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NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (rev.)The plumbing systems: water supply, sewage collection and disposal and stormwater drainage involve the
right choice of materials, the economical design of the systems and their proper operation and maintenance. The supply of adequate hot, cold and chilled water, the
efficient conveyance and disposal of wastewater such as food wastes and human excreta from plumbing fiXtures require provision of enough air, which will result to
the efficient installation of the systems.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
*The basic principles of the 1999 National Plumbing Code of the Philippines is an update of the tenets established in the "Plumbing Law of the Philippines" approved
on 18 June 1955 as amended on 28 November 1959.
*The basic goal of the 1999 National Plumbing Code of the Philippines is to ensure the unqualified observance of the latest provisions of the plumbing and
environmental laws.
Principle No. 1: All premises intended for human habitation, occupancy or use shall be provided with a supply of pure and wholesome water, neither
connected with unsafe water supplies nor subject to hazards of backflow or back-siphonage.
Principle No. 2: Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied with water in sufficient volume and at pressure adequate to enable
them to function satisfactorily and without undue noise under all nonnal conditions of use.
Principle No.3: Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quantity of water consistent with proper perfonnance and cleaning.
Principle No. 4: Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to prevent dangers from explosion through overheating.
Principle No. 5: Every building having plumbing fixtures installed and intended for human habitation, occupancy or usc on premises abutting on a street,
alley or easement where there is a public sewer, shall be connected to the sewer system.
Principle No.6: Each family dwelling unit on premises abutting on a sewer or with a private sewage-disposal system shall have at least one water closet
and one kitchen type sink. Further, a lavatory and bathtub or shower shall be installed to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and personal
hygiene.
Principle No.7: Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non·absorbent material, free from concealed fouling surfaces and shall be located in
ventilated enclosures.
Principle No. 8: - The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained to safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging and with
adequate cleanouts so arranged that the pipes may be readily cleaned.
Principle No. 9: - All piping of plumbing systems shall be of durable NAMPAP APPROVED materials, free form defective workmanship, designed and
constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to ensure satisfactory service
Principle No. 10 - Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a water-sealed trap.
Principle No. 11: The drainage piping system shall be designed to provide adequate circulation of air free from siphonage, aspiration or forcing of trap
seals under ordinary use
Principle No. 12 - Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to preempt clogging and the return of foul air to the building.
Principle No. 13 - Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the workmanship.
Principle No. 14 - No substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixture, destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere unduly with the
sewage, disposal process shall be allowed to enter the building drainage system.
Principle No. 15 - Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water, sterile goods and similar materials by backflow of
sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device or appliance shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage system.
Principle No. 16 - No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not properly lighted and ventilated.
.Principle No. 17 - If water closets or other plumbing fixtures are installed in buildings where there is no sewer within a reasonable distance, suitable
provision shall be made for disposing of the building sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal, such as a septic tank.
Principle No. 18 - Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject tb backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in
the building.
Principle No. 19 - Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by Registered Master Plumbers
Principle No. 20 - All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be accessible for their intended use.
Principle No. 21 - Plumbing shall be installed by Registered Master Plumbers with due regard to the preservation of the strength of structural members
and the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces through fixture usage
Principle No. 22 - Sewage or other waste from a plumbing system which may be deleterious to surface or sub-sutface waters shall not be discharged
into the ground or into any waterway, unless first rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form of treatment.
Water supply systems are networks whose edges and nodes are pressure pipes and either pipe junctions, water sources or end-users, respectively. Their function is
to provide end-users with potable water with a sufficient pressure level. A WSS can be decomposed into hierarchically arranged tiers.
These pipes are most commonly used in water distribution system mainly because of the following reasons; They are cheaper in cost, It has high resistance to
corrosion, and It is highly durable.
COMMONLY USED FOR PIPES FOR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
Steel Pipes
Use of steel pipes in water supply system is suggested when pipes are subjected to very high pressure (i.e. above 7
kg/cm2), large diameter pipes are required and Steel pipes are used because they are stronger and lighter in weight as
compared to C.I. pipes.
These pipes, however, require adequate preventive measure to sustain adverse atmospheric conditions.
When steel pipes are encased in cement mortar or cement concrete, they are called Hume Steel pipes.
This type of pipe is used for water supply work inside the building. These pipes are wrought steel pipes provided with zinc
coating.
They are available in light, medium and heavy grades depending on the thickness of the metal. For a 15 mm GI pipe, the
thicknesses are 2.0, 2.65 & 3.25 for the light, medium and heavy grades, respectively. Generally the medium grade pipes
are used for internal plumbing in building.Mostly screw and socket joints are used for G.I. pipes
COPPER PIPE
These pipes are used in hot water installation. They have high tensile strength and can therefore have thin walls and
they can be bent easily.
Copper pipes are sometimes coated with chromium to enhance its appearance.
These pipes are being used increasingly these days for supply of cold water in external and internal plumbing workThey are light in weight, non-
corrosive, lower in cost and do not require any threading for connections.
COMMONLY USED FOR PIPES FOR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM. There are 3 common types of plastic pipes are available in market, as
given below
Unplasticized PVC (UPVC) or rigid pipes for use with cold water
Plasticized PVC pipes which are plasticized with addition of rubber. It has lower strength and lower working temperature
than UPVC pipes.
Chlorinated PVC (CPVC) pipes which can withstand higher temperatures upto 1200 (used to carry hot water)
PPR pipes (Polypropylene Random Copolymer pipes) are a type of plastic pipe made from a blend of polypropylene and ethylene copolymers. PPR is a
high-technology plastic pipe, which is modern plumbing's important solution when matched to cold galvanized pipes for all hot water systems
Each plumbing fixture shall be provided with an adequate supply of potable running water so arranged as to flush and keep same in clean and healthful
condition as without danger of backflow or cross-connection. Water closets and urinals shall be flushed by means of an approved flush tank or
flushometer valve. Faucets and diverters shall be connected to the hot and cold water distribution supplies so that the hot water supply is located at
Ieft side of the combination fittings
IMPURITIES IN WATER
EXTRAINED GASES
DISSOLVED MINERALS
SUSPENDED AND COLLOIDAL MATERIALSB
WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING
Water-Resources Engineering
Water-resources engineering is an area of professional practice that includes the design of systems to control the quantity, quality, timing, and
distribution of water to meet the needs of human habitation and the environment.
Examples of water-resource systems include domestic, commercial, and industrial water supply, wastewater treatment, irrigation, drainage, flood
control, salinity control, sediment control, pollution abatement, and hydropower-generation systems
The waters of the earth are found on land, in the oceans, and in the atmosphere, and the core science of water-resources engineering is HYDROLOGY
HYDROLOGY
WHAT IS HYDROLOGY?
Hydrology is the study of the distribution and movement of water both on and below the Earth’s surface, as well as the impact of human activity on
water availability and conditions.
Hydrology is an extremely important field of study, dealing with one of the most valuable resources on Earth: water. All aspects of the Earth’s available
water are studied by experts from many disciplines, from geologists to engineers, to obtain the information needed to manage this vital resource.
Hydrologists rely on their understanding of how water interacts with its environment, including how it moves from the Earth’s surface, to the
atmosphere, and then back to Earth. This never-ending movement is called the hydrologic cycleor the water cycle.
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
Cycle that involves the continuous circulation of water in the Earth-atmosphere system. Of the many processes involved in the water cycle, the
most important are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. Although the total amount of water within the cycle
remains essentially constant, its distribution among the various processes is continually changing.
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
This diagram shows how, in the hydrologic cycle trannsferred between the land surface, the ocean, and the atmosphere.
The present-day surface hydrologic cycle. The
numbers in parentheses refer to volumes of
water in millions of cubic kilometres, and the
fluxes adjacent to the arrows are in millions of
cubic kilometres of water per year.
The hydrologic cycle has no defined start or end, but the steps/processes involved are:
Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation
Transpiration
Sublimation
Runoff
.Precipitation - any liquid or frozen water that forms in the atmosphere and falls to Earth.
Interception - When precipitation reaches the surface in vegetated areas, a certain percentage of it is retained on or intercepted by the vegetation
Sublimation - a change directly from the solid to the gaseous state without becoming liquid. (e.g. dry ice)
Runoff - Runoff is the downward movement of surface water under gravity in channels ranging from small rills to large rivers. Channel flows of this sort can be
perennial, flowing all the time, or they can be ephemeral, flowing intermittently after periods of rainfall or snowmelt
Stream discharge - Stream discharge is normally expressed in units of volume per unit time (e.g., cubic metres per second), although this is sometimes
converted to an equivalent depth over the upstream catchment area. There are a number of techniques for measuring stream discharge.
Infiltration - When water from a rainstorm or a period of snowmelt reaches the ground, some or all of it will infiltrate the soil. The rate of infiltration depends
on the intensity of the input, the initial moisture condition of the surface soil layer, and the hydraulic characteristics of the soil.
The uncertainty and natural variability of hydrologic processes require that most water resource systems be designed with some degree of risk (of failure).
Approaches to designing such systems can be classified as either frequency-based design, risk-based design, or critical event design.
In frequency-based design, the exceedance probability of the design event is selected a prior and the water-resource system is designed to accommodate all lesser
events up to and including an event with the selected exceedance probability. The water-resource system will then be expected to fail with a probability equal to
the exceedance probability of the design event. The frequency-based design approach is commonly used in designing the minor structures of urban drainage
systems.
In risk-based design, systems are designed such that the sum of the capital cost and the cost of failure is minimized. Capital costs tend to increase and the cost of
failure tends to decrease with increasing system capacity. Because any threats to human life are generally assigned extremely high failure costs, structures such as
large dams are usually designed for rare hydrologic events with long return periods and commensurate small failure risks.
In critical-event design, some extreme cases where the consequences of failure are truly catastrophic, water resource systems are designed for the largest possible
magnitude of a hydrologic event. The value of the design (hydrologic) variable in this case is referred to as the estimated limiting value (ELV). Water-resource
systems can be broadly categorized as water-control systems or water use systems, with design objectives however, these systems are not mutually exclusive.
Drainage
Flood control
Wastewater treatment
Irrigation
Hydropower generation
Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of a surface's water and sub-surface water from an area with excess water.
FLOOD CONTROL
Flood control (or flood mitigation or flood protection or flood alleviation) methods are used to reduce or prevent the detrimental effects of flood
waters.[1][2] Flood relief methods are used to reduce the effects of flood waters or high water levels
SALINITY CONTROL
Soil salinity control relates to controlling the problem of soil salinity and reclaiming salinized agricultural land. The purpose of soil salinity control is to
prevent soil degradation by salinization and reclaim already salty (saline) soils. Soil reclamation is also called soil improvement, rehabilitation,
remediation, recuperation, or amelioration
SEDIMENT CONTROL
Sediment control aims to stop soils and other sediments from a building site washing into gutters, drains, and waterway
POLLUTION ABATEMENT
Pollution abatement refers to the measures taken to deduce, stop and eliminate pollution from the environment.
WATER-USE SYSTEM
IRRIGATION
HYDROPOWER GENERATION