THE NATIONAL LAW INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY, BHOPAL

PROJECT

on

Changing Concept of Marital Relation and Its Impact on Society

submitted by
--
Enrolment Number: -
Roll Number: --
II Semester
B. A. LL. B. (Hons.)

submitted to
Prof. (---
Date of submission: ---
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS 2

TITLE 3

INTRODUCTION 3

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 7

HYPOTHESIS 7

RESEARCH QUESTIONS 7

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY 7

METHODOLOGY 8

THE CHANGING MODERN ATTITUDES TOWARDS MARRIAGE 8

IMPACT OF CHANGING MARITAL RELATIONS ON FAMILY DYNAMICS 9

IMPACT OF CHANGING MARITAL RELATIONS ON ECONOMIC FACTORS 11

IMPLICATIONS OF CHANGING MARITAL RELATIONS FOR SOCIETY 12

IMPLICATIONS OF CHANGING MARITAL RELATIONS FOR INDIVIDUALS 13

FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH ON CHANGING MARITAL RELATIONS 14

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 15

BIBLIOGRAPHY 16
 TITLE

The Changing Concept of Marital Relation and Its Impact on Society

INTRODUCTION
Throughout the last several decades, there have been significant social and cultural changes
that have affected many facets of life, including marriage. A focus on companionship, love,
and communication has replaced an emphasis on survival and financial stability in marriage
ideals, as well as changes in career, employment, and parental responsibilities. Traditional
concerns about family integrity have given way to an emphasis on self-fulfillment. It is not a
novel idea to think of marriage as an adult relationship between equals with clear duties and
obligations. Nonetheless, it is increasingly viewed as a collaboration of two autonomous
individuals with different aims, personalities, and styles.

Marriage, as a social institution, has undergone significant changes over time. It has evolved
from being an arrangement between two families to a bond between two individuals, from
being a patriarchal institution to a more egalitarian one. The changing concept of marital
relations has had a profound impact on society. In this project, the transformation of marital
relations and its impact on society will be explored.

The traditional concept of marriage was based on patriarchy, where the husband was
considered the head of the household, and the wife was expected to be submissive and
obedient. However, with the advent of modernity and women's liberation movements, the
concept of marriage has undergone a radical transformation. Marriage is no longer seen as a
means of procreation or economic security. Instead, it is now viewed as a union between two
equal individuals based on mutual love, respect, and companionship.

This changing concept of marital relations has had a significant impact on society. Firstly, it
has led to the empowerment of women. Women are no longer seen as mere homemakers but
as equal partners in the marital relationship. They are free to pursue their careers and
aspirations, which were previously limited by their gender roles. This has led to greater
gender equality and reduced gender disparities in society.

Secondly, the changing concept of marital relations has led to the breakdown of traditional
family structures. The concept of a nuclear family, which comprises a husband, wife, and
children, is no longer the norm. Instead, we see more diverse family structures, such as

3
single-parent families, cohabiting couples, and same-sex couples. These changes have led to
greater diversity in society and challenged traditional gender roles.

Lastly, he changing concept of marital relations has led to greater social acceptance of
divorce. Divorce was once considered taboo and stigmatized. However, with the changing
concept of marriage, divorce is now seen as a way to end an unhappy or unfulfilling
relationship. This has led to a decrease in marital conflict and domestic violence.

The changing concept of marital relations has had a significant impact on society. It has led
to the empowerment of women, the breakdown of traditional family structures, and greater
social acceptance of divorce. These changes have led to greater diversity and reduced gender
disparities in society. As we continue to evolve as a society, it is important to recognize the
changing nature of marital relations and work towards creating a more equitable and just
society.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

● Lauren Berlant, ‘Intimacies: A New World of Relational Life, 1 st Edition,

Routledge, 2015
It is an illuminating book that explores the changing nature of intimacy in
contemporary society. Berlant, a renowned cultural theorist, argues that intimacy is no
longer just a personal experience, but a public one that is shaped by social and
political forces.
The book is divided into three parts: "Cruel Optimism," "The Female Complaint," and
"On the Scene of Sexual Difference." Each part focuses on a different aspect of
intimacy, from the pursuit of happiness and the search for love to the politics of
gender and sexuality. One of the strengths of the book is Berlant's ability to weave
together theory and personal narrative. She draws on her own experiences and those
of others to illustrate her arguments, making the book both accessible and relatable.
This approach also allows her to highlight the emotional and affective dimensions of
intimacy, which are often overlooked in academic writing. Berlant's analysis is
incisive and thought-provoking. She challenges traditional notions of intimacy and
love, arguing that they are often based on unrealistic expectations and ideals. She also
shows how intimacy is intimately tied to power, privilege, and inequality. Her
discussion of the "female complaint" is particularly powerful, as she critiques the way

4
 in which women are expected to perform emotional labor and nurture others at the
expense of their own needs and desires. While the book is dense and at times
challenging, it is well worth the effort. Berlant's insights are crucial for understanding
the changing nature of intimacy in contemporary society, and her call for a more
expansive and inclusive understanding of intimacy is both timely and urgent.

● Arlie Hochschild, ‘The Second Shift: Working Families and the Revolution at

Home’, Penguin Books, 2012

It is a ground-breaking book that explores the impact of gender inequality on working
families. Hochschild, a renowned sociologist, coined the term "second shift" to
describe the unpaid work that women do at home after they finish their paid work
outside of the home. The book is based on interviews with fifty couples who are
juggling work and family responsibilities. Hochschild's analysis reveals that despite
the fact that women are increasingly working outside of the home, they continue to
bear the brunt of domestic labor. Men, on the other hand, are often seen as "helpers"
rather than equal partners in the home. One of the plus points of the book is its
accessibility. Hochschild writes in a clear and engaging style, making the book
accessible to a wide audience. She uses real-life stories to illustrate her arguments,
which makes the book both relatable and compelling. Another strength of the book is
Hochschild's nuanced analysis of the relationship between work and family. She
shows how the demands of work often conflict with the demands of family life, and
how this conflict disproportionately affects women. She also examines the impact of
social norms and cultural expectations on gender roles, and how these expectations
shape our understanding of what it means to be a "good" worker or a "good" parent. It
is an important book that continues to resonate today, more than three decades after it
was first published.

● Don S. Browning, ‘Marriage and Modernization: How Globalization Threatens

Marriage and What to Do About It’, William B Eerdmans Publishing Co, 2003
It is a timely and thought-provoking book that addresses the challenges facing
marriage in an era of globalization. The book offers a nuanced analysis of the impact
of globalization on marriage and family life, and offers a compelling vision for how
we can respond to these challenges. The authors argue that globalization has brought
about significant changes in the social and economic structures that support marriage
and family life. These changes have contributed to the decline of marriage in many
5
 parts of the world, as well as to the erosion of traditional gender roles and family
structures.
The book offers a comprehensive analysis of these trends, drawing on a wide range of
social science research and case studies from around the world. The authors also offer
a number of practical solutions to address these challenges, including policies and
programs that support marriage and family life, as well as efforts to promote gender
equality and empower women. One of the high points of the book is its focus on the
intersection of global and local factors that shape marriage and family life. The
authors show how economic and social changes at the global level have a direct
impact on the lives of individuals and families, and how local cultural norms and
practices can either reinforce or challenge these trends. Another strength of the book
is its interdisciplinary approach. The authors draw on insights from sociology,
anthropology, psychology, and theology to offer a rich and nuanced analysis of the
complex dynamics of marriage and family life. It offers a compelling analysis of the
challenges facing marriage and family life in the 21st century.

● Brian J. Willoughby, Spencer L. James, ‘The Marriage Paradox: Why Emerging

Adults Love Marriage Yet Push it Aside’ Oxford, 2017

It is a thought-provoking book that sheds light on the contradictions and complexities

of contemporary attitudes towards marriage. This book is a comprehensive
exploration of the attitudes, behaviours, and values of emerging adults regarding
marriage. It begins with an overview of the current state of marriage, highlighting the
trend of delayed marriage and the rise of cohabitation. The authors argue that despite
these trends, emerging adults still hold marriage in high regard and value its
importance in their lives. However, they also acknowledge that emerging adults face
unique challenges when it comes to navigating relationships and making decisions
about marriage. Throughout the book, the authors use a combination of quantitative
and qualitative research to explore these challenges and contradictions. They draw on
data from surveys, interviews, and focus groups to examine topics such as
commitment, communication, sexuality, gender roles, and cultural expectations. One
of the strengths of this book is the authors' ability to present complex ideas in an
accessible and engaging way. They use real-life examples and personal anecdotes to
illustrate their points and make the research findings more relatable. They also
provide practical advice for individuals who are struggling to navigate the

6
 complexities of relationships and marriage. It is a well-researched and insightful book
that provides valuable insights into the attitudes and behaviours of emerging adults
regarding marriage

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Challenges to traditional gender roles, shifts in family structures, and potential changes to
social institutions and cultural values can be considered as some problems in the changing
concept of marital relations and its impact on society. This project seeks to delineate and
examine these problems and provide solutions and reasonable opinions.

HYPOTHESIS

The constant changes in marital norms and values will lead to shifts in gender roles, family
structures, and social institutions, which will have both positive and negative impacts on
individuals and society as a whole.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This project aims to answer the following questions:

 How have the norms and values surrounding marital relations changed over time?
 What are the factors driving changes in marital norms and values?
 What are the effects of changing marital norms and values on gender roles within
marriages?
 How are changes in marital norms and values impacting family structures and
relationships?
 How do individuals experience and navigate the changing landscape of marital
relations?

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The objectives of study for this project are:

 To identify and analyze the historical, cultural, and social factors that have
contributed to changes in marital norms and values.

7
  To investigate how changing marital norms and values are impacting gender roles
within marriages and family structures.
 To assess the impact of changing marital norms and values on the psychological well-
being and life satisfaction of individuals.
 To develop recommendations for individuals, families, and policymakers to better
navigate and respond to the changing concept of marital relation and its impact on
society.

METHODOLOGY

This project has been made using the doctrinal method of research. Various primary sources
such as scholarly articles, as well as secondary sources like books, journal articles,
commentaries were accessed to make this project. The information thus collected was
thoroughly studied and critically analysed.

THE CHANGING MODERN ATTITUDES TOWARDS MARRIAGE

The institution of marriage has undergone significant changes in recent decades. Traditional
norms and values that once defined the concept of marriage have shifted, giving way to new
attitudes and beliefs about the nature and purpose of marriage

One of the most significant changes in modern attitudes towards marriage is the declining
prevalence of marriage as an institution. In the past, marriage was seen as a fundamental part
of adult life, with the majority of individuals eventually getting married 1. However, in recent
years, there has been a significant decline in the percentage of individuals who choose to get
married2. This decline has been accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of
cohabitation, which is now considered a viable alternative to marriage by many3.

This shift in attitudes towards marriage is partly due to changes in societal norms and values.
In the past, marriage was seen as a social obligation that individuals had to fulfill. Today,
however, there is more emphasis on individual choice and personal fulfilment. This has led to
a greater acceptance of non-traditional forms of relationships, including cohabitation and
non-monogamous relationships.

1
Bumpass, L. L., & Lu, H. H. (2000). Trends in cohabitation and implications for children's family contexts in
the United States. Population Studies, 54(1), 29-41.
2
Pew Research Center. (2021). 8 facts about love and marriage in America. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-
tank
3
Bumpass, L. L., & Lu, H. H. (2000). Trends in cohabitation and implications for children's family contexts in
the United States. Population Studies, 54(1), 29-41.

8
Another factor contributing to the changing attitudes towards marriage is the rise of feminism
and the changing role of women in society. Women today are more likely to pursue higher
education and professional careers, which has led to a shift in the traditional division of
labour within households. This has challenged traditional gender roles and the idea that
women should prioritize marriage and family over career aspirations. As a result, many
women today are more hesitant to get married or are delaying marriage until later in life 4

The changing attitudes towards marriage have significant implications for society. One of the
most notable impacts is on the family structure. With fewer individuals choosing to get
married and more opting for alternative forms of relationships, there has been an increase in
the prevalence of single-parent households and blended families 5. This can have a significant
impact on children's well-being, as children from single-parent households are more likely to
experience poverty and social disadvantage.

The changing modern attitudes towards marriage have been accompanied by a decline in the
prevalence of marriage, an increase in the acceptance of non-traditional forms of
relationships, and a shift in the traditional gender roles within households. These changes
have significant implications for society, particularly in terms of family structure and
children's well-being. While these changes are still ongoing, it is clear that the institution of
marriage will continue to evolve and adapt to changing societal norms and values.

IMPACT OF CHANGING MARITAL RELATIONS ON FAMILY

DYNAMICS
As the nature of marital relations has evolved, so too has the traditional family structure. This
sub-topic will explore the impact of changing marital relations on family dynamics and the
implications of these changes for society.

One of the most significant impacts of changing marital relations on family dynamics has
been the rise of non-traditional family structures. With more individuals opting for alternative
forms of relationships, such as cohabitation or non-monogamous relationships, the traditional
nuclear family structure has become less prevalent 6. This has led to an increase in the number

4
DePaulo, B. M. (2006). Singled out: How singles are stereotyped, stigmatized, and ignored, and still live
happily ever after. St. Martin's Griffin.
5
Pew Research Center. (2021). 8 facts about love and marriage in America. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-
tank
6
Popenoe, D. (1996). Life without father: Compelling new evidence that fatherhood and marriage are
indispensable for the good of children and society. Simon and Schuster.

9
of single-parent households and blended families, which can have significant implications for
children's well-being7.

The changing nature of marital relations has also led to a shift in the traditional gender roles
within households. In the past, women were expected to prioritize marriage and family over
career aspirations, while men were expected to be the primary breadwinners 8. However, as
women have gained greater access to education and career opportunities, the traditional
division of labour within households has become less common. This has led to a greater
emphasis on shared responsibilities and a more equal distribution of household duties.

Another impact of changing marital relations on family dynamics is the blurring of

boundaries between family and non-family relationships. With more individuals forming
non-traditional relationships, the distinction between family and non-family relationships has
become less clear (Popenoe, 1996). This has led to a greater emphasis on chosen family,
where individuals create familial-like bonds with friends or non-biological relatives.

The implications of these changes for society are complex. On the one hand, non-traditional
family structures and the blurring of boundaries between family and non-family relationships
can lead to greater flexibility and diversity within families. On the other hand, these changes
can also lead to greater instability and uncertainty, particularly for children who may struggle
to navigate non-traditional family structures.

The impact of changing marital relations on family dynamics has been significant. The rise of
non-traditional family structures, the shift in traditional gender roles within households, and
the blurring of boundaries between family and non-family relationships have all had
implications for society. While these changes have led to greater flexibility and diversity
within families, they have also created new challenges and uncertainties. As the nature of
marital relations continues to evolve, it will be important to consider the implications of these
changes for family dynamics and the well-being of individuals within families.

7
McLanahan, S. S., & Sandefur, G. (1994). Growing up with a single parent: What hurts, what helps. Harvard
University Press.
8
Popenoe, D. (1996). Life without father: Compelling new evidence that fatherhood and marriage are
indispensable for the good of children and society. Simon and Schuster.

10
 IMPACT OF CHANGING MARITAL RELATIONS ON ECONOMIC

FACTORS
As individuals increasingly opt for non-traditional forms of relationships, such as
cohabitation or non-monogamous relationships, the economic implications of these choices
become increasingly important.

One of the most significant economic impacts of changing marital relations has been on
household finances. As more individuals opt for cohabitation instead of marriage, the
traditional financial benefits of marriage, such as tax breaks and joint bank accounts, become
less accessible9. This can lead to greater financial strain on couples, particularly those with
lower incomes.

The changing nature of marital relations has also led to a shift in the traditional gender roles
within households, which can have implications for economic factors. As women have gained
greater access to education and career opportunities, the traditional division of labor within
households has become less common. This can lead to greater economic independence for
women, as they are no longer solely reliant on their partners for financial support10

Another economic impact of changing marital relations is on the division of assets in the
event of a breakup. In many cases, the legal protections and financial benefits of marriage are
not available to individuals in non-traditional relationships, leading to greater uncertainty and
financial instability in the event of a breakup.

The implications of these economic changes for individuals and society are complex. On the
one hand, greater economic independence for women and a greater emphasis on shared
responsibilities within households can lead to greater financial stability and flexibility. On the
other hand, the lack of legal protections and financial benefits for non-traditional
relationships can lead to greater economic insecurity for some individuals.

The shift towards non-traditional relationships has led to changes in household finances, the
traditional division of labor within households, and the division of assets in the event of a
breakup. While these changes have led to greater flexibility and independence for some
individuals, they have also created new challenges and uncertainties. As the nature of marital

9
Goldscheider, F. K., & Sassler, S. (2006). Creating stepfamilies: Integrating children into the study of union
formation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(2), 275-291.
10
Lichter, D. T., Sassler, S., & Turner, R. N. (2016). Cohabitation, post-conception unions, and the rise in
nonmarital fertility. Social Science Research, 58, 57-68.

11
relations continues to evolve, it will be important to consider the implications of these
changes for economic factors and the well-being of individuals and society as a whole.

IMPLICATIONS OF CHANGING MARITAL RELATIONS FOR

SOCIETY
The institution of marriage has undergone significant changes in recent years, with changing
attitudes towards marital relations having important implications for society as a whole. One
of the most significant implications of changing marital relations is the impact on family
structures. As individuals increasingly opt for non-traditional forms of relationships, such as
cohabitation or same-sex marriage, the traditional nuclear family structure becomes less
common11. This can lead to changes in the way families function, with less emphasis on
traditional gender roles and greater emphasis on shared responsibilities and individual
autonomy.

The changing nature of marital relations also has implications for social norms within society.
As people increasingly choose to form non-traditional relationships, traditional social norms
surrounding marriage are being challenged12. This can lead to greater acceptance of diverse
relationships and a more open-minded approach to relationships, but it can also create tension
between those who adhere to traditional values and those who embrace change.

Furthermore, the changing nature of marital relations has significant implications for the
economy. As more people delay or choose not to get married, the traditional economic
benefits of marriage, such as tax incentives and joint property ownership, are being lost 13.
This can lead to economic insecurity for some individuals and greater financial strain on
social welfare systems.

The changing nature of marital relations has significant implications for society as a whole,
impacting family structures, social norms, and the economy. While these changes can create
greater flexibility and individual autonomy, they can also lead to tension between traditional
and modern values and pose challenges to established social norms and economic structures.
As society continues to adapt to these changes, it is important to consider the implications for

11
Crosby, R. A., & Stumpe, S. M. (2015). The shifting landscape of family formation: implications for sexual
health and relationships. Current opinion in psychology, 1, 64-68.
12
Twenge, J. M., Sherman, R. A., & Wells, B. E. (2019). Changes in American adults' sexual behavior and
attitudes, 1972-2018. Archives of sexual behavior, 48(3), 865-878.
13
Kramarow, E., & Wilmoth, J. R. (2019). Does Marriage Still Matter for Health in the Era of Non-Traditional
Family Structures?. Journal of marriage and family, 81(2), 381-393.

12
individuals and society as a whole, and work towards creating a more inclusive and equitable
society for all.

IMPLICATIONS OF CHANGING MARITAL RELATIONS FOR

INDIVIDUALS
The changing nature of marital relations has significant implications for individuals,
impacting their relationships, personal values, and sense of identity. One of the most
significant implications of changing marital relations is the impact on personal autonomy. As
individuals increasingly opt for non-traditional forms of relationships, such as cohabitation or
non-monogamous relationships, they have greater freedom to define their relationships on
their own terms14. This can lead to greater satisfaction and fulfilment in relationships, as
individuals are able to tailor their relationships to meet their specific needs and desires.

The changing nature of marital relations also has implications for mental health. As
individuals experience greater flexibility in their relationships, they may also experience less
social stigma and shame associated with non-traditional relationships 15. This can lead to
improved mental health outcomes, as individuals are able to live more authentically and
without fear of judgment.

Furthermore, the changing nature of marital relations has significant implications for social
support networks. As individuals increasingly form non-traditional relationships, they may
also form more diverse social support networks that extend beyond traditional family
structures16. This can lead to greater social connectedness and support, as individuals are able
to draw upon a wider range of relationships for emotional and practical support.

The changing nature of marital relations has significant implications for individuals,
impacting personal autonomy, mental health, and social support networks. While these
changes can create greater flexibility and fulfilment in relationships, they can also challenge
traditional values and norms, and pose new challenges for individuals as they navigate the
complexities of non-traditional relationships. As individuals continue to adapt to these
changes, it is important to consider the implications for personal values, identity, and well-

14
Rubin, J. D. (2017). Non-monogamy and polyamory: Possibilities and challenges for women. Women's
Studies International Forum, 63, 59-65.
15
Cohen, L. R., & Langer, A. (2017). Sexual ethics and non-monogamous relationships. The Journal of Sex
Research, 54(2), 129-137.
16
Henderson, L., & Dancyger, C. (2020). Non-monogamy and its meanings for social work practice. Journal of
Social Work Practice, 34(1), 85-99.

13
being, and work towards creating a society that supports a diverse range of relationship
styles.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH ON CHANGING MARITAL

RELATIONS
As societal attitudes towards marital relations continue to shift, it is important for researchers
to explore the implications of these changes in greater detail. In this sub-topic, potential
future directions for research on changing marital relations, with a focus on areas such as
diversity and inclusion, the impact of technology, and the intersection of marital relations
with other aspects of identity

One area of future research is the exploration of diversity and inclusion in marital relations.
As non-traditional relationships become increasingly common, it is important to consider the
experiences of individuals from marginalized groups. Research could explore how factors
such as race, gender identity, and sexual orientation impact the way individuals experience
and navigate non-traditional relationships17.

Another area of research is the impact of technology on marital relations. As technology

continues to transform the way individuals form and maintain relationships, it is important to
consider how this impacts the nature and dynamics of marital relations. Research could
explore the ways in which technology facilitates non-traditional relationships, such as long-
distance relationships or relationships formed through online platforms18.

Finally, future research could explore the intersection of marital relations with other aspects
of identity, such as career aspirations, religious beliefs, or political values. As individuals
increasingly seek to integrate these different aspects of identity into their relationships, it is
important to consider the impact on relationship satisfaction and well-being19.

As societal attitudes towards marital relations continue to shift, it is important for researchers
to explore the implications of these changes in greater detail. Future research could explore

17
Kuperberg, A., & Walker, H. (2021). Love in the time of Covid: The impact of the pandemic on American
relationships. Social Science & Medicine, 274, 113793.
18
Hobbs, M., & Gallup, A. C. (2020). Social media and romantic relationships. Current Opinion in Psychology,
36, 33-37.
19
McNulty, J. K., & Karney, B. R. (2020). Integrating work and personal life. Current Opinion in Psychology,
35, 1-5.

14
areas such as diversity and inclusion, the impact of technology, and the intersection of marital
relations with other aspects of identity. By understanding the complex ways in which
changing marital relations impact individuals and society, researchers can contribute to the
development of policies and practices that support a diverse range of relationship styles.

CONCLUSION & SUGGESTIONS

The changing concept of marital relations has had significant impacts on various aspects of
society, including family dynamics, economic factors, and individual well-being. However,
there is still much to be explored in terms of the implications of these changes, particularly
with regards to diversity and inclusion, the impact of technology, and the intersection of
marital relations with other aspects of identity.

Future research in these areas could provide valuable insights into the ways in which
changing marital relations impact individuals and society as a whole, and contribute to the
development of policies and practices that support a diverse range of relationship styles.
Furthermore, continued dialogue and education on non-traditional relationships can help to
reduce stigma and promote acceptance of diverse relationship styles.

Overall, it is important for individuals, communities, and policymakers to recognize and

adapt to the changing nature of marital relations in order to promote healthy and fulfilling
relationships for all individuals, regardless of their relationship style.

15
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bumpass, L. L., & Lu, H. H. (2000). Trends in cohabitation and implications for children's
family contexts in the United States. Population Studies, 54(1), 29-41.

Pew Research Center. (2021). 8 facts about love and marriage in America.
https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank

DePaulo, B. M. (2006). Singled out: How singles are stereotyped, stigmatized, and ignored,
and still live happily ever after. St. Martin's Griffin.

Popenoe, D. (1996). Life without father: Compelling new evidence that fatherhood and
marriage are indispensable for the good of children and society. Simon and Schuster.

McLanahan, S. S., & Sandefur, G. (1994). Growing up with a single parent: What hurts,
what helps. Harvard University Press.

Goldscheider, F. K., & Sassler, S. (2006). Creating stepfamilies: Integrating children into the
study of union formation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(2), 275-291.

Lichter, D. T., Sassler, S., & Turner, R. N. (2016). Cohabitation, post-conception unions, and
the rise in nonmarital fertility. Social Science Research, 58, 57-68.

Crosby, R. A., & Stumpe, S. M. (2015). The shifting landscape of family formation:
implications for sexual health and relationships. Current opinion in psychology, 1, 64-68.

Twenge, J. M., Sherman, R. A., & Wells, B. E. (2019). Changes in American adults' sexual
behavior and attitudes, 1972-2018. Archives of sexual behavior, 48(3), 865-878.

Kramarow, E., & Wilmoth, J. R. (2019). Does Marriage Still Matter for Health in the Era of
Non-Traditional Family Structures?. Journal of marriage and family, 81(2), 381-393.

Rubin, J. D. (2017). Non-monogamy and polyamory: Possibilities and challenges for women.
Women's Studies International Forum, 63, 59-65.

Cohen, L. R., & Langer, A. (2017). Sexual ethics and non-monogamous relationships. The
Journal of Sex Research, 54(2), 129-137.

Henderson, L., & Dancyger, C. (2020). Non-monogamy and its meanings for social work
practice. Journal of Social Work Practice, 34(1), 85-99.

16
Kuperberg, A., & Walker, H. (2021). Love in the time of Covid: The impact of the pandemic
on American relationships. Social Science & Medicine, 274, 113793.

Hobbs, M., & Gallup, A. C. (2020). Social media and romantic relationships. Current
Opinion in Psychology, 36, 33-37.

McNulty, J. K., & Karney, B. R. (2020). Integrating work and personal life. Current Opinion
in Psychology, 35, 1-5.

17