Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.

net

ww
w.Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t

TM

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

Frequency (Hz)
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
3 × 10 3 × 10 3 × 10 3 × 10 3 × 10 3 × 10 3 × 10 3 × 10 3 × 10 3 × 10

FM broadcast radion
AM broadcast

Far infrared

Visible light
Long wave

Shortwave

VHF TV

Infrared
radio

radio
radio

Microwaves

ww10
3 2
10 10 1 10
–1
10
Wavelength (m)
–2
10
–3
10
–4
10
–5
10
–6

w .Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t
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ww
w q
t
.Ea
q l

t l
syE q l

l t

 l l ngi 

dI d
nee
dt
l
dt
l
rin
l
dI
l l
g .ne
dt
t
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Oscillating current

= 0 sin t

Straight wire Discontinuous wire

Curved wire

Ground

ww
Bent wire

w .Ea Truncated

syE Acceleration Retardation


ngi Load

nee
rin
Ground

g .ne
t
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d << 

Generator

ww or
Transmitter
E lines

w .Ea
Tapered
transition

syE
Transmission line

Generator
or
ngi
Transmitter

nee
Guided (TEM) wave
One-dimensional wave
rin
Transition region
or antenna
g .ne
Free-space wave
radiating in

t
three dimensions


4

2
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Length of dipole

Generator

ww or
Transmitter

w .Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rin
| |
g .ne
t
ZR 
d d << 
Open circuit

| |
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ww
w.Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t
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ww
w.Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t
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ww
w.Ea
syE


ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t
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ww
w.Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t
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(a) Dipole (b) Loop (c) Helical

ww
w .Ea
syE
(d) Rhombic (e) Dielectric

ngi
nee
Reflectors
rin Coaxial
feed

g .ne
Radiating
dipole
t
(f) Pyramidal horn (g) Parabolic dish reflector

(h) Microstrip patch antenna (i) Coplanar strip horn

 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

ww
w.Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t
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ww
w .Ea
syE
ngi
nee r

rin
O

4r2
g .ne
P
t
P
  P  P  0
|P| Pr

 P  ds  Pr ds Pr  ds P  P

 4r2

 ds 4 r 2
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 Prad
4 r 2

ww
w.Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t

R rad
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Transmission
line

EM waves launched
Transmitter or in free space
generator
Antenna impedance
at terminal

ww
w.Ea
syE
ngi
nee TA

rin  
g .ne
t
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ww
w.Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t
Z

Major lobe

Minor lobes
Null
directions
Y

X
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z z

y y
x

ww (a)
x
(b)

w .Ea
 
syE
ngi
nee
z
P
rin
Main lobe
=0
g
Field in (, )direction

.ne
r

E
E
E, E are
field components
t
Nulls.
Side
lobes
y
Back lobes '
=0
x
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  0

ww
 w
E  ( ,  ) 

E  ( ,  )  .Ea







  ( ,  )
syE
  ( ,  ) 

ngi
nee
rin
  g .ne
E n ( ,  )
E  ( ,  )
E  ( ,  ) max
t
E  ( ,  )
E n ( ,  )
E  ( ,  ) max



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
 
2

z y

P

x x
0 1 1

ww (a) E - plane pattern (b) H - plane pattern

w .Ea
syE
ngi
L

nee
(a) Half wavelength
rin
(b) One wavelength

g .ne
1
1
2
t

(a) 1 1 wavelength (b) Two wavelength

2
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Pd  ,  
 ,  

2 2
1 E  ,   1 E  ,  
Pd  ,   watt m 2
2 0 2 120 

ww E( ,  ) E 2 ( ,  )  E  ( ,  ) 2

w 0
.Ea
120  

syE E( ,  )
Pd ( ,  ) max
Pd ( ,  )

ngi
nee Pdn ( ,  )

Pd ( ,  ) E( ,  )
2
 fn2 ( ,  )
rin
Pdn  ,  
Pd ( ,  ) max E( ,  ) max
g .ne
Pdn ( ,  )

Pd ( ,  ) max
t
Pd ( ,  )

f ( ,  )  sin 

Pd ( ,  ) f 2 ( ,  )  sin 2 

 A )
Ae
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( A )

B Arc r of
the circle
r

O
r A

ww
w.Ear

syE 

ngi
Equivalent
nee
area
 rin
r
A


r
Area = r

r
2 r
g .ne
 : Solid angle subtended
by area A t
4 r 2

4

1 Sr
Solid angle of sphere
4
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1 Sr 1 rad 2

 2
 180  2
  (deg)  3282.81 Square degrees
  

r 2 sin  d d m 2


ds
ww 
r2
sin  d d

w .Ea
A

A
syE
A
2
 

ngi
Pdn ( ,  ) sin d d 
  0  0
nee
d sin  d d
rin
A
2
 

Pdn ( ,  ) d 
g .ne
  0  0

A
t
Equivalent solid angle A

Pattern of beam area A

Half power beam width HP

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 A   HP  HP

 HP  HP

( ,  )

ww
w  ,  
.Ea
r 2 Pd  ,  

Prad 
syE
Pd  ,   ds
S


n gi

S
Pd  ,   r 2 sin  d d
nee




 Pd,  r 2  sin  d d rin
  sin  d d
 0  0
g .ne
2 
t
Prad   U  ,   d 
 0  0

 ,  

Prad
U avg
4

U ( ,  )
U ( ,  ) U ( ,  ) max
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U ( ,  )
Pdn ( , 
U ( ,  ) max

G D (,  )

ww
w Pavg
.Ea
Prad
4  r2
W / m2

syE Pd, 

ngi
G D  ,  
Pd  ,   Pd  ,  
Pavg

Prad nee
4 r2
rin
G D  ,  
Pd  ,    r 2
g .ne
 Prad 

 4 
 t
U  ,   4  U  ,  
G D  ,   
U avg Prad

 ,  

G D max
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 Pd max
G D max
Prad
4 r2

U max 4  U max
G D max 
U avg Prad

ww 4  E max
2

w G D max
2 

.Ea 2
  E  ,   sin  d d
0 0

syE Pavg

Pavg
1
4
2
 

ngi
P( ,  ) sin  d d
 0 0

d  sin  d d
nee
 Pavg
1
 P( ,  ) d rin
4
4

Pavg
g .ne
Pdmax
Pavg

1
P( ,  ) max
t
4  P( ,  ) d
4

1
1  P( ,  ) 
4   P( ,  ) max  d
 
4

P( ,  )
Pn ( ,  )
P( ,  ) max
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 4 4

A
 Pn ( ,  ) d
4

A
(4 Sr) A

ww
w .Ea
41253
 º HP  º HP

41253
syE
 180 
4 
 n 

2

ngi
º HP nee
 º HP
rin
g .ne
40000
 º HP  º HP t

FNBW
2

FNBW

2
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FNBW
2

 FNBW   FNBW 
A  HP  HP     
 2   2 

4

ww A
A

w .Ea
4
A

syE
ngi
nee
rin
4
A g .ne
t
[G P ( ,  )]

I 2 R Ploss

Prad Pin
Prad Pin
Prad  r Pin

r
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Prad
r
Pin

Pin Prad  Ploss

Prad
r
Prad  Ploss

ww Prad I 2rms R rad Ploss I 2rms R loss

w .Ea
R rad
r
syE
R rad  R loss

ngi  ,  

G P  ,  
nee
G P  ,  
Pd  ,  
Pin rin
g .ne
G P max
Maximum radiation intensity
t

Radiation intensity due to isotropic lossless antenna

U max
 G P max
 Pin 
 
 4 

Prad  r Pin   r Pin 

U max G D max  G D max  D
4 4 4
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U max
P  P 
 r  in  G D max  r  in  D
G P max  4    4 
P
 in   Pin 
   
 4   4 

 G P max  r G D max   r D

r

ww
w .Ea
syE

ngi
Power radiated in desired direction
Power radiated in opposite direction

nee
rin
g .ne
t
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Main lobe axis P

0 dB

ww
Half Power
Beamwidth
P


P()
P1
BW
Main lobe
P2
–3 dB
(HPBW)

w P1 P2

.Ea Beamwidth
between First Nulls
(BWFN)
Minor lobes

BWFN

syE
Q1 Q2
Minor lobes

Back lobe

(a) Antenna power pattern in ngi (b) Antenna power pattern in

rectangular co-ordinates
polar co-ordinates

nee and logarithmic scale

rin
g .ne
t
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

 4 4

A B

 
 
 E H E H

ww
 4
E H
w E H

.Ea
180º
 syE º º

ngi
 4 (57.3) 2
º E º H
41257
º E º H nee
rin

g .ne
( M )
t
Power transmitted (or received) within the cone angle  1
Power transmitted (or received) by antenna

1
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
2 1
  U( ,  ) sin  d d
 0  0
2 
  U( ,  ) sin  d d
 0  0

M
( A )

ww M


w M

.Ea
M
A

( M )
syE ( A )
( m )

A M m ngi
A nee
M m

A A rin
M
A
Main beam area
Total beam area
M
g .ne
m Minor lobe area
t
m
A Total beam area

M m

 
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ww
w .Ea
syE
ngi
nee
0 rin
 0
 2  1
Q
g .ne

Q
t
 f0
f f2  f1  Hz
Q

f0

Total energy stored by antenna

2
Energy radiated per cycle
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ZG
Antenna ZG
A
VG A
R.F.
voltage B ZA

B
(a) Antenna fed with B

ww R.F. voltage (b) Equivalent circuit

w .Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t

VG VG VG
R G  RA RA  RA 2 RA
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

1 1 |V G| |V G|2
Re {V G I } |V G|

2 2 2 RA  4 RA

1 |V G|2
2 8 RA

ww
w.Ea
syE
1
2
1
2 ngi
1
2
1
2 nee
rin
1
2 g .ne
1
2
t
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

ww
w .Ea
syE ZL

Antenna

ngi 1

Transmission
2
1
Antenna
terminal nee
Transmission
2
ZL

line line

rin
(a) Representation of antenna
terminals (or feed points)
(b) Representation of
antenna impedance
g .ne
ZL
t
Z 11

Z 11 R 11  j X 11

Z 11 R 11
Z 11 X 11

Z 11 R 11  j X 11  73  j 42.45
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

ww
w.Ea
syE
I1 ngi I2

V21 V12 nee

rin
Circuit - 1

(a)
Circuit - 2 Circuit - 1

(b) g
Circuit - 2

.ne
t
I1 V21 V12 I2

A1 A2 A1 A2

(c) (d)
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V 21
Z 21 
I1

V 12
Z 12 
I2

V 21 V

ww
Zm
I1
 12
I2

w .Ea
syE
ngi
nee
Prad I2 R
rin
Prad
g .ne
I2 t
R rad Ra R0

R loss
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Prad + Ploss
 I 2 R rad  I 2 R loss

 I 2  R rad  R loss 

ww
w .Ea Im

syE 

2
L eff
ngi
E j
0   j  r
4 r
e
l/ 2
 I  z dz nee
 l/ 2
rin
g .ne
E j
 0   j r
e Im
l eff


2
dz
t
4 r
l
 eff
2

 0   j r
 E j e I m L eff 
4 r

l/ 2
1
L eff  I  z dz
Im
 l/ 2
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Ei V OC

V OC
 L eff
Ei

ww [Ae ]

w .Ea
syE
 Ae
Preceived
Pavg
m2
ngi
nee PR

m2
m2
rin
g .ne
t
A em

R rad
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

Z = Rrad + jX

VOC ZL = Rrad – jX

ww
V OC |E|

w
|E|

.Ea
syE
V OC
Z  ZL

ngi
Z L  Z  *
nee ZL

V OC V OC rin
R rad  j X   R rad  j X 2 R rad
g .ne
 V OC

2 R rad
2

 2
V OC
t
PR I 2rms R rad   R rad
 2  8 R rad
 
 

V OC
|E |2 dL2
PR
8 R rad

Maximum power received

A em
Average power density
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

|E |2 dL2
PR max 8 R rad dL2  0
 A em
Pavg 1 |E |2 4 R rad
2 0

R rad 0
dL2 120  3 2
 A em
 2 8
 dL  
4 80  2   
    

ww
 A em
2
4

w .Ea
A em
syE
G D max 
2
4
ngi
nee
rin

C 3  10 8
 0.05 m
g .ne
f


6  10 9

140    140 
 d
0.05 

 1.83 
t
4A o  d2
Gp Ao K A
2 4

 d 2 
4  K 
 4  K 2 d 2 0.65  2  (1.83) 2
Gp
2 2 (0.05) 2

G p ( dB) 10 log 10  G p
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

Ae Ae
1 2

 Ae
1
 Ae
2
D1 (A e ) max
1

D2 (A e ) max
2

(A e ) max

ww 1
D2 (A e ) max
1

 w (A e ) max

.Ea
(A e ) max
2

Ae
1 syE
(A e ) max
2
D2

ngi  3  2

3
nee  
8 

2
rin
Ae
1
 3  2
 8 
 
3
2
4
g .ne
Ae
2
 

1
t
(A e ) max 4
2
(A e ) max
2
 2  2
 
 4 
 

4
(A e ) max
2

2
L eff  0
(A e ) max
4 R rad
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

(A e ) max
 2 
 4    L eff  0 
 2  
    4 R rad 
 

   2  0 
 2  L eff  
    R rad 
 

ww
w .Ea

I 2rms R rad
|Pavg| syE I 2rms  R rad
Pavg

ngi
VA
(R L + RA ) 2 + (X L + XA ) 2
nee
rin

V A2  R rad
[(R L + RA ) 2 + (X L + XA ) 2 ]  Pavg
g .ne
t
V A2

4 R rad Pavg

 

As

Ae
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

I 2rms  R loss I 2rms  R loss

 Pavg
|Pavg|

ww V A2  R loss

w [(R L  RA ) 2  (X L  XA ) 2 ] Pavg

.Ea
 syE V A2  R loss
[(R L  R rad + R loss ) 2  (X L  XA ) 2 ]  Pavg

ngi
nee
rin
I 2rms  R L 
 P 
I 2rms  R rad 
 P 
I 2rms  R loss 
 P 
g .ne
 avg   avg

I 2rms ( R L  R rad  R loss )

  avg 
t
 Pavg

V A2 (R L  R rad  R loss )

[(R L  R rad + R loss ) 2  (X L  XA ) 2 ] Pavg
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

ww
w .Ea 

syE 


 
(A e ) max
Ap
ngi
nee
[TA ]
rin
– 273  g 

.ne
t

1.38  10 23
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

1 Tc

Absorber
R Antenna Sky at
Antenna pattern temperature
Tr Ts

ww
1'
Anechoic
chamber
(b) Antenna at anechoic
Antenna

(c) Antenna with

w(a) chamber at temperature Tc

.Ea
sky at temperature Ts

syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
TA
t
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

ww S

w .Ea
kTA
m 2 Hz
Ae
syE
SA e
k
K ngi
nee
rin
g .ne


A
T K
s A
t
A
s


 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

ww Tant

w .Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rin
TS ( , )

 
g .ne
TA
1 2 
4  0 0
G ( , )TS ( , ) sin() d d
t

PN TA

PN kTA B [2]
(1.38064852(79)  10 23 J K)
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

TE

TA  TE

dB  K 1

ww
w .Ea
syE
ngi
To
nee
rin
g .ne
t

Te
1
T0

º º
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

Te
T0

F 10 log 10 F
(in dB)

ww T0

 w 10 log 10 F

.Ea
10 log 10 (F)
 2 

syE  10 
 
1.58

Te
Te
T0
(F – 1) T0
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

ww
w.Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

ww
w .Ea
syE
ngi
R  0.62
L3
 nee
R

2 rin
g .ne
Far field region

Radiating near
t
Fresnel-Fraunhofer
boundary sphere

field region or Fresnel region

Reactive
near fieldregion

Antenna
L R1
3 2 region
L 2L
0.62  R <
 
R2
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

2 L2
R2 


ww  HP º  HP º

w .Ea
syE
41253 (deg 2 )
 º HP  º HP
41253 (deg 2 )
( 20 º ) ( 20 º )
 103

ngi
nee
Directivity of given antenna
 20 log 10
Directivity of isotropic radiator
rin
20 log 10
103
1 g .ne

t8 .

Prad R rad 72 72
r    0.9
Prad  Ploss R rad  R loss 72  8 80

G P max  r  G D max

G P max 30
G D max   33.33
r 0.9
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

G D max 10 log 10 G D max  10 log 10  33.33

 

 

Prad R rad 73 73
r 
Prad  Ploss R rad  R loss 73  7 80


ww % r

w .Ea
r  G D
GP 20

r

syE
ngi
nee
rin
Power radiated in desired direction
Power radiated in opposite direction
3000
300
g
 10 .ne
FBR
(in dB)
10 log 10 (10)  10 dB t
l/ 2
1 L
L eff  I m sin    |z| dz
Im 2 
 l/ 2

2 

 2
L
2
2  
 L eff  sin  
   z  dz
    4 
L

2
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

L
2
  2 z 
 sin  
2  
 dz
L

2

L
2 2 z
 L eff  cos

dz
L

2


 4
  2 z  1   L 
ww sin    2  
 

 
  
2

2 4


w
L eff

 .Ea
m  0.3183  m
4

syE 2

|E|
ngi
PR max 2 
nee
rin
Pavg
1 |E |2
2 0
g .ne
1
2
50  10 3 
120 
2

 3.315 
t
PR max 2  10 6
A em   0.6033 m 2
Pavg 3.315  10 6
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

F
(in dB)


  1.1 
 10 
 

ww
w
Pinput


.Ea Prad
U max

syE

Prad
Pinput ngi

Prad
0.4
nee
 Prad rin
U max 0.5
g .ne
P
 rad  

0.38 
 4    4  
t
U max 0.5

 Prad   0.3 
 4    4  


40
1 .


40
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

2 2
 dL  2     
R rad 80  2    80   
     
2
1 
80  2   
 40 

Im 125
I rms 

ww 2 2

w Prad
.Ea
R rad I rms
2
0.4934 88.38 2

r
syE
R rad

0.4934


R rad  R loss 0.4934  1

  
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t
 G D ,  in dB 
G D  ,   Antilog 10  
 10 

12
Antilog 10   
10 

Pd  ,   Pd  ,  
G D  ,   
Pavg  Prad 
 
 4 r2 
 
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

Pd  ,  

1 |E|2
Pd  ,    0  120 
2 0

Pd  ,  
1
1 |E|2 |E|2
2
2 0
G D  ,    120 
 Prad   Prad 
   

ww  4  r2   4  r2 

P 

w |E|2 G D  ,    rad  240 

.Ea
2
4  r 

6015.85 5  10 3 
60 G D  ,   Prad

syE r 3  10 3

ngi
nee
rin
V oc
E
g .ne
 t

fo
f 
Q
Operating (resonant) frequency
Q

 ( f)(Q)  (10  10 6 )(30) 300  10 6

f 
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

c 3  10 8
 
f 300  10 6


2

ww
w .Ea
4  10 6

syE
P
B ngi
1.38  10 23 (15  20) 48.3  10 23

nee
P
B  
S
4  10 6  48.3  10 23
rin
193.2  10 17 W g .ne
f
t
f0
f
Q

30  10 6
 600  10 3
Q

30  10 6

600  10 3

. 2
0119
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

z
Im

(dL) x
 
ZL Load
dL
R loss  0

ww y Incident wave


w
V OC .Ea
E dL
V OC

E syE
ngi
Z L  Z
nee (Z L )

rin
V OC

V OC
g .ne
Z L  Z (R L  jX)  (R rad  jX)

V OC
R L  R rad
t
R L  R rad
V OC

2 R rad

2
I 
PL I2  R L   m  R rad
rms  2
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

2
 V OC 
  2
V OC
 2 R rad  R
rad
 2  8 R rad
 
 

V OC
2
E  dL2
PL
8 R rad

ww
A em
Maximum power delivered to load
Average power density

w .Ea
PL
Pavg

syE
P avg
1 E
2
ngi
 0  120  
2 0

E
2
dL2 2 dL2  0
nee
A em
8  R rad
 0
E
2 4 R rad rin
g .ne
R rad
 dL 
80  2 
  

2
t
R rad
dL2 (120 ) 3 2
A em  
 2 8
 dL 
4 80 2   
    

0.119  2
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

z
R loss  0 /2

Im dI
I

2 
I m cos 
y
y
   dy
RL

e
av
w
nt
de
ww ci
In
x

w dV OC
.Ea
E cos 
2 
 
y  dy

d Voc RA

syE RL
dI

ngi
V OC
2


 2 
E cos 
 
y  dy

nee
0

4
2 E
4 rin
2 
0
E cos 
2 
 
y  dy
 2
  2
sin   y
 


 0 g .ne
E

   
 sin  2   sin ( 0)  
    t
E  
 V OC  sin  1, sin 0  0 
  2 

R rad  73 
RL
R rad

Maximum power received

A em
Average power density
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

2
E 
2 2  0  
V OC 8 R rad   
2 E 2  (8 R rad )
1 E
2 0

(120 )  E 2   2 120
 A em   2  0.1308  2
2
4   R rad  E 2 4    73

4 4
A em   2 )  1.643
ww 2 2
( 01308
.

w .Ea 0.1308 2
0.119 2

dL 

syE
ngi
5  10 9 Hz
nee PLoss

rin
r
G Pmax
G Dmax
 1
g .ne
 G Pmax G Dmax  D

4
t
A em
2

c 3  10 8
   0.06 m
f 5  10 9
2 2
 d 3
A em r 2         7.0685 m 2
2 2
4
 G Pmax (7.0685)  24673.72
( 0.06) 2
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

E 35  H 40

41257 41257
  29.4692
E H (35) (40)

ww A em
2
D
2
( 29.4692)

w 4

.Ea
4

0.3451  2 m 2

syE D ( ,  )

U ( ,  )  U 0 sin  sin 2 
U ( ,  ) 0    ngi
0    
U0
nee
4  U max rin
D ( ,  )
Prad

U 0 sin  sin 2 
g .ne
U ( ,  )

Prad

 

U( ,  ) d
t
  0  0

 
  U( ,  ) sin  d d
  0  0

 
  (U 0 sin  sin 2  ) (sin  d d )
  0  0

 
U0  sin 2  d  sin 2  d
 0  0
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

 2   2 
   
U 0  2  sin 2  d   2  sin 2  d 
   0     0 

  2 U 0
U 0    
2  2  4

4  U max 4  U0 16
D ( ,  )    5.0922
 2 U 0   2 U 0  
 
 4   4 
   
ww
w , 
.Ea sin  sin  ,

 0,
0    ;0   
0     ;     2

syE
, 
sin  sin  ,

 0,
0    ;0   
0     ;     2

4 ngi 4


00
sin 3  sin 2  d  d 
2  
nee
rin


g .ne
4  U max
Prad
t

2 2
   U ( ,  ) sin  d d 
 0  0


2

2 2 
 2
1
  6 cos  sin  d d  6  d .
2  2 sin  cos  d 
 0   0  0 0


2
1
6 ( 2)
2  sin 2  d    
0
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net


1   cos 2   2 1   cos   cos 0 
6(2 )   ( 2 )  
2 2 0 2 2 
1
( 2)   [1]  1
2

4  U max 4  ( 6)

Prad 6

ww 4 4
w 
D


.Ea4


 
syE
 rad
2 2

ngi
L eff
V oc 0.7 nee
Ei 2
rin

g .ne


r
R rad
Prad
Prad  Ploss
 R loss
73
73  8
 Gp
73
81
t
Gp 15
GD
r 0.9012

 10 log G D

sin 
Wrad = a r Wr = a r A o (W m 2 ) Ao 
r2
ar

sin 
W rad a r Wr ar A o
r2
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

2 
 sin   2
Prad sW rad  da n    a r Ao
r2 
  (r sin  d  d  a r )
0 0
2
2  
A o (2 )  sin  d A o (2 )   2
0
2

ww 
w .Ea 

syE 

 
ngi
nee
rin
g7.8956 

.ne
t
25 


44.7623 m2

36.5  j 21.25  50 
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

ww
w .Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t

  
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

ww
w Ae
T

.Ea
A eR

PT
syE
4 d 2 ngi
nee
rin
Power density at distance d
PT
g .ne
Ae
R
GT 
4 d 2
t
PT
G T  A e
R
4 d 2

4A e
T
2
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

Ae A e
T R
PT  W
d2 2

Ae Ae
T R

ww 

w .Ea
Ae
T
2
G
4 T
syE
ngi
Ae
2
G
nee
R 4 R
rin
Ae
T
Ae
R
g .ne
PT
 2

 4

  2
GT   G
  4 R
 
d2 2



 t
 2
  
PT (G T G R )  
 4 d 
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

2
  
PT (G R G T ) 
 4d 
c 3  10 8

f 1  10 9


ww (15)(1.5  1.5) 
0.3 

 4    10 
2


w .Ea
syE
ngi
nee

c 3  10 8
rin
f 2  10 9
g .ne
 PR 
 
1  10 12  t
 (100)(1  10 12 ) 1  10 10

2
  
PT (G T G R ) 
 4d 

2
 PR   4  d 
    
 GTGR    
2
 1  10 10   4    300  10 3 
  
 200  200   1.15 
  
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

Pt
Pr

GT GR
2  
   

ww PR PT (G T G R )  
 4 d 
10  (1.64) 2 
 4   100  10 3





w 
C
f
.Ea
3  10 8
100  10 6
 
PR
syE 
 4  314

3
  100  10 3



 10 – 5 W

ngi m2
m2

nee
PT Ae m2 A er m2 rin

C
f
3  10
5  10 9
8
g .ne
PR
 A  A er
PT  e
 d2  2






20 
2.5  0.5
 (15  10 3 ) 2  ( 0.06) 2





W t
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

ww PRX
PRX
PTX  G TX  L TX  L FS  L M  G RX  L RX

wPTX
G TX .Ea
L TX syE
L FS
LM
ngi
nee
G RX
L RX rin
GTX
Lfs
GRX g .ne
LTX
D
LRX
t
Transmitter Receiver
PTX PRX

 distance 
L FS (dB) 20 log 10  4  
 wavelength 
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

ww
w.Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

ww
w .Ea
Eb N0

syE
ngi
nee
rin
Gt

Gr
10 42

10 31 10
10
g .ne

120(15849)(1259)( 0.05) 2
t
G t G r2
Pr Pt
( 4 R) 2 ( 4 ) 2 ( 35.9  10 6 ) 2

2.94  10 11

fmi
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

fLO  fm fLO  fm
fLO
fm

Baseband
filter Power
amplifier
Mixer Antenna
fM FLO  fM

fM
FLO

ww Local
oscillator

w .Ea
(a)

IF filter Detector
Low-noise
amplifier syE Mixer
IF
amplifier
fM

FLO  fM fIF  fM
ngi fIF
fo = fLO – fIF

Local nee
oscillator

(b) rin
g .ne
t

2fm

fm
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

fLO  fm fLO  fm

ww
w GA, , TP .Ea GRF
TRF
LM
TM
GRF
TRF No, So
Si

Antenna
syE LT, TP
Transmission
line RF IF

Ni, Si
ngiAmp.
LO
Amp.

neeReceiver

rin
g No

.ne
t
G RF
TRF LM
TM G IF TIF

T0

TM TIF L M
TREC TRF  
G RF G RF

LT
Tp
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

TTL (L T  1)Tp

TTL  REC TTL  L T TREC (L T  1)Tp  L T TREC

TA Tb  (1  )Tp

ww  Tp Tb

w .Ea
Ni kBTA
syE kB [ Tb  (1  )Tp ]

ngi
St

nee Si N i

So
S i G RF G IF
S i G SYS rin
G SYS
LT LM
g .ne
No [N 1  kBTTL  REC ] G SYS kB(TA  TTL  REC )G SYS
kB [ Tb  (1  ) Tp  (L T  1) Tp  L T TREC ]G SYS t
kBTSYS G SYS
TSYS

So Si Si
No kBTSYS kB [ Tb  (1  )Tp  (L T  1)Tp  L T TREC ]

N1 kTo B
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

GA
 Tp Tb
LT G RF FRF
LM FM
G IF FIF
Si

ww
w G RF .Ea
10 20 10 G IF 10 30 10

LT
syE
10 1.5 10 LM 10 6 10

TM (FM  1)To (107

(10 3
10

10
ngi
 1)( 290)

TRF

TIF
(FRF  1)To

(FIF  1)To
 1)( 290)

(10 1.1 10  1)( 290)

nee
rin
TREC TRF 
TM TIF L M
G RF

G RF
289 
1163 84 (4.0)
100

100
g .ne
TTL
TA
(L T  1)Tp
 Tb  (1 –  ) Tp
(1.41  1) 300
t
N i  kBTA 1.38  10 23 (10 6 )(210) 2.9  10 –15 W

Si
Ni

TSYS TA + TTL  L T TREC

 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

So Si
No kBTSYS

kBTSYS 1.38  10 23 (10 6 )(762) 1.05  10 14

So
No

ww
w .Ea
R
v

syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
 
t
 

dL I

–
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

dL  2
 2  
  

dL  2
 2   
  

ww
w .Ea 



2

syE  2 
dL  2 2
 I
   eff
 2 

1  10 2

8
 3  10  




ngi  3  10 9  

nee 

rin
g .ne
R rad  2 
dL  2
  
  2 
  

  2  2

t

m
8

dL m
8

2
dL  2  8
R rad 80  2   80  2    12.337 
     
 
m m
10 50


 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

dL  2
 R rad 80  2  
  
 1 2
80   2      7.8956
 10  

dL  2
 R rad 80  2  
  

 1 2
ww 80   2      0.3158
 50  

w .Ea


syE 2 
dL  2
  


2 

 / 25  2
 
ngi


nee
 

Rr  Rl  Gp rin

Rr
Rr  Rl
72
80
g .ne
Gd
Gp

16
0.9
t
10 log G D 10 log
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

ww
w.Ea
syE
Prad
4 r 2

ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

ww
w 1 rad 2

.Ea
Solid angle of sphere
4

syE
ngi
A nee
rin
 
g .ne
t
, 
, 

Pdmax P( , ) max
Pavg 1
4 
P( , ) d
4
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net





4 4
A 4

ww
w .Ea
syE
ngi
nee
r

r
Prad
Prad  Ploss
R rad
R rad  R loss rin
g .ne
t
2
  
RR PT (G T G R )  
 4 d 

PR
PT
GT
GR

 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

, 

Pd ( , )
, 
Pin


ww Power radiated in desired direction
Power radiated in opposite direction

w .Ea
syE
ngi
M

 M
M nee
A
rin
( m )
( A )
g .ne
( M )

A M m t

0
 2  1
Q
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

R rad Ra R0

ww
w .Ea
syE
PR Z 2m ngi
PT 4RA R B
nee
rin
g .ne
t
Ei Voc

V oc
 L eff
Ei
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

Preceived
 Ae m2
Pavg

PR
m2 m2

ww
w .Ea
syE
Ae T  Ae R
d2 2
ngi
  
2 nee
 
 4d 
rin
g .ne
t


 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

c 3  10 8

f 4  10 8

2 ( 0.75) 2
4 4

ww E( )  cos2  0    90 


w


.Ea 




syE
0.707
 
  
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
 
t
   

4 4
 2. 67  
 2.67 
Di
D 1. 5
 D short in dBi 10 log  
 D i   1 
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

ww 


w .Ea 

syE 

ngi
nee 
36.5 
rin
1  10 9
g .ne

c
f
3  10 8
1  10 9
t

2 ( 0. 3) 2
Ae D (1.644) m2
4 4

/ 4
/ 2
 Downloaded From: www.EasyEngineering.net

ww
w.Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t