who is the producer of the 2.

infographic?

Objective What is the purpose of the 3.

infographic?

Substance What is the message of the 4.

infographic?

Manner How was the information presented? 5.

Did it make use of appropriate
design elements and principles?
Transmission Is this the best platform to use? 6.
Why?

Activity 1.2
B. Based on the given picture, complete the table by supplying the appropriate
description for the indicated visual design principles.

64
 Image courtesy of: https://unsplash.com/photos/2ZirNv6kQs8

Visual Design Elements and Your Description and Observation

Principles
1. Center of interest

2. Balance

3. Harmony

4. Contrast

5. Directional Movement

6. Rhythm

7. Perspective

Your answers will be graded using the following rubric.

Developing Accomplished Exemplary

(2 points) (3 points) (5 points)
Topic The answer is The answer is The answer is
remotely related to fairly related to directly related to
the topic. the topic. the topic.
Organization The points in the The points in the The points in the
answer are answer are answer are
logically ordered. somewhat logically logically ordered.
ordered.
Quality of Most details do Some details Most details
Information not support the support the support the
discussion. discussion. discussion.
Grammar & Answer has more Answer has one or Answer has no
Mechanics than two errors. two errors. errors.

What I Have Learned

Answer the questions briefly based on your objective insight and critical thinking.
1. Would you consider a person’s output to be unappealing if the majority cannot
easily perceive his or her intended visual representation? Why or why not?
2. Would you consider visual representation to be subjective since it is regarded
to be a form of art?
3. For a visual information to be influential and relevant, what should be the
consideration of a media literate person?

65
Your answers will be graded based on the following rubrics.

Score Description
Is unable to or infrequently uses deductive and inductive
2 points
reasoning skills
Uses deductive and inductive reasoning skills inconsistently and
3 points
weakly
4 points Uses deductive and inductive reasoning skills competently
Uses deductive and inductive reasoning skills consistently and
5 points
with ease

What I Can Do

Using text information and media, research facts and figures about an
environmental issue and with the information you have gathered, create an
infographic to show visually the facts and figures about your chosen issue. Be sure
to adhere to the visual design principles in this lesson. Use the criteria below as a
guide.

RUBRIC FOR CREATIVE OUTPUT

Partially Meets Meets Standards Exceeds Standards
Standards (10-15 points) (20 points)
(5-10 points)
Relevance to the The output is The output is fairly The output is
Theme remotely related to related to the theme. directly related to
the theme. the theme
Quality of The details in the Some of the details Most details in the
Information output do not in the output output support the
support the support the discussion.
discussion. discussion.
Originality The output contains The output contains The output contains
insufficient evidence decent evidence of distinctive evidence
of personal thought. personal thought. of personal thought.
Creativity The output displays The output displays The output displays
the least amount of an adequate amount an exceptional
creativity. of creativity. amount of creativity.
Color Harmony The image displays The image displays The image displays
inappropriate colors. appropriate colors. the most suitable
colors.
Visual Appeal Little attention was Adequate attention Extra attention was
given to designing was given to given to designing
the output. designing the the output.
output.

66
 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which should be the main consideration when one wants to lay out a
newspaper broadsheet?
a. harmony c. rhythm
b. contrast d. balance
2. In creating an area of emphasis and showing differences between shapes,
one must look at ______________
a. rhythm c. balance
b. contrast d. harmony
3. If you want objects to easily flow like beats of music in your visual output,
you must incorporate ___________ to your work
a. rhythm c. balance
b. contrast d. harmony
4. The following are purposes of visual information except:
a. gain attention c. facilitate attention
b. create meaning d. build concepts
5. Which among these design elements can attract or repel interest in a visual
element?
a. shape c. line
b. texture d. value
6. If one needs to interpret data and pictures on the same visual
representation, they should work on ____________.
a. infographics c. screenshots
b. photographs d. videos
7. Lines can be any of the following except:
a. light c. vertical
b. implied d. contour
8. Which of the following is not a characteristic of color?
a. hue c. appeal
b. intensity d. value
9. Visual information aids learning through:
a. analysis c. abstraction
b. generalization d. synthesis
10. Which of the following is not an essential part of visual design principles?
a. typeface c. material
b. typestyles d. margin

67
 Additional Activities

Write a short paragraph about your own learning on visual information and
its contribution in making you a media literate person. Post your paragraph as a
“Story” on your Facebook account. Be sure to use visual design principles in your
post and take a screenshot of it.

RUBRIC FOR CREATIVE OUTPUT

Partially Meets Meets Standards Exceeds

Standards (10-15 points) Standards
(5-10 points) (20 points)
Relevance to the The output is The output is The output is
Theme remotely related to fairly related to directly related to
the theme. the theme. the theme
Originality The output The output The output
contains contains decent contains
insufficient evidence of distinctive
evidence of personal thought. evidence of
personal thought. personal thought.
Creativity The output The output The output
displays the least displays an displays an
amount of adequate amount exceptional
creativity. of creativity. amount of
creativity.
Color Harmony The image The image The image
displays displays displays the most
inappropriate appropriate colors. suitable colors.
colors.
Visual Appeal Little attention Adequate Extra attention
was given to attention was was given to
designing the given to designing designing the
output. the output. output.

Answer Key

68
 12

Media and
Information
Literacy
Quarter 4 – Module 12:
Audio Information and Media

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by

educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at
action@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

69
 What I Need to Know

This module aims to help learners like you get well-acquainted with key
concepts of media and information and use this knowledge to communicate using
the technology in your hands. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the different dimensions of audio information and media
(MIL11/12AIM-IVd-11)
2. comprehend how audio information and media are formally and informally
produced, organized, and disseminated (MIL11/12AIM-IVd-12)
3. evaluate the reliability and validity of audio information and media and their
sources using selection criteria (MIL11/12AIM-IVd-13)
4. produce and evaluate a creative audio-based presentation using design
principle and elements (MIL11/12AIM-IVd-14)

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Which of the following principles of sound design refers to the balance,
combination, and control of numerous sound elements?
a. dialogue c. pace
b. mixing d. publisher
2. What term refers to an episodic series of digital audio or video file or
recording that can be downloaded by a user from a website to a media player
or computer to listen?
a. audio podcast c. radio broadcast
b. music d. sound recording
3. What storage medium refers to a small, flat flash drive used to save data
such as audios, pictures, texts, and videos for use on small, portable, or
remote computing devices?
a. compact hard drive c. tape
b. memory card d. USB drive

70
4. What element of sound design refers to the complete absence of noise or
sound?
a. mixing c. pace
b. music d. silence
5. What do you call the Microsoft audio file format standard used for the
storage of digital audio data on personal computers?
a. M4A c. WAV
b. MP3 d. WMA
6. What type of audio file refers to an instrumental or a vocal sound that
conveys emotions and ideas in significant forms through the elements of
color, harmony, melody, and rhythm?
a. audio podcast c. music
b. dialogue d. sound clip
7. What do you call the sound, aside from dialogue and music, artificially made
to create an effect in a movie, play, or another broadcast production?
a. audio podcast c. silence
b. radio broadcast d. sound effect
8. What term refers to a coding format for consumer audio, as well as a means
of sound sequence compression for the transmission and playback of music
on most digital audio players?
a. M4A c. WAV
b. MP3 d. WMA
9. What storage medium refers to a plastic-fabricated, circular tool on which
audio, video, and other digital information is recorded, stored, and played
back?
a. compact disc c. memory card
b. internet d. tape
10. Which of the following resources of media and information is defined as
anything connected to sound, specifically when received, recorded,
transferred, or duplicated?
a. digital text c. text style
b. digital font d. typeface

71
Lesson
Audio Information and
1 Media
Have you ever listened to a radio drama? Most of the time, people tune in to
this type of radio program because of the story. But there is more to the story that
they narrate and the characters who put life to the story: it is how the sound
designers insert background music perfectly and use sound effects appropriately.
In this lesson, you will be learning how audio information can be an influential
form of media and how it can be used and applied for you to learn and absorb ideas
and concepts better.

What’s In

Choose the letter that best describes the statement in each number.

_____1. These are materials, programs, and applications A. Visual design

elements that teachers and students use to B. Balance
formulate new information to aid learning. C. Visual media
_____2. These are the building blocks or basic units in the D. Directional
movement construction of a visual image. E. Center of interest
_____3. It will be the product when the placement of dark and
light areas can move your attention through the format.
_____4. These are the objects, values, colors, textures, shapes,
and forms used in creating a visual composition.
_____5. This area is more significant compared to the other
objects or elements in a composition.

What’s New

Watch the trailer of “A Woman of Paris” by accessing the link below and
answer the following questions once you are done watching.
Video link: https://vimeo.com/charliechaplin

72
 Video screenshot from: https://vimeo.com/charliechaplin
1. How did you find your experience in watching the video clip of a silent movie?
__________________________________________________________________
2. Do you think most media consumers would enjoy this type of media? Why or
why not?
__________________________________________________________________
3. What suggestions can you make to improve this video?
__________________________________________________________________

Each justification will be graded using the following rubric.

Score Description
2 points The justification covered little essential information required and
one or two facts.
3 points The justification covered some essential information required with
a few citations and facts.
4 points The justification covered all essential information required and
facts.
5 points The justification covered the topic extensively and comprehensively
with a variety of resources.

What is It

Audio Information and Media

Audio
Audio is defined as anything connected to sound, specifically when received,
recorded, transferred, or duplicated (HarperCollins, n.d.). It is anything related to
the documentation and transmission of sound (Cambridge University, n.d.). Audio
is one of the resources of media and information, along with text, visual, and
motion.

73
Audio Media and Audio Information

Audio Media refers to the media communication that uses audio equipment
to report, document, and deliver information through the means of sound. It may
also refer to audio formats such as analog tape cassettes, digital compact discs,
and computer files containing audio. On the other hand, audio information is the
file or sound created and transferred by using high fidelity waves that are heard
through certain audio tools.

Types and Categories of Audio Information

There are several types of audio file:

❖ Radio Broadcast – the act of sending a live or recorded audio through radio
waves meant for a large group of listeners
❖ Music – an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating
instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner
❖ Sound Recording – the encoding of any sound from the surroundings; the
act or procedure of making a record of a certain sound (Merriam-Webster,
n.d.)
❖ Sound Clip/Sound Effect – the sound, aside from dialogue and music,
artificially made to create an effect in a movie, play, or other broadcast
production (Oxford University, n.d.)
❖ Audio Podcast – an episodic series of digital audio or video file or recording
that can be downloaded by a user from a website to a media player or
computer to listen

Aside from knowing the various types of audio information, you must also
learn the different ways of storing audio files:

❖ Tape – a magnetic tape sound recording format on which sound can be

documented
❖ Compact Disc – a plastic-fabricated, circular tool on which audio, video,
and other digital information is recorded, stored, and played back
❖ USB Flash Drive - an external hard disk drive, small enough to fit on a
keychain, that can be plugged into the computer’s USB port
❖ Memory Card – a small, flat flash drive used to save data such as audio
files, pictures, texts, and videos for use on small, portable, or remote
computing devices
❖ Computer Hard Drive – a secondary data storage device for saving digital
data
❖ Internet/Cloud – a wide network of remote servers in the internet meant to
operate as storage and retrieval of audio files and other computer data

Now, before we save our audio files, we need to consider first the numerous
audio file formats:

❖ MP3 (MPEG Audio Layer 3) - a coding format for consumer audio, as well
as a mean of sound sequence compression for the transmission and
playback of music on most digital audio players
❖ M4A/AAC (MPEG-4 Audio/Advanced Audio Coding) - a file extension for
lossy digital audio compression

74
 ❖ WAV (Waveform Audio File Format) - the Microsoft audio file format
standard used for the storage of digital audio data on personal computers
❖ WMA (Windows Media Audio) - a file extension developed by Microsoft and
used with Windows Media Player

A Friendly Reminder: Hearing vs. Listening

“Hearing is simply the act of perceiving sound by the ear. If you are not hearing-
impaired, hearing simply happens. Listening, however, is something you
consciously choose to do. Listening requires concentration so that your brain
processes meaning from words and sentences. Listening leads to learning.”
(University of Minnesota Duluth, 2011; Rosenblat, 2009)

Characteristics of a Sound

The following are the characteristics of sound:

❖ Volume - the force of a sound

❖ Tone - the musical or vocal sound of a definite quality (Merriam-Webster,
n.d.)
❖ Pitch - the degree of highness or lowness of a sound (Oxford University, n.d.)
❖ Loudness - the feature of a sound that determines the degree of the auditory
sensation produced (Merriam-Webster, n.d.)

Purposes of Using Sounds or Audio Media

Audio media have a vital role when it comes to the teaching and learning
process. Some learners are auditory learners. These are learners who better
understand lessons by listening to the content and concepts that they need to
grasp. This is the reason why it is important to use audio media along with text
and visual media since these will make the lessons more motivating for learners.
The following are some of the purposes of using sounds or audio media in
facilitating learning:

❖ These enable the learners to listen to the ideas and views of the experts and
other reliable people;
❖ These allow learners to listen to learning materials, like speeches;
❖ These serve as alternative guides for the learners when they are doing their
tasks, such as experiments; and
❖ These grant the learners audio files of important past events or sounds from
the settings that the learners cannot personally visit.

Elements and Principles of Sound Design

Nowadays, sound is an essential part of any movie, play, or broadcast

production. A well-created soundtrack makes the audience enjoy any dramatic
presentation. Therefore, it is a must for us to know the elements and principles of
sound design. It is important to get an understanding of what makes up an entire
production soundtrack.

Sound Design is the vivid use of sound during a production in connection to

the images and contents of the story to create an emotional response. These are the

75
elements of sound design or the elements that one must work with to produce
soundtracks:
❖ Dialogue – a composition in the form of conversation between two people
❖ Sound Effect - the sound, aside from dialogue and music, artificially made
to create an effect in a movie, play, or broadcast production (Oxford
University, n.d.)
❖ Music - an instrumental or a vocal sound that conveys emotions and ideas
in significant forms through the elements of color, harmony, melody, and
rhythm
❖ Silence – the complete absence of noise or sound

Aside from these elements that one must work with in creating a
soundtrack, principles of sound design, or the audio techniques for merging the
various elements or objects of sound design, should also be considered:

❖ Mixing – the balance, combination, and control of numerous sound

elements
❖ Pace – the editing and the time control of sound design; it has numerous
categories:
o Linear – the sounds that are permanent, used once, and will be in the
same place
o Non-Linear – the sounds that are much more open in comparison to
linear sounds
o Multi-Linear
❖ Transition – the process of getting from one element or fragment of sound
design to another; it has various types:
o Segue – an uninterrupted movement from one piece of music to
another
o Cross-Fade – the smooth transition of a sound between two side by
side audio files on the same track
o V-Fade – a switch from one volume level to another softer or louder
level
o Fade to Black – a type of V-Fade which has some silence between the
elements of sound design
❖ Stereo Imaging - the feature of sound documentation and duplication
concerning the supposed spatial locations of the sound sources, both
sideways and in depth.

76
 What’s More

Activity 1.1
Create a podcast about a community problem in your area that you want to solve.
Be sure to record your podcast using any recording device and/or computer
software. As a guide for your podcast, you must answer the following questions
below:
1. What is the aim of your podcast?
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Who are the intended listeners of your podcast?
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What is your opening line to make your podcast interesting to listeners?
______________________________________________________________________________
4. How would you relay to your listeners the solutions to your community
problem?
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What would be your closing statement to encourage the listeners to join you
in solving the problem?
______________________________________________________________________________

The podcast will be graded using the following rubric.

Expert Advanced Intermediate Novice Beginner
Criteria
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Content The content The content The content The content The content
was precise was precise, was precise, was uncertain. was imprecise.
and all but some but some Some essential All essential
essential essential essential information information
information information information required was required was
required was required was required was not presented not presented
presented missing and/or missing and/or coherently, coherently,
coherently. not presented not presented making it making it
coherently. coherently. difficult to difficult to
Still, it was Thus, it was understand. understand.
generally easy difficult to
to understand. understand.
Presentation of The The The The The
Information presentation presentation presentation presentation presentation
ran properly ran properly. ran properly. was not had no flow.
and Tools were Some tools organized. The Information
coherently. The utilized were utilized to tools were not was
presentation precisely. Each exhibit utilized inadequate
displayed the member’s acceptable appropriately. and some of
extensive use information understanding. Some of the the member’s
of tools was Each member’s members’ information
creatively. represented information information was missing.
Each member’s and identified was was missing
information with their represented and/or

77
 was complete and identified information
represented name. The with their was not
and identified overall complete identified.
with their presentation name.
complete was
name. impressive.
Use of The use of Audio design Most audio Audio design No audio
Elements of audio design elements were designs were elements were design
Visual and elements was suitable. The suitable. unsuitable elements
Sound Design suitable. The layout was a and/or the utilized.
layout was little bit messy. layout was
delightful to messy.
see.
Use of The use of An audio Two audio Many audio No effort was
Principles of audio design design design design made to use
Visual and principles was principle was principles were
principles were suitable audio
Sound Design utilized disregarded. disregarded. utilized design
properly. improperly. principles.
Mechanics There were no There were a There were There were There were
grammar few grammar some grammar some grammar plenty of
lapses. The lapses. The lapses. The lapses. The grammar
author author author author did not lapses. The
exhibited exhibited exhibited exhibit author did not
originality. originality. originality. originality. exhibit
originality.

Activity 1.2
Listen to the audio clip by accessing the link provided below. After listening,
complete the table by supplying the appropriate description for the indicated
elements of sound design.

Audio link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VGRtovmOP2I&list=PLODQoPsF-

a2fEyJKjp10CDARz6rKqDPVm&index=5

Audio Design Elements and Principles Your Description and Observation

1. Dialogue

2. Sound Effect

3. Music

4. Mixing

5. Pace

6. Transition

78
 What I Have Learned

Answer the questions briefly based on your objective insight and critical thinking.
1. What are the aspects that you must look at to regard an audio information as
valid and reliable?
___________________________________________________________________________
2. How would a student like you benefit from the various audio information and
media available online?
___________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the importance of audio or sound in media production?
___________________________________________________________________________

Your answers will be graded based on the following rubric.

Score Description
Is unable to or infrequently uses deductive and inductive
2 points
reasoning skills
Uses deductive and inductive reasoning skills inconsistently and
3 points
weakly
4 points Uses deductive and inductive reasoning skills competently
Uses deductive and inductive reasoning skills consistently and
5 points
with ease

79
 What I Can Do

You will take on the role of a filmmaker. Create a 10-minute short film about
the podcast you have produced in the previous activity. Be sure to combine all the
design elements and principles of visual information and media and audio
information and media in doing your work.

The short film will be graded using the following rubric.

Expert Intermediate Novice Beginner
Criteria
(5) (4) (3) (2)
Organization All essential All essential The presentation The audience
information information jumped around, can hardly
required was required was making it understand the
presented presented difficult for the presentation.
coherently and coherently. audience to
impressively. understand.
Design All visual and Visual and The selection of The selection of
audio design audio design visual and audio graphics, fonts,
elements worked elements were elements was and sound was
properly proper and enough. inadequate.
together and improved the
exhibited an presentation.
exemplary
combination.
Content The topic was All essential Some essential Little essential
covered information information information
extensively and required and required, with a required and
comprehensively facts to give the few citations, one or two facts
with a variety of audience an and facts to give to give the
resources. The understanding the audience an audience an
audience was of the topic were understanding understanding
encouraged to covered. of the topic were of the topic were
know more. covered. covered.
Graphics The graphics The graphics The graphics No graphics
explained and varied and are that were were utilized, or
strengthened connected to the utilized rarely the use of
the message of presentation. support the graphics was
the presentation. inadequate.
presentation.
Sound The use of Sound and The sound was No sounds were
sound and music were utilized, but its utilized, or the
music to utilized to quality was use of sounds
strengthen the communicate inadequate. was inadequate.
message was the message. Thus, it was
great. The audio was difficult for the
clear. audience to
understand.

80
 Assessment

Modified True or False: Read each statement carefully. Write True if the
statement is correct, but if it is false, change the underlined word or group of words
to make the whole statement true.

__________1. Mixing refers to the balance, combination, and control of numerous

sound elements.
__________2. Radio Broadcast is an episodic series of digital audio or video file or
recording that can be downloaded by a user from a website to a media
player or computer to listen.
__________3. USB Drive is a small, flat flash drive used to save data such as
audios, pictures, texts, and videos for use on small, portable, or
remote computing devices.
__________4. Silence refers to the complete absence of noise or sound.
__________5. WMA is the Microsoft audio file format standard used for the storage
of digital audio data on personal computers.
__________6. Sound Clip is an instrumental or a vocal sound that conveys emotions
and ideas in significant forms through the elements of color,
harmony, melody, and rhythm.
__________7. Audio Podcast is the sound, aside from dialogue and music, artificially
made to create an effect in a movie, play, or other broadcast
production.
__________8. M4A is a coding format for consumer audio, as well as a means of
sound sequence compression for the transmission and playback of
music on most digital audio players.
__________9. Compact Disc refers to a plastic-fabricated, circular tool on which
audio, video, and other digital information is recorded, stored, and
played back.
__________10. Visual is defined as anything connected to sound, specifically
when received, recorded, transferred, or duplicated.

81
 Additional Activities

Inside the box below, write a short script for a radio advertisement selling a
moisturizing soap for the face and body. You may create your own product name.
Be sure to incorporate the principles and elements of sound design in your radio
commercial.

Name of the Soap Product: _______________________________________

Tagline / Hook: _____________________________________________

Script for Radio Advertisement:

The radio commercial will be graded using the following rubric.

Expert Intermediate Novice Beginner
Criteria
(5) (4) (3) (2)
Script The script The script The script There is little
included several included a few included a few evidence of
original original original originality in the
descriptions descriptions descriptions script. The
and/or details and/or details and/or details, author did not
that contributed that contributed but they seem to have
to the listener's to the listener's diverted from utilized much
satisfaction. The satisfaction. The the creativity.
author has author has presentation.
utilized their utilized their The author has
creativity. creativity. attempted to
utilize their
creativity.

82
Content The content was The content was The content was The content was
precise and all precise, but uncertain. Some imprecise. All
essential some essential essential essential
information information information information
required was required was required was not required was not
presented missing and/or presented presented
coherently. not presented coherently, coherently,
coherently. making it making it
Thus, it was difficult to difficult to
difficult to understand. understand.
understand.
Quality The presentation The presentation The presentation The presentation
was completed was completed was made but had no audio
and had all the and had all the had very little support of any
required audio required audio refinement. The kind.
elements. The elements. sound was
audio and other However, the choppy with
augmentations sound was little to no audio
were properly somewhat support.
utilized. choppy. The
audio and other
augmentations
were utilized,
but not for the
best result.
Speaking Skills The presenter The presenter's The presenter’s The presenter
utilized a clear voice was clear. voice was a little whispered and
voice and spoke However, the low in volume. spoke much too
gently so the speech pace was The speech pace slow or fast,
audience could a little slow or was much too making it
understand the fast at times. slow or rapid, difficult for the
presentation. Most of the making it audience to
audience can difficult for the understand the
understand the audience to presentation.
presentation. understand the
presentation.
Mechanics There were no There were some There were some There were
grammar lapses. grammar lapses. grammar lapses. plenty of
The author The author The author did grammar lapses.
exhibited exhibited not exhibit The author did
originality. originality. originality. not exhibit
originality.

Answer Key

What I Know What's More Assessment

B Answers may True
A vary. Audio Podcast
B Memory Card
D True
C WAV
C Music
D Sound Clip/
B Sound Effect
A MP3
A True
Audio

83
 12

Media and
Information
Literacy
Quarter 4 – Module 13:
Motion Information and Media

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities.
We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their
feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education
at action@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

84
 What I Need to Know

This module aims to help learners like you get well-acquainted with key
concepts of media and information and use this knowledge to communicate using
the technology in your hands. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the different dimensions of motion information and media
(MIL11/12MIM-IVef-15)
2. comprehend how motion information and media is/are formally and
informally produced, organized, and disseminated
(MIL11/12MIM-IVef-16)
3. evaluate the reliability and validity of motion information and media and
its/their sources using selection criteria (MIL11/12MIM-IVef-17)
4. produce and evaluate a creative motion-based presentation using design
principle and elements (MIL11/12MIM-IVef-18)

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Which of the following is frequently used to censor confidential information
or sensitive content?
a. blurring c. squashing
b. cartooning d. timing
2. What visual media provides the presence of spatial movement of texts and
images?
a. audio media c. text media
b. motion media d. visual media
3. What do you call the sequence of graphics or images, normally with certain
directions and dialogue, which represents the shots planned for a
commercial, film, or television show?
a. animation c. rendering
b. cartooning d. story board

85
4. Which of the following is utilized to shift between scenes?
a. direction c. timing
b. speed d. transition
5. What type of timing is psychologically experienced or felt?
a. objective timing c. subjective timing
b. right timing d. wrong timing
6. What do you call the telecommunication system that transmits and receives
visual images and sounds that are reproduced on screens?
a. film c. mobile phone
b. internet d. television
7. Which of the following refers to the size of an object in relation to another
object?
a. area c. scale
b. mass d. volume
8. What type of timing can be measured in seconds, minutes, hours, days, etc.?
a. objective timing c. subjective timing
b. right timing d. wrong timing
9. Which of the following refers to the spatial movement that a thing or an
animated object will take?
a. direction c. speed
b. motion path d. timing
10. Which of the following indicates weariness, seriousness, or sorrow?
a. fast movement c. slow movement
b. intermediate movement d. super-fast movement
11. What do you call the act of displaying consecutively various frames per
second?
a. animation c. rendering
b. cartooning d. story board
12. What discipline applies the principles of graphic design to filmmaking and
video production through utilization of animation and visual effects?
a. audio design c. text design
b. motion design d. visual design
13. Which of the following refers to a building or room that contains collections
of books, periodicals, and sometimes movies and recorded audio for people
to read, borrow, or refer to?
a. broadcast channel c. internet
b. film and television studio d. library
14. What do you call a series of moving graphics or images, with accompanying
recorded sound?
a. film c. mobile phone
b. internet d. television
15. Which of the following is a universal computer network that delivers a
variety of information and communication facilities?
a. film c. mobile phone
b. internet d. television

86
Lesson
Motion Information and
1 Media
Have you ever tried to make a flipbook? If yes, I can firmly say that you had
an amazing childhood life. If not, it is alright. It is never too late to try. If you have
no idea of what a flipbook is, it is a book with a series of graphics or images that
differ from one page to another. It is one of the earliest forms of animation.
However, though it is ancient in comparison to other motion-based media, the
primary principles of a flipbook are still useful in producing commercials, films,
television shows, or any motion-based media presentation. In this lesson, you will
be learning everything about motion information and media and its importance.

Image courtesy of: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flipbook.jpg

What’s In

Modified True or False: Read each statement carefully and write True if the
statement is correct but if it is false, change the word or group of words in boldface
to make the whole statement true.

__________1. Mixing denotes the control, balance, and combination of

various sound elements.

__________2. Radio Broadcast is a periodic series of digital audio or

recording or video files that can be transferred from a website
to a computer or media player for a user to listen to it.

__________3. USB Drive is a small, flat flash drive utilized to save data such
as audio files, videos, pictures, and texts for use on small,
handy, or remote computing devices.

__________4. Silence refers to the total absence of sound or noise.

87
__________5. WMA is the Microsoft audio file format standard utilized to
store digital audio data on personal computers.
__________6. Sound Clip is a vocal or an instrumental sound that expresses
ideas and emotions in significant forms by using the elements
of rhythm, harmony, color, and melody.
__________7. Audio Podcast is the sound, aside from music and dialogue,
theatrically made to produce an effect in a play, movie, or other
broadcast production.
__________8. M4A, other than a coding format for consumer audio, is a
means of sound sequence compression for the transference and
repetition of music or sound on most digital audio players.
__________9. Compact Disc is a plastic-fabricated, circular tool on which
audio, video, and other digital data is recorded, stored, and
repeated.
__________10. Visual is described as everything related to sound, especially
when received, documented, transmitted, or duplicated.

What’s New

Answer the following questions briefly.

❖ What are the three best movies that you have seen?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
❖ What makes these movies memorable?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Each justification will be graded using the following rubric.

Score Description
2 points The justification covered little essential information
required and one or two facts.
3 points The justification covered some essential information
required with a few citations and facts.
4 points The justification covered all essential information required
and facts.
5 points The justification covered the topic extensively and
comprehensively with a variety of resources.

88
 What is It

Motion Information and Media

Motion, Motion Media, and Motion Information

There is no universally adopted definition for the term “motion media.”

Nevertheless, the very idea relies on the definition of its first word, which is motion.
Motion is described as the act or process of moving or being moved (Oxford
University, n.d.). It is the action of constantly moving from one place to the next or
changing position (HarperCollins, n.d.). Therefore, motion media can be defined as
a media communication that provides the presence of spatial movement of texts
and images. Practically, these are visual media. Aside from that, motion media are
considered as collections of images and footages. These media are combined with
other media, such as text and audio, to produce multimedia. Motion Information,
otherwise, is the file or clip that is created using motion media. Occasionally, it is
utilized as a support to the visual tracking of a certain thing or object.

In motion media, every graphic or image is a frame. Through rendering, or

the act of displaying consecutively various frames per second, motion is produced.
For one to have a smooth animation, one must have 24 frames or more per second.
This series of frames or graphics follows a sequence to create a story or a message.
This sequence is called a storyboard. It represents the shots planned for a
commercial, film, or television show (Oxford University, n.d.).

Characteristics of Motion Media

Here are some characteristics of motion media:

❖ These transfer messages to many people

❖ These deliver the same message to the audience at once
❖ These represent messages that are typically indifferent and temporary
❖ These are multisensory
❖ These are formal, influential channels of communication
❖ These are contributors in behavior and attitude alteration
❖ These discuss some important issues, persons, organizations, or social
movements

Production of Motion Media

Motion media can be produced in two ways: Informal and Formal.

Informally produced motion media are created by people just for personal
consumption. In contrast, formally produced motion media are made by
professionals, such as film directors, who follow the standard of the industry when
it comes to the refinement and creation of motion media. The formal production of
motion media includes the succeeding steps:

❖ Generating of storyboard

89
 ❖ Scriptwriting and dialogue recording
❖ Sketching for animation; Acting and shooting for video
❖ Adding background music and background details
❖ Rendering

Formats of Motion Media

There are numerous widely accepted formats of motion media:

❖ Film – a series of moving graphics or images, with accompanying of a

recorded sound
❖ Television – a telecommunication system for transmitting and receiving
visual images and sounds that are reproduced on screens (Oxford
University, n.d.)
❖ Interactive Video – a kind of digital video that involves the user’s
interaction and participation
❖ Others (such as Internet and Mobile Phone)

Sources of Motion Media

The following are some sources of motion media:

❖ Internet - a universal computer network that delivers a variety of

information and communication facilities (Oxford University, n.d.)
❖ Film and Television Studios - a place where films, television shows, and
broadcast productions are produced (HarperCollins, n.d.)
❖ Broadcast Channels - a terrestrial frequency or computer-generated
number over which a broadcast station or broadcast network is
disseminated
❖ Video Channels - an account on an online media sharing or streaming
service from which one can create media content, such as videos, accessible
to other people who are also using the service (Merriam-Webster, n.d.)
❖ Library - a building or room that contains collections of books, periodicals,
and sometimes movies and recorded audio for people to read, borrow, or
refer to (Oxford University, n.d.)

Basic Methods on Determining the Credibility of Motion Media

For us to know the trustworthiness of a motion-based media presentation,

we must discuss the basic methods on determining the credibility of motion media:

❖ Validity of the information – we need to know if the information was peer-

reviewed and provable
❖ Source – we need to identify the types of source used to generate the
information; we also need to determine if the video was an actual footage of
the event or a mere representation of the information learned about it
❖ Relationship of the author to the event – we need to learn if the author
has first-hand knowledge about the event

❖ Technical methods of detecting tampered/fake video:

o Video smoothness
o Lighting coverage matches

90
 o Scale and size consistent - scale refers to the size of an object in
relation to another object

Advantages of Motion Media

Here are some advantages of motion media:

❖ These provide better mastery of processes

❖ These display the procedures in detail and in sequence
❖ These allow for harmless observation
❖ These capture motion in a manner that can be viewed over and over
❖ These allow recreation of the scenes, history, events, and phenomena
❖ These contribute in molding personal and social attitudes
❖ These provide problem-solving skills for the viewers
❖ These promote cultural understanding and appreciation
❖ These establish harmony among the people with different cultural
backgrounds

Limitations of Motion Media

If there are advantages of motion media, there are also limitations. Here are
the several limitations of motion media:

❖ These cannot be interrupted by the viewers

❖ These are, at times, unsuitable for other topics that are presented best using
stagnant pictures
❖ These are subject to misinterpretation, especially for younger audiences who
lack maturity
❖ These are oftentimes more expensive than other forms of visual media

Elements and Principles of Motion Design

Motion is a vital part of any commercial, film, or television show. It is

significant because the movement of the combination of texts and images or
pictures delivers an effective message to the viewers. A well-crafted motion makes
the audience appreciate any motion-based media presentation. This is the main
reason why it is significant to know the elements and principles of motion design.
Motion Design is a discipline that applies the principles of graphic design to
filmmaking and video production through utilization of animation and visual
effects. The following are the elements of motion design or the things that a person
must work with to create a motion:

❖ Speed – highlights the tone of the movement; The two types are:
o Fast Movement – provides alertness and escalating emotions
o Slow Movement - indicates weariness, seriousness, or sorrow
❖ Direction – specifies a movement from one route to another; refer to the
growth or shrinkage of an object or thing
❖ Motion Path - refers to the spatial movement that a thing or an animated
object will take; displays the change in direction of a certain movement
❖ Timing – is used to explain or strengthen the message or the event; it has
two kinds:
o Objective Timing - can be measured in seconds, minutes, hours,
days, etc.

91
 o Subjective Timing - is psychologically experienced or felt

Aside from the objects that a person must work with in producing a certain
motion, principles of motion design, or the motion techniques for merging the
various elements or objects of motion design, should also be studied:

❖ Speed, direction, and timing should portray natural laws of physics.

❖ Timing influences recall.
❖ Transitions are utilized to shift between scenes.
❖ Sound and color enhance depth and purpose to a certain movement.
❖ Cartooning one’s image and text offers dynamic movement. This can be
easily done by the following movements: stretching, rotating, and squashing.
❖ Blurring can be used in several ways. In animation, blurring gives the
illusion of fast movement. In videos, blurring is frequently used to censor
confidential information or sensitive content.
❖

What’s More

Activity 1.1
A. Think of an interesting topic. After that, produce a script and storyboard about
your chosen topic.

❖ Script
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

❖ Storyboard

______________ ______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________ ______________

92
The storyboard will be graded using the following rubric.
Expert Intermediate Novice Beginner
Criteria
(5) (4) (3) (2)
Clarity of the The central idea The central idea The central idea The story had a
Message stood out, was was clear and was evident. theme, but the
entirely entirely However, the message was
established, and established. message was obscure and
was improved with one or two indefinite.
with details. obscure details.
Relevance of the The content was The content was The content was The content has
Message appropriate to appropriate to relevant, but it not established
the audience the audience was not any
and purpose, and purpose appropriate to connections,
has established and has the audience making it
connections, established and purpose. difficult for the
and has connections. The content has audience to
presented also established understand.
insights. some
connections.
Development of The attention to Pacing and One or two Little to no
the Story the details was sequencing were parts in the preparations
evident from the smooth, but sequencing were were made, and
beginning of the there were parts obscure, but the the story cannot
story to the end. of the story that story can still be be followed.
Pacing and lack details. followed. Several
sequencing were One or two gaps gaps were
smooth. were evident, evident.
but the story
can still be
followed.
Design The motion The motion The motion The motion
design helped in design helped in design design was
communicating communicating moderately unsuitable and
the message the message helped in ineffective.
and boosted the and made some communicating
audience's audience's the message
impact. impact. and made some
audience's
impact.

93
Activity 1.2
Choose one movie/cartoon/anime that you have not watched yet and assess it by
using the elements and principles of motion design.

Elements and Principles of Motion Your Description and Observation

Design
1. Speed

2. Direction

3. Motion Path

4. Timing

5. Transition

6. Sound and Color

7. Blurring

Each description/observation will be graded using the following rubric.

Score Description
2 points The description/observation covered little essential
information required and one or two facts.
3 points The description/observation covered some essential
information required with a few citations and facts.
4 points The description/observation covered all essential
information required and facts.
5 points The description/observation covered the topic extensively
and comprehensively with a variety of resources.

94
 What I Have Learned

Answer the following questions briefly.

❖ What are the features that you must look at to determine the credibility of
motion media?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
❖ How would a learner like you benefit from the several motion information
and media accessible on the Internet?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
❖ What is the importance of motion media?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Each justification will be graded using the following rubric.

Score Description
2 points The justification covered little essential information
required and one or two facts.
3 points The justification covered some essential information
required with a few citations and facts.
4 points The justification covered all essential information required
and facts.
5 points The justification covered the topic extensively and
comprehensively with a variety of resources.

95
 What I Can Do

Think of an interesting topic. Produce an animation about your chosen topic

by opening an animation maker on the Internet. You must utilize what you have
learned from Motion Information and Media.

The animation will be graded using the following rubric.

Expert Intermediate Novice Beginner
Criteria
(5) (4) (3) (2)
Clarity of the The central idea The central idea The central idea The story had a
Message stood out, was was clear and was evident. theme, but the
entirely entirely However, the message was
established, and established. message was obscure and
was improved with one or two indefinite.
with details. obscure details.
Relevance of the The content was The content was The content was The content has
Message appropriate to appropriate to relevant, but it not established
the audience the audience was not any
and purpose, and purpose appropriate to connections,
has established and has the audience making it
connections, established and purpose. difficult for the
and has connections. The content has audience to
presented also established understand.
insights. some
connections.
Development of The attention to Pacing and One or two parts Little to no
the Story the details was sequencing were in the preparations
evident from the smooth, but sequencing were were made, and
beginning of the there were parts obscure, but the the story cannot
story to the end. of the story that story can still be be followed.
Pacing and lack details. One followed. Several
sequencing were or two gaps were gaps were
smooth. evident, but the evident.
story can still be
followed.
Design The motion The motion The motion The motion
design helped in design helped in design design was
communicating communicating moderately unsuitable and
the message and the message and helped in ineffective.
boosted the made some communicating
audience's audience's the message and
impact. impact. made some
audience's
impact.

96
 Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Mr. Ocampo was hired to create a commercial about a certain product. What
should Mr. Ocampo do first?
a. adding background music and background details
b. generating the storyboard
c. scriptwriting and dialogue recording
d. rendering
2. Mrs. Cadiao, a film director, is filming a funeral scene. What type of speed is
appropriate for this scenario?
a. fast movement
b. intermediate movement
c. slow movement
d. super-fast movement
3. Mr. Pili, an animator, wants to make an illusion of fast movement in his
animation. Which of the following principles of motion design should Mr. Pili
use?
a. blurring
b. cartooning
c. squashing
d. timing
4. Being an animator, Mr. Pili always hopes to have a smooth animation. How
many frames does he need to, at least, achieve this?
a. 18
b. 19
c. 21
d. 24
5. Cartooning can be done by following the succeeding steps EXCEPT
__________.
a. rendering
b. rotating
c. squashing
d. stretching

97
For items 6 to 15, choose the options below:
a. Blurring f. Slow Movement
b. Motion Media g. Storyboard
c. Motion Path h. Subjective Timing
d. Objective Timing i. Television
e. Scale j. Transition

__________6. It is frequently used to censor confidential information or

sensitive content.
__________7. These are visual media that provide the presence of spatial
movement of texts and images.
__________8. It is a sequence of graphics or images, normally with certain
directions and dialogue, representing the shots planned for a
commercial, film, or television show.
__________9. It is utilized to shift between scenes.
__________10. It is a type of timing that is psychologically experienced or felt.
__________11. It is a telecommunication system for transmitting and receiving
visual images and sounds that are reproduced on screens.
__________12. It refers to the size of an object in relation to another object.
__________13. It is a type of timing that can be measured in seconds,
minutes, hours, days, etc.
__________14. It refers to the spatial movement that a thing or an animated
object will take.
__________15. It indicates weariness, seriousness, or sorrow.

Additional Activities

Write a reflection essay by answering the question.

❖ What have you learned about designing a motion media?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Each justification will be graded using the following rubric.

Score Description
2 points The justification covered little essential information
required and one or two facts.
3 points The justification covered some essential information
required with a few citations and facts.
4 points The justification covered all essential information required
and facts.
5 points The justification covered the topic extensively and
comprehensively with a variety of resources.

98
 Answer Key

What I Know What's More Assessment

A Answers may B
B C
D
vary. A
D D
C A
D A
C B
A G
D J
C H
C I
B E
D D
A C
B F

99
 12

Media and
Information
Literacy
Quarter 4 – Module 14:
Manipulative Information and
Media

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities.
We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their
feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education
at action@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

100
 What I Need to Know

This module aims to help learners like you get well-acquainted with key
concepts of media and information and use this knowledge to communicate using
the technology in your hands. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are using now.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the different dimensions of manipulative information and media

(MIL11/12MPIM-IVgh-19),
2. comprehend how manipulative information and media are formally and
informally produced, organized, and disseminated (MIL11/12MPIM-IVgh-20),
3. evaluate the reliability and validity of manipulative information and media
and their sources using selection criteria (MIL11/12MPIM-IVgh-21), and
4. produce and evaluate a creative manipulative-based presentation using
design principle and elements (MIL11/12MPIM-IVgh-22).

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Which of the following is the type of manipulation used by certain firms to
control information in favor of a client who wants to create a good image or
to promote their products/services?
a. audio manipulation
b. media manipulation
c. motion manipulation
d. multimedia manipulation

2. Which of the following firms generate the sales of goods and services of a
company and directly contributes to the company’s profitability?
a. production firm
b. advertising firm
c. administration firm
d. public relations firm

101
3. Which of the following firms aim to change the public’s action by influencing
their opinions in favor of their client?
a. production firm
b. advertising firm
c. administration firm
d. public relations firm
4. Information publicized through _________ is being withheld for the safety and
protection of the public.
a. hoaxing
b. gatekeeping
c. propaganda
d. fearmongering
5. Exaggerating news about a viral infection is an example of _________________
which creates fear to the public.
a. hoax
b. gatekeeping
c. propaganda
d. fearmongering
6. Which of the following is the type of manipulation where releasing
information intends to deceive the public?
a. hoax
b. gatekeeping
c. propaganda
d. fearmongering
7. Which of the following is the type of manipulation that targets the
consumers’ belief, emotion, and/or reasoning towards a certain product or
services?
a. crowd manipulation
b. consumer confusion
c. celebrity endorsements
d. psychological manipulation
8. Exposing hidden wealth is the usual type of _______________ used during a
campaign season to inflict damage to the image of a politician running for
office.
a. hoax
b. gatekeeping
c. propaganda
d. fearmongering
9. To which of the following types of manipulation does the “Buy One, Take
One” promotion belong?
a. crowd manipulation
b. consumer confusion
c. celebrity endorsements
d. psychological manipulation

102
 10. Creating false survey results or testimonies to convince the consumers the
benefits of a certain product is a kind of ________________.
a. hoax
b. gatekeeping
c. crowd manipulation
d. psychological manipulation

Lesson
Manipulative Information
1 and Media

Have you ever read fake news? Or have you ever bought a product because
your idol celebrity endorses it? Maybe, you have also experienced going to a shop
and buying an item in a ‘Buy One, Take One’ promo? Companies use different
strategies to attract consumers like us, leading us to eventually buy the products
they produce. In this lesson, you will learn about the different types of
manipulative information and media which can help you identify its reliability and
validity based on its sources.

What’s In

In the previous lesson, you have learned about motion media and
information. To recall what you have learned, here is a simple matching activity.
Match Column A with Column B to associate what, “Column A”, creators and/or
users of motion media and information decided to use according to “Column B”.

Column A Column B
____1. animations A. format
____2. video codecs B. source
____3. education, entertainment, advertising C. purpose
____4. private or public, directed, or general D. audience
____5. personal, social media, media companies E. consumption

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 What’s New

Cryptogram
It is a type of puzzle that consists of a short piece of encrypted text. Each letter is
replaced by a number as represented in the box below. Solve the following
encrypted texts to reveal the concepts relevant to this lesson.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

1) 13 1 14 9 16 21 12 1 20 9 22 5

2) 9 14 6 15 18 13 1 20 9 15 14

3) 1 4 22 5 18 20 9 19 5 13 5 14 20

4) 7 1 20 5 11 5 5 16 9 14 7

5) 6 5 1 18 13 15 14 7 5 18 9 14 7

Processing:

• What are the terms that you have decoded above?

___________________________________________________________________________
• What do you know about the decoded terms?
___________________________________________________________________________

104
 What is It

Manipulative Information and Media

In the previous activity, you decoded the important terms that you will encounter
in this lesson. Here, you will be able to have a depth of understanding of
manipulative information and media. This refers to the materials, programs,
applications, and the like that we can use to formulate new information.

Dimensions of Manipulative Information and Media

A. Definition, Characteristics and Sources

Manipulate means to handle, manage, or influence something or someone
skillfully. Although to manipulate may be used to create order, it can also be done
unfairly which will only favor one side. Meanwhile, information is quite a broad
term. Information can cover data, knowledge derived from different studies,
experiences, or instructions and even signals or symbols.

Information sources can come from virtually anywhere. These are in the
form of books, journals, magazines, and even through personal experiences
expressed in blogs, videos, webpages, and many more. So, imagine just how
information can be easily accessed by someone anytime and anywhere. We all
know that one of the most influential users and moderators of information is the
media.

The media world often uses

information to describe knowledge of specific
events or situations that has been collected
or perceived through communication,
intelligence, or news. Therefore, manipulative
information is the type of information that
can be handled, managed, or influenced by
something or someone skillfully for the
advantage or disadvantage of something or
someone.

Nowadays, the term ‘media’ comes in

many forms. Media is defined as the
https://pixabay.com/illustrations/icon-social-networking-presentation-
908163/
combination of physical objects used for
communication or mass communication
through physical objects (such as radio, television, computers, or film). It can also
be the means of communication or a group of people working together in the field of
radio and television broadcasting, newspapers, magazines, and/or the Internet,
that reaches or influences people widely. Media, as it is supposed to be, are sources
of credible information wherein contents are provided through an editorial process
determined by journalistic values attributed to an organization or a legal person.

105
 We know that the people’s perception of reality can be shaped based on what
they read, hear, or watch through the various media platforms and technologies.
That is why some firms use media manipulation to satisfy their clients.

Media manipulation is the strategy used by advertising or marketing firms to

manipulate information in favor of a client who wants to promote their product or
service. Through media manipulation, a firm can create an image or argument
which will favor their client using propaganda techniques and suppression of
information which can widely influence the people.

Various research agreed that TV advertisements have a positive influence on the

consumer’s buying behavior. So, some firms use manipulative information to
convince the consumers to buy the product of their client. Some of these firms are:
1. Marketing firm or Ad Agency. They generate sales of goods and services
and directly contribute to the company's profitability. They usually offer
services like creating, planning, and handling different forms of
advertisements to promote their clients and their clients’ products and
services.
2. Public Relations (PR) firm. They coordinate relationships through the
media with various publicities in order to gain public acceptance and
approval of the client's activities, including its sales activities. They intend
to change the public’s action by influencing their opinions.

B. FORMAT AND TYPES

Manipulative information and media can be formally and informally
produced, organized, and disseminated through different types and formats. To
better understand how advertising and public relations firms manipulate
information, we must understand the perspective of a viewer and/or a consumer.

Recall the times you have watched a TV commercial and became persuaded
to buy a certain product, and/or the times you believed in fake news found on the
internet. Those are examples of media manipulation. The following are the different
kinds of media manipulation:

1. Consumer confusion
Description: Consumer confusion is the state of mind of the consumers
during purchasing products that leads them to having lack of confidence
towards their purchasing decision. This can even lead to incorrect
purchasing decisions. This is a result of having too many of the same
products in the market. Some sellers become creative with their packaging
so it stands out. Meanwhile, some try to attract the consumers with different
kinds of promotions which confuses the customers.

Example: In a grocery store, there are various

promotions for each kind of product between the
two different brands. Usually, consumers are
confused as to which one they should
❖ Two brands of detergent:
‘Buy One, Take One’ or ‘Buy One, Get One
Free’
❖ Two brands of shampoo:
‘Buy 10 plus 1’ or ‘Buy 10 plus free mug’
promo
https://www.flickr.com/photos/loopzilla/8176
075111

106
2. Crowd manipulation
Description: Crowd manipulation is the intentional use of principles and
techniques of crowd psychology. This is used by advertising firms to engage,
control, and/or influence the desires of the consumers to make them believe
that there is a great demand for the product being advertised.

Example strategies used by advertising firms for crowd manipulation:

❖ Hired random people would attest to the efficacy of the product.
❖ False survey results or testimonies to convince the consumers the
benefits of the product.

3. Propaganda
Description: It is the information or idea that an advertising firm can release
using different forms of media which can help the image of their client and
adversely affect the image of its opponent.

Example:
❖ Showing the charity work done by the client while exposing the
opponent’s slush funds.

4. Gatekeeping
Description: Gatekeeping is the type of manipulation where information is
being filtered for dissemination (whether for publication, broadcasting, the
Internet, or some other mode of communication). The public is informed
with only a portion of the truth for different kinds of purposes.

Example:
❖ During a gas leak accident in a condominium, only few casualties are
mentioned to protect the owner of the condominium.
❖ During a terrorist attack, the strategy of the soldiers to rescue the
hostages are not disclosed to the public for security and protection
purposes.

5. Celebrity endorsements
Description: This is the use of celebrities as endorsers of a certain product or
services who will attest to its effectiveness and good quality.
Example:
❖ Kris Aquino, “The Queen of all Media”, was named top celebrity
endorser by YES! Magazine because of her credibility and gift of gab.
She endorses a lot of products and services which includes brands of
bakeshop, textiles, juices, canned goods, shampoo, telecom, feminine
wash and many more.

6. Hoax
Description: This is use of manipulative information which intends to
deceive or defraud the public.
Example:
❖ In 2015, Peter Onneken and Diana Löbl, a pair of documentary
filmmakers from Germany, and John Bohannon, a biologist and
science journalist based at Harvard, tricked millions of people into
believing chocolate could help them lose weight.
(source: https://www.cjr.org/analysis/the_history_behind_the_chocolate_hoax.php)

107
 7. Psychological manipulation
Description: This is used by advertising agencies which aim to influence and
affect the public’s belief, emotions, motives and/or reasoning towards a
certain product, service, or situation.
Example:
❖ An advertising agency highlights the slimming components of a juice
product thus creating a higher demand for that product with
slimming components and the premise that being slim is better.

8. Fear mongering or scaremongering

Description: It is the dissemination of frightening and exaggerated rumors of
an imminent danger or the tactic of purposely and needlessly aiming to
instill fear to the public.
Example:
❖ If the news exaggerated that the power of Abu Sayyaf penetrated
Luzon and risks planting bombs in malls, there would be a decline of
people going to malls and even other public places.

C. Advantages and Limitations

Advantages of Manipulative Information
❖ It can boost the image of a person, product, or services.
❖ It can filter the information that would be disseminated to the public.
❖ It can provide a sense of control and order when it comes to the kind and
amount of information to be publicized.

Limitations of Manipulative Information

❖ It can be biased and/or subjective to protect the image of a person, product,
or services.
❖ It can mislead the facts and conceal sensitive issues.
❖ It can hide the truth that the public has the rights to know.

D. Value of Manipulative Information and Media

To manipulate is an action that immediately connotes something negative,
but what have you acquired during the lessons? Should we classify all
manipulative information as negative and/or harmful? Can people still benefit from
manipulative information?
At this moment, you should be able to use some selection criteria to evaluate
the reliability and validity of manipulative information and media and its sources.
You can identify whether a manipulative data is good or bad based on:

1. Motive or purpose.
Description: It is important to identify the cause or the purpose why a
particular group employed it.
Example:
o A general infomercial was released to inform the public regarding
disaster-preparedness in case a disaster like flood or earthquake
happens. (Good motive or purpose)
o A TV commercial was released to create a good image to a political
candidate and to convince the public to vote for them even if they do
not have the integrity and good intentions to run for position. (Bad
motive or purpose)

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 2. Degree of influence or impact.
Description: It is the extent on how the manipulation of information can
produce effects on the actions, behavior and/or opinions of the public. Some
advertising and public relations firms engage in manipulation to increase the
degree of influence or impact to the public.
Example:
o If the general infomercial released for disaster preparedness is
misinterpreted, the public might panic which will produce a negative
impact despite the good motive or purpose.
o Some commercials, like those involving cigarettes and liquor, can
influence people to consume things that could be potentially
dangerous to their health. It can also influence young people to try it
too.

What’s More

Activity 1.1
Evaluate the following scenarios that involve media manipulation. Identify the
media manipulation being used and briefly explain why.

1. An insurance company manipulates their data to boost their sales and to

prevent the company from closing down.

2. A controversial personality is trying to run for a position in a government

office. Therefore, he hired the services of an advertising company to
improve his image to the public.

3. The product to patronize should be based on the popularity of the celebrity

who endorses it.

4. The man refused to buy the product that the salesman is trying to offer
which the salesman claimed to be the best offer.

5. The lady in the grocery store immediately buys the item with the promo,
“Buy One, Take One”.

Your answers will be graded using the following rubric.

Score Description
2 points Includes little essential information and one or two facts
Includes some essential information with a few citations and
3 points
facts
Includes essential information and facts to give viewers an
4 points
understanding of the topic
Covers the message completely and in depth with a variety of
5 points
resources

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Activity 1.2
Create a manipulative-based presentation using design principle and element.
Vote for Me!

Produce and evaluate a creative manipulative-based

Goal
presentation using design principle and elements.
You are running for a position in any school organization
Role like the Student Government or the Science Club. (Note: It
can be president, vice president or any other position)
Audience Students from your school
Your family and friends persuaded you to run for that
Situation position because they believe you are passionate, competent,
and qualified.
Create a 2-minute introductory speech and presentation
that would convince the other students to vote for you,
Performance
without doing any form of media manipulation against your
possible opponents.
Your introductory speech and presentation will be assessed
Standards
based on criteria and rubrics.

Criteria 4 3 2 1
Presents Presents
information information Presents
in a very in a logical information No sequence of
Organization
logical and and in disorderly information.
interesting interesting manner.
sequence. sequence.
Not more
No Has three
than two Has 4 or more
misspellings misspellings
misspellings spelling errors and /
Manner and / or and / or
and / or or grammatical
grammatical grammatical
grammatical errors.
errors. errors.
errors.
Utilizes the
Use of
design Utilizes the Utilizes some
design Doesn’t use any
principles design design
elements design principles and
and elements principles principles
and elements.
all and elements. and elements.
principles
throughout.
Does not use Indirectly
Used one
any form of used a form Used a lot of media
Content form of media
media of media manipulation.
manipulation.
manipulation. manipulation.

110
 What I Have Learned

Answer the questions briefly based on your objective insight and critical thinking.
1. How would you evaluate the reliability and validity of manipulative
information and media? Give one example and explain.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. As a student like you, how can manipulative information and media affect
you?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Your written output will be graded based on the following rubrics:
Criteria Highest Possible Points
Content (presence of ideas) 10 pts.
Organization (order) 4 pts.
Style (choice of words) 4 pts.
Conventions (grammar, spelling) 2 pts.
Total 20

What I Can Do

You will now take the role of an advertiser. Using any type of media (text,
visual, audio and/or motion), advertise a candidate using the introductory speech
from the previous activity. Be sure to combine all the design elements and
principles in doing your advertisement.
Criteria 4 3 2 1
Submitted but Submitted but Submitted but 4
Submitted on
Completion one to two days three days or more days
time.
delayed. delayed. delayed.
Original and a Original but not
Original and little imaginative. imaginative. Not original nor
Creativity
imaginative. Imaginative but Imaginative but imaginative.
a little original. not original.
The presentation The presentation The presentation The presentation
is cohesive and has deep lacks meaning lacks meaning,
Meaning comprehensive meaning but with no no supporting
with supporting little supporting supporting details and with
details. details. details. unfinished parts

Utilizes the
Use of design Utilizes the Utilizes some Doesn’t use any
design principles
elements and design principles design principles design principles
and elements all
principles and elements. and elements. and elements.
throughout.

111
 Assessment

Modified TRUE or FALSE: Read each statement carefully and write TRUE if the
statement is correct. But if it is false, change the
underlined word or group of words to make the whole
statement true.

________________1. An advertising firm generates sales of goods and services and

directly contributes to the company's profitability.

________________2. “Buy One, Take Two” promo is just one of the promotions in
the market, classified as psychological manipulation, which
leads the consumers to lack of confidence in their purchasing
decisions towards choosing the cheaper or better products.

________________3. The information being publicized through hoaxing is being

withheld for the safety and protection of the public.

________________4. Consumer confusion is the type of manipulative information

which intends to defraud the public.

________________5. Exaggerating news about a viral infection is an example of

crowd manipulation which creates fear to the public.

________________6. Some companies hire people to attest the efficacy of their

products. This is an example of gatekeeping.

________________7. Exposing the hidden wealth is the usual type of propaganda

during campaign season in order to inflict the image of a
running politician.

________________8. A flash message from the NDRRMC about the coming super
typhoon has a good motive or purpose to its recipients.

________________9. One of the limitations of manipulative information is that it can

provide a sense of control and order to the amount of
information that will be publicized.

________________10. Several students in a school received a text messaging about a

bomb planted in the school premises. This bomb threat is an
example of scaremongering.

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 Additional Activities

Choose one commercial or advertisement that you think uses media manipulation.
Attach a picture or a screen capture of your selected commercial or advertisement
on the box below. Identify the type of media manipulation and briefly explain why.

____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________

Your written output will be graded based on the following rubrics:

Needs Meets Expectations Exceed

Criteria Improvement Expectations
10 15 20
Depth of Analysis Demonstrate a Demonstrate a Learners provided
minimal level of sufficient level of new and creative
reflection and reflection and insights resulting
internalization of internalization of the from a profound
the given material. given material. reflection and
internalization of the
given material
Organization of The thoughts were The thoughts were The thoughts were
Thought expressed in an expressed in a expressed in a
incoherent manner. coherent manner. coherent manner.
Writing is very clear
and organized.
Grammar and No more than five No more than two No spelling and
Spelling spelling and spelling and grammar grammar errors.
grammar errors. errors.

Answer Key

113
 12

Media and
Information
Literacy
Quarter 4 – Module 15:
Multimedia Information and
Media

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities.
We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their
feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education
at action@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

114
 What I Need to Know

This module aims to help learners like you get well-acquainted with key
concepts of media and information and use this knowledge to communicate using
the technology in your hands. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the different dimension of multimedia information and media
(MIL11/12MM-IVij-23),
2. comprehend how multimedia information and media are formally and
informally produced, organized, and disseminated (MIL11/12MM-IVij-24),
3. evaluate the reliability and validity of multimedia information and media and
their sources using selection criteria (MIL11/12MM-IVij-25), and
4. synthesize overall knowledge about different information and media sources
by producing and subsequently evaluating a creative multimedia form (living
museum, electronic portfolio, others) (MIL11/12MM-IVij-26).

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Which of the following is the digital integration of text, graphics, animation,
images and motion video?
a. text media c. motion media
b. multimedia d. audiovisual media
2. Which of the following is the presentation of photographic slides or electronic
images projected on a surface or displayed on a screen one after another as
a series?
a. slideshow presentation c. overhead projector presentation
b. audiovisual presentation d. all of the above

115
3. Which of the following is an electronic presentation like slide-tape
presentations, films, television programs, and live theater productions?
a. slideshow presentation
b. audiovisual presentation
c. overhead projector presentation
d. all of the above
4. Which of the following presentations uses light to project an enlarged image
on a screen where the source of the image is a page-sized sheet of
transparent plastic film with the image to be projected?
a. slideshow presentation
b. audiovisual presentation
c. overhead projector presentation
d. all of the above
5. Which of the following is an interactive whiteboard that uses touch detection
for user input?
a. smart board
b. LCD projector
c. computer screen
d. overhead projector
6. Which is NOT an example of an application that can be used to make
slideshow presentations?
a. Prezi
b. Vimeo
c. Canva
d. MS Power Point
7. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of multimedia information?
a. dynamic
b. interactive
c. electronic or digital
d. all are characteristics of multimedia information
8. A multimedia presentation is said to be _____________, if it can be played,
projected, recorded, and/or accessed using different kinds of technology.
a. dynamic
b. interactive
c. electronic or digital
d. none of the choices
9. A multimedia presentation is said to be _____________, since it stimulates the
visual and auditory sense of its audience.
a. dynamic
b. interactive
c. electronic or digital
d. none of the choices
10. Which of the following is NOT true about multimedia?
a. It involves audio, animation, video, text, and other visual presentations.
b. It only includes text and visual presentations.
c. It can be presented electronically or digitally.
d. all are true about multimedia

116
Lesson
Multimedia Information and
1 Media

If you would be tasked to prepare for a presentation that will be performed or

delivered inside the classroom, before a live audience, how will you prepare it in a
manner that you will not bore your classmates/audience? Would you choose a
plain discussion method, or will you use a multimedia presentation instead?

What’s In

ANALOGY: In the previous lesson, you have learned about manipulative media and
information. To recall what you have learned, complete the following analogies.

1. Ad agency : Generate sales ; ______________ : Create good image

2. _____________ : Exaggerating ; Gatekeeping : Filtering

Crowd
3. : “Great” demand ; ______________ : “Great” Efficiency
manipulation

4. _____________ : Buy 1, Take 1 ; Propaganda : Exposing slush funds

5. Scaremongering : Bomb Threats ; ______________ : Slimming Chocolate

117
 What’s New

The following are multimedia icons that we usually see on the internet and
computer applications. Can you identify them? Afterwards, briefly describe how
they are used.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wi
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wi https://commons.wikimedia.org/wi https://commons.wikimedia.org/wi ki/File:Link_(1690)_-
ki/File:Shuffle_(50683)_- ki/File:Pictograms-nps-accessibility- ki/File:Noun_project_Upload.svg _The_Noun_Project.svg
_The_Noun_Project.svg closed_captioning.svg

1) ______________ 2) ______________ 3)_______________ 4) ______________

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wi 2https://commons.wikimedia.org/ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wi https://commons.wikimedia.org/wi

ki/File:Noun_Project_Sound_icon_7 wiki/File:Film_(89052)_- ki/File:Noun_Project_icon_for_capt ki/File:Wifi_(89622)_-
55642.svg _The_Noun_Project.svg ure_2572182.svg _The_Noun_Project.svg

5) ______________ 6) ______________ 7)_______________ 8) ______________

What is It

Multimedia Information and Media

How many multimedia icons have you identified? If you have identified most of
them, it means you are exposed to different forms of multimedia. In this lesson,
you will have a deeper understanding of the different types and forms of
multimedia, characteristics, uses, advantages and limitations, and how you will be
evaluating its validity and reliability.

Multimedia of today can be defined as the seamless digital integration of

text, graphics, animation, audio, still images and motion video in a way that
provides individual users with high levels of control and interaction. Presenting
information in the form of multimedia can be more interesting because it can be
delivered in different modes. We call this a multimedia presentation.

118
 A multimedia presentation can
incorporate images to make a
visual impact on viewers and/or
insert video clips to appeal to
both visual and auditory senses.

https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/pictures/80000/velka/internet-and-multimedia-sharing.jpg

Type of Multimedia Presentation

As of today, there are many different kinds of multimedia tools which you can
use to organize information into a more appealing and interesting presentation.

1. Slideshow Presentation
Description: It is a presentation of photographic slides or electronic images
projected on a surface or displayed on a screen one after another as
a series. It is usually made using software programs such as
Microsoft Office PowerPoint Presentation (PPT) where the user can
present text information with images, audio, and video clips.

Aside from PowerPoint Presentation, there are other software programs where
slideshows can be created made such as:
● Google Slides - for presentations that allow online collaboration
● Zoho Show - for built-in broadcasting tools to stream presentations
● Prezi - for non-linear and animated presentations
● Canva - for creative presentations using different templates
● Evernote Presentation Mode - a presentation made from notes. “With one click
of a button, presentation mode expands your note to the dimensions of your monitor so
that everyone in a group can clearly see the details of your note, whether it's text,
images, or attached PDF or MS Office files.” (https://help.evernote.com/hc/en-us/articles/208314488-Use-
presentation-mode-to-present-
notes#:~:text=Works%20with%20all%20your%20notes&text=With%20one%20click%20of%20a,PDF%20or%20MS%20Office%20files.)

119
 2. Audio Visual Presentations

Description:
These are electronic presentations that contain both
sound and visual components, such as slide-tape
presentations, films, television programs, and live
theater productions.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Audio-visual-slide.svg

3. Overhead Projector (OHP)

Description: An Overhead Projector or OHP is like a film or a slide projector
which uses light to project an enlarged image on a screen. In an
OHP, the source of the image is usually a page-sized sheet of
transparent plastic film where the image to be projected is printed,
hand-written or drawn on the transparent plastic film. with the
image to be projected which can either be printed, hand-written, or
drawn. A presentation using an OHP can only be used to display
text and/or images.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:OHP-sch.JPG

Smart Board

Description:

An interactive whiteboard
where you can input or navigate
information through touch
detection. Since it has touchscreen
features, you can navigate the
information displayed on the
smart board using a mouse or just
your fingertips.

https://live.staticflickr.com/1152/1032299650_8e23e2b035.jpg

120
Characteristics of Multimedia Information
The multimedia of today can be a combination of text, graphics, animation,
audio, still images and/or motion video. Thus, multimedia information has
different characteristics such as:

1. Electronic or digital. A multimedia presentation can be prepared and

delivered electronically or digitally through various computer applications,
software, and/or online tools.

2. Interactive. A multimedia presentation is interactive since it stimulates the

visual and auditory sense of the audience. Actions such as voice command,
text entry, mouse manipulation, touch screen, screenshot and/or video
capture make the multimedia presentation interactive.

3. Dynamic. A multimedia presentation is said to be dynamic since it can be

played, projected, recorded, and/or accessed using different kinds of
technology and computer applications. The combination of visual graphics
and/or images with sound effects and/or background music make a
presentation more dynamic.

Different Uses of Multimedia

You can see various forms of multimedia not only on the internet, but also in
public places. If you go to hotels, train stations, shopping malls, museums, and
grocery stores, you will see kiosks, digital bulletins, AVP presentations and so on.
Different fields of specializations also use multimedia for different purposes.

Field of
Use of Multimedia
Specialization
Gamification of lessons, engaging classroom lectures,
Education
online learning

Entertainment Movies and animation

Industry Presentation of products/services, Marketing, Advertising

Medicine Surgery simulations, medical presentations

Users of Multimedia Presentation

Some of the people who widely use multimedia presentations are:
1. Teachers or Lecturers – to present lessons and appeal to the student’s visual
and auditory senses.

2. Motivational or Public Speakers – to present, inform, influence, motivate or

entertain their audience.

3. Salespeople – to display and showcase their offered products/services.

Evaluating and Rating Multimedia Information

Using multimedia presentations which include a combination of text,
graphics, animation, audio, still images and/or motion video, do not immediately

121
guarantee that the message to be conveyed to the audience is clear. The balance of
information and entertainment must also be achieved when using a multimedia
presentation. The following are important things to consider as an audience in
assessing multimedia information:
1. Content. The content of a multimedia presentation may vary depending on
the setting of the presentation. For instance, a multimedia presentation in a
biology class with the topic on photosynthesis must contain both text and
visual information. An animation video will also be helpful for the students to
visualize the processes in photosynthesis.
2. Purpose or application. The purpose or application of a multimedia
presentation can be diverse. For example, an audio-visual presentation (AVP)
to be shown in a wedding reception should match the mood of the occasion.
The AVP should include elements of text, images, and/or video clips to make it
more appealing to the audience.
3. Manner of presentation. A multimedia presentation can be presented in
various ways. It can be done through a slideshow presentation or an audio-
visual presentation. The following factors should be used in rating a
multimedia presentation:
a. Audience. One of the factors that must be considered in selecting your
target audience is their age. Based on research the age of a person can
affect its attention span (the average attention span of an adult can last
about 20 minutes while a younger person usually has less) and
presentation preference. Some audience may prefer presentations that
are informative, direct, and with graphical representations while others
may prefer it to be more broad, entertaining, and so on.
b. Topic. The type of presentation must be aligned with the topic to make
an effective and effective presentation. For example, if the topic is about
the sales of the company, the audience expects a presentation that
includes pictures, charts, and graphs.
c. Resources. The availability of resources is a factor in preparing
presentations. For instance, if schools do not have enough budget to
purchase smart boards and LCD projectors, the teachers would use
their LED/LCD TVs for playing music, slideshows, and videos as
alternatives.

Advantages of Multimedia Information

● It presents the information in a more organized and in an interesting
manner.
● It empowers and supplements the speaker for a more dynamic and more
interactive lecture.
● It makes information easier to understand since it is presented in a creative
manner.
Limitations of Multimedia Information
● If it presents too much information, it can overwhelm the audience.
● It can cause the speaker to become too dependent on the technology.
● Most multimedia tools require a power source. Therefore, the lack of
electricity or drained batteries can jeopardize the delivery of the information.
● It takes a lot of time and effort to conceptualize, plan, and organize an
effective presentation. If the time given to prepare one is too short, for
example, a day or two before the actual presentation, the quality of the
information and presentation might be compromised.

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 What’s More

Activity 1.1
Analyze the following scenarios. Encircle the ‘like’ icon () if it expresses a
correct/positive statement. If otherwise, choose the ‘unlike’ icon (). After each
item, write a brief explanation about your choice.

1. In a classroom, learning will become ineffective if a teacher does

  not use a multimedia presentation.
Explanation: ____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

2. A presenter used pictures, charts, and graphs during his

  discussion with Grade 2 students.
Explanation: ____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

3. The use of multimedia presentation in a class report

  automatically gives the student/s high grades.
Explanation: ____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

4. The audience must be allowed to ask questions after a

  multimedia presentation even if the presenter covered and
discussed the topics very well.

Explanation: ____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

5. A good multimedia presentation is rich in content regardless of

  its design and manner of presentation.
Explanation: ____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Your explanation based on the choice that you have made will be graded using the
following rubrics:
Score Description
Is unable to or infrequently uses deductive and inductive
2 points
reasoning skills
Uses deductive and inductive reasoning skills inconsistently and
3 points
weakly
4 points Uses deductive and inductive reasoning skills competently
Uses deductive and inductive reasoning skills consistently and
5 points
with ease

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Activity 1.2
Create a manipulative-based presentation using design principles and elements.

My Multimedia Presentation

Produce a multimedia presentation using design principles

Goal
and elements.
Role You are a multimedia creator/designer.
Audience The company’s recruitment team.
You applied to a company that creates multimedia content
for educational purposes. The recruitment team asked you
Situation
to prepare a multimedia presentation on any topic and any
grade level of your choice.
Create multimedia presentations on any topic and any grade
level of your choice to impress the company’s recruitment
Performance
team. Make sure to include different components of
multimedia.
Your multimedia presentation will be assessed based on
Standards
criteria and rubrics.

Example Topic : The Beginning of the Universe

Target Audience : Grade 11 students

Criteria 4 3 2 1
Presents Presents
Presents
information in information in
information in No sequence of
Organization a very logical a logical and
a disorderly information.
and interesting interesting
manner.
sequence. sequence.
Not more than
No Has three Has 4 or more
two
misspellings misspellings spelling errors
misspellings
Manner and / or and / or and / or
and / or
grammatical grammatical grammatical
grammatical
errors. errors. errors.
errors.
Use of Utilizes the
Utilizes the Utilizes some
design design Doesn’t use any
design design
elements principles and design principles
principles and principles and
and elements all and elements.
elements. elements.
principles throughout.
Vague Content has no
Clear
Very clear statement of clear sequence of
statement of
statement of purpose and information and
purpose and
Content purpose and some most of the
has varied
rich variety of information are information is
supporting
information. not well- incorrect or
information.
supported incomplete.

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 What I Have Learned

Answer the questions briefly based on your objective insight and critical thinking.
1. What do you think is the best multimedia presentation to be used in the
classroom? Briefly explain why and give examples.
2. You and the other children of today are known as digital natives since you
were born in the digital age. How is multimedia information relevant to you
and to your future? Explain and give examples.
3. How would you evaluate the reliability and validity of multimedia
information? Give one example and explain.

Your written output will be graded based on the following rubrics:

Score Description
Is unable to or infrequently uses deductive and inductive
2 points
reasoning skills
Uses deductive and inductive reasoning skills inconsistently and
3 points
weakly
4 points Uses deductive and inductive reasoning skills competently
Uses deductive and inductive reasoning skills consistently and
5 points
with ease

What I Can Do

At this moment, you must synthesize your overall knowledge about the
different information and media sources. You must produce and then evaluate a
creative multimedia form. For example, you can create a living museum, an
electronic portfolio, a personal website or others. Use the format below for
preparing your final task.
Component Guide Questions Answers

What is your project title?

Project Title
(Example: “Travel Golds”)

What is the main content?

Key Content
(Example: A Travel Vlog)

Intended Who are your intended audience?

Audience (Example: All age groups)

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 What is/are your roles in creating
this project?
Your Role
(Example: You are an aspiring video
blogger/vlogger.)
What is the purpose of this project?
(Example: To share my travel
Purpose
experiences and inform people about
different travel basics.)

What is/are the type/s of information

Types of
that you will use in this project?
information
(Example: manipulative information…)

What is/are the type/s of media

sources that you intend to use in this
Media Sources
project?
(Example: audio, media…)
What is/are the resources needed for
this project?
Resources
(Example: internet connection, laptop,
video editor)

Criteria 4 3 2 1
Presents Presents
Presents
information in a information in a
information in a No sequence of
Organization very logical and logical and
disorderly information.
interesting interesting
manner.
sequence. sequence.
Not more than Has three Has 4 or more
No misspellings
two misspellings misspellings spelling errors
and / or
Manner and / or and / or and / or
grammatical
grammatical grammatical grammatical
errors.
errors. errors. errors.
Use of Utilizes the
Utilizes the Utilizes some Doesn’t use any
design design
design design design
elements principles and
principles and principles and principles and
and elements all
elements. elements. elements.
principles throughout.
Vague Content has no
Very clear Clear statement statement of clear sequence
statement of of purpose and purpose and of information
Content purpose and has varied some and most of the
rich variety of supporting information are information is
information. information. not well- incorrect or
supported incomplete.

126
 Assessment

Modified TRUE or FALSE: Read each statement carefully and write TRUE if the
statement is correct. If it is false, change the
underlined word or group of words to make the whole
statement true.

________________1. Multimedia is the digital integration of text, graphics,

animation, images, and motion video.

________________2. Audiovisual presentation is the presentation of photographic

slides or electronic images projected on a surface or displayed
on a screen one after another as a series.

________________3. Electronic presentations like slide-tape presentations, films,

television programs, and live theater productions are examples
of slideshow presentations.

________________4. An LCD projector uses light to project an enlarged image on a

screen where the source of the image is a page-sized sheet of
transparent plastic film with the image to be projected.

________________5. The interactive whiteboard that uses touch detection for user
input is called an overhead projector.
________________6. A multimedia presentation is said to be dynamic, if it can be
played, projected, recorded and/or accessed using different
kinds of technology.

________________7. A multimedia presentation is said to be electronic since it

stimulates the visual and auditory sense of its audience.

________________8. Public speakers use multimedia presentations to increase

their product and/or services offered.

________________9. Since multimedia presentations contain both visual and

auditory, teachers use it to present their lessons in class.

________________10. In evaluating multimedia information, you have to consider

content, purpose and manner of presentation.

Additional Activities

Browse the internet based on a topic that you are interested in and choose one
multimedia that you think is IDEAL. Attach a picture or a screen capture of your
selected multimedia on the box below. Briefly explain why you think it is ideal.

127
Explanation:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Your written output will be graded based on the following rubrics:
Criteria Needs Meets Expectations Exceed
Improvement Expectations
Score 10 15 20
Depth of Analysis Demonstrate a Demonstrate a Learners provided
minimal level of sufficient level of new and creative
reflection and reflection and insights resulting
internalization of internalization of the from a profound
the given material. given material. reflection and
internalization of the
given material
Organization of The thoughts were The thoughts were The thoughts were
Thought expressed in an expressed in a expressed in a
incoherent manner. coherent manner. coherent manner.
Writing is very clear
and organized.
Grammar and No more than five No more than two No spelling and
Spelling spelling and spelling and grammar grammar errors.
grammar errors. errors.

Answer Key

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