Input and Output Systems

The components of computer hardware and software that enable the exchange of
data between a computer and its external environment are called input and output
systems. Input refers to the process of entering data into a computer system, while
output involves the display or retrieval of processed information. These systems act
as intermediaries, bridging the gap between human users and the electronic realm.

5 Types of Input and Output Systems

Input and output systems can take various forms, depending on the nature of the
task and the devices involved. Some common examples include:

1. Keyboards and Mouse

These are ubiquitous input devices that allow users to enter data and commands
into a computer system by typing or pointing and clicking, respectively.

2. Displays and Monitors

Output devices such as monitors and displays present processed data and
information to the user in a visual format. As a result, it becomes easy to
comprehend and interact with.

3. Printers and Scanners

Printers produce hard copies of digital documents, while scanners convert physical
documents into digital form, enabling input into the computer system.

4. Speakers and Headphones

These output devices allow computers to deliver sound and audio information,
enhancing the user experience for tasks such as multimedia playback or voice
communication.

5. Network Interfaces
Network adapters and modems facilitate the input and output of data over
computer networks, enabling communication between different devices and
systems.

15 Important roles of I/O Systems in Computer Systems

The significance of I/O systems in computer science cannot be overstated. Here are a
few key reasons why these systems are vital:

1. User Interaction

I/O systems provide the means for users to interact with computers, issuing
commands and receiving feedback. They enable intuitive and efficient
communication, making computers accessible and user-friendly.

2. Data Acquisition

I/O systems allow computers to gather data from external sources, such as sensors
or input devices. This data acquisition capability is crucial for fields like scientific
research, data analysis, and automation, where real-world information needs to be
processed.

3. Information Presentation

Output systems transform raw data into meaningful information, presenting it to

users in a format they can understand. Whether it’s through visual displays, audio
feedback, or hard copies, I/O systems enable efficient information dissemination.

4. Peripheral Connectivity

Input and output systems support the connection of peripheral devices, expanding
the functionality of computers. This connectivity allows for the integration of
specialized devices like graphics tablets, game controllers, or barcode scanners,
enhancing versatility and catering to specific needs.

5. System Integration
I/O systems facilitate the integration of diverse computer systems, enabling the
exchange of data and information between them. This interconnectedness is
essential in distributed computing, networking, and collaborative environments,
where seamless communication is required.

6. Accessibility and Inclusivity

I/O systems play a crucial role in making technology accessible to individuals with
disabilities. Specialized input devices, such as braille keyboards or eye-tracking
systems, enable those with visual impairments or motor disabilities to interact with
computers effectively. Output systems, through assistive technologies like screen
readers or haptic feedback, ensure that information is presented in a format
accessible to all users.

7. System Monitoring and Control

I/O systems enable the monitoring and control of computer systems and processes.
Input devices, such as sensors or probes, gather real-time data about system
parameters, environmental conditions, or user behavior. Output systems, in turn,
display this information and allow for the control and management of system
operations, facilitating tasks like system diagnostics, automation, or process
optimization.

8. Data Storage and Retrieval

I/O systems are crucial for storing and retrieving data from various storage media.
Input devices like hard drives, solid-state drives, or optical drives facilitate the input
of data into the computer system. Output devices, such as external drives or cloud
storage, enable the retrieval and backup of data, ensuring its availability and
integrity.

9. Security and Authentication

I/O systems play a vital role in ensuring computer security. Input devices like
biometric scanners, smart card readers, or password prompts authenticate users,
preventing unauthorized access to systems and data. Output systems, through
mechanisms like encryption or secure channels, safeguard sensitive information
during transmission or presentation, protecting against data breaches and cyber
threats.

10. Human-Machine Interfaces

I/O systems are at the forefront of advancing human-machine interfaces. Through

innovations like touchscreens, gesture recognition, or voice commands, computers
are becoming more intuitive and natural to interact with. These advancements
enhance user experience, improve productivity, and pave the way for new
applications in areas such as virtual reality, artificial intelligence, or robotics.

11. Performance Optimization

I/O systems play a crucial role in optimizing the performance of computer systems.
Efficient input and output mechanisms, such as high-speed interfaces (e.g., USB 3.0,
Thunderbolt) and solid-state drives (SSDs), reduce data transfer bottlenecks and
improve overall system responsiveness. These advancements enable faster
input/output operations, resulting in enhanced productivity and smoother user
experiences.

12. Multimedia and Entertainment

I/O systems are instrumental in delivering multimedia content and entertainment

experiences. High-definition displays, surround sound systems, and advanced
graphics cards provide immersive visuals and audio. Input devices such as game
controllers or motion sensors enable interactive gaming experiences, virtual reality
applications, and media playback, enriching the entertainment landscape.

13. Collaboration and Communication

I/O systems foster collaboration and communication among users. Input

mechanisms such as keyboards, mice, and touchscreens not only enable real-time
input during collaborative projects, document editing, or virtual meetings, but they
also facilitate seamless interaction and enhanced productivity among team
members. Output systems, such as video conferencing platforms, projectors, or
shared displays, facilitate effective communication and information sharing, even
across geographically dispersed teams.

14. Automation and Robotics

I/O systems are critical for automation and robotics applications. Input devices like
sensors and cameras enable robots to gather real-time data about their
surroundings, allowing them to make informed decisions and navigate
autonomously. Output systems, such as actuators and displays, enable robots to
perform tasks and communicate with humans effectively.

15. Gaming and Virtual Reality

I/O systems have revolutionized the gaming and virtual reality (VR) industries.
Advanced input devices like motion controllers, haptic feedback devices, and VR
headsets enable immersive gaming experiences. Output systems, including high-
resolution displays and spatial audio, enhance realism, creating engaging and
interactive virtual environments.

As technology advances, the role of input and output systems continues to evolve.
Emerging technologies like virtual reality, augmented reality, and natural language
processing are pushing the boundaries of user interaction and information
presentation. The importance of I/O systems will only increase as we strive for more
intuitive interfaces and seamless integration between humans and machines.
Ultimately, input and output systems remain at the core of computers, enabling the
exchange of data, fostering innovation, and shaping the way we interact.

Keyboard

Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input
data to the computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional
 typewriter, although there are some additional keys provided for performing
additional functions.

Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now keyboards with 104
keys or 108 keys are also available for Windows and Internet.

S.No Keys & Description

Typing Keys

1 These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys (09) which generally give the same layout as
that of typewriters.

Numeric Keypad

2 It is used to enter the numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it consists of a set of 17 keys that
are laid out in the same configuration used by most adding machines and calculators.

Function Keys

3 The twelve function keys are present on the keyboard which are arranged in a row at the top of the
keyboard. Each function key has a unique meaning and is used for some specific purpose.

4 Control keys

These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four directional arrow keys. Control keys
 also include Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc).

Special Purpose Keys

5 Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space
bar, Tab, and Print Screen.

The keys on the keyboard are as follows

What is terminal and its types

The terminal is a basic communication unit. It is used to send and receive the data it
generally consists of keyboard & monitor. The keyboard is used to input data and
monitor work as an output unit. Many terminals are connected with the central
computer through terminal much people can work on a single computer on a time.

Following are some type of terminals:

Video display terminal

Teleprinter terminal
Intelligent terminal
Dumb terminal
Local terminal
Remote terminal

Video display terminal

The video display terminal is like a TV screen. This screen is called a monitor is used
to display information received from the computer. The combination of monitor &
video display unit is called the video display terminal.
Teleprinter terminal

The teleprinter consists of the printer. The printer is used to get information on a
piece of paper from the central computer.

Intelligent terminal

If the microcomputer is connected to the central computer & microcomputer act as

a terminal of the central computer. It termed an intelligent terminal. The intelligent
terminal can process, store, & receive information to & from other terminals &
central computer.

Dumb terminal

A dumb terminal has only input and output units to send and receive information to
and from other terminals. They are depended on the central computer for their
work.

Local terminal

The local terminal is directly connected to the central computer through cables. This
type of networking is known as a local area network (LAN). Local terminal are used in
signal building or office

Remote terminal

The terminal that is a long distance away from the central computer is known as
remote terminals. They are connected to the central computer through
telecommunication lines. The remote terminal is mostly intelligent terminals.
What is a Pointing Device? | Types of Pointing DevicesInput devices used to control
a pointer on the screen are known as pointing devices. A pointer is a small symbol
that appears on the screen in the graphical user interfaceOPENTable of
ContentsTypes of pointing devicesThere are different types of pointing
devices.MouseThe mouse is a popular pointing device. It is used to enter instructions
with a pointer on the screen Mouse is moved on a flat surface to control the
movement of the cursor or pointer on the screen. A mouse generally has two or
three buttons. These buttons are used to perform different tasks such as selecting an
object or opening a program etc. It may also include a wheel to scroll through long
documents.Types of MouseDifferent types of the mouse are as followsMechanical
MouseA mechanical mouse has a rubber or metal ball inside it to move the cursor.
The cursor movement depends on the movement of the ball. This mouse is generally
used on the mouse pad. A mouse pad is a small pad of rubber or foam to supply easy
movement of the mouse. It secures the mouse from dust and dirt.Optical MouseThe
optical mouse contains no ball inside it. It uses a device that emits light to detect the
mouse movement. An optical sensor or laser is used in these types of mice. It is more
expensive than a mechanical mouse Optical mouse is becoming popular
nowadays.Wireless/Cordless MouseThe wireless or cordless mouse is a type of
mouse that does not need a wire to perform its functions. It transmits data through
wireless technology like radio waves or infrared light waves.Air MouseThe Air mouse
is a motion-sensing mouse. It can be used to control objects, media players, and slide
shows by moving the mouse in specific directions through the air.For example, the
user can raise the mouse to up the volume of the different media players. The air
mouse works in the air by detecting hand motion.TrackballA trackball can be used in
the place of a mouse to perform cursor movement. This device has buttons similar to
the buttons on the mouse. It has a large rotating ball on the top, which is used to
move the cursor.The body of the trackball does not move, the ball on the mouse is
rolled by figures. The position of the cursor on the screen is controlled by rotating
the ball.An advantage of the trackball is that it takes less space to move than a
mouse Trackball is often included in laptop computers. It can also be used as a
separate input device with standard desktop computers.Touchpad/ TrackpadA
touchpad is a small, flat surface on which the user moves his finger. To move the
cursor we use the finger. It is also known as a trackpad. A touchpad also has one or
more buttons near it. These buttons work like mouse buttons. Touchpads are
commonly used in notebook computersPointing StickA pointing stick is a pressure-
sensitive device. It is similar to a pencil eraser and exists between keys on the
keyboard. The pointer on the screen moves when the user presses the pointing stick.
It requires no additional space or cleaning like a mouse. A pointing stick is normally
used in notebook computers.Touch ScreenA touch screen is a video display screen
that accepts input from the touch of a finger. There is a covering of plastic over the
screen. Behind the screen, there are infrared light beams that are invisible. By
touching menu items or symbols on the screen, the user enters data. The touch
screen is very easy to use most touch screen computers use sensors to detect a
touch of a finger.The touch screen is well suited for simple applications like ATMs It
has also become common in department-stored supermarkets. Light PenA light pen
is a hand-held device. It has a light-sensitive stylus. It is connected through a wire to
the computer. It has a device at the tip that emits light. The pen sends information to
the computer when the user touches the pen on certain areas of a specially designed
screen Light pen is usually used by engineers and graphic designers etc.JoystickA
joystick consists of a base and a stick that moves in different directions to move the
cursor. The stick can be moved in a different direction to move an object around the
screen. A joystick can perform a similar function to a mouse or trackball. It is often
considered less comfortable and efficient.The most common use of a joystick is for
playing computer games. Some of the latest joysticks such as Logitech Freedom 2.4
are wireless.
Digital PenA digital pen is larger than a stylus. It is available in two forms. Some
digital pens are pressure sensitive and some use a tiny built-in digital camera. A
pressure-sensitive digital pen is used in TabletPC.The pen input is normally used with
a touch screen. If a touch screen is not accessible, a graphic tablet is utilized in
conjunction with the computer. A graphics tablet is made up of a flat pad (the tablet)
on which the user can draw using a stylus, a unique pen.As the user draws on the
pad, the image is generated on the screen. Using a graphics tablet, a designer can
create drawings that are both incredibly useful and beautiful.
GamepadA gamepad is a pointing device that controls the movement and actions of
players or objects in games. It is a multifunction input device that includes
programmable buttons, thumbsticks, and a directional pad. The user can program
the buttons to correspond to certain actions such as changing a weapon, opening a
door, etc. The directional pad and thumb sticks control the movement.Gaming
WheelA gaming wheel is an input device that uses a steering wheel and a separate
set of foot pedals to imitate real-world driving. Most gaming Wheels incorporate
programmableThe control pad on an audio player is used to scroll through music,
adjust volume and customize settings.
Scanner and its Types
The scanner is an input device used to read data or information from different
sources. The sources or maybe a written document, graphics, price tag even a
photograph, etc. The scanner used to read data from different sources and convert
them into a form that can understandable by the computer.Basically there are two
types of scannersOptical ScannerOptical ReaderOptical ScannerAn optical scanner
also known as a scanner.it used light technology to send input.it is used to read or
scan information from printed text and graphics translate them into digital form.The
image scanned by the scanner can be used for different purposesIt can be printed in
the paperIt can be displayed on the monitorIt can also be sent to anyone through
the mailIt can also be posted on a web pageIt can also be saved for future usedThe
image scanner has a resolution of 300 or 600 dpi. The resolution describes the
sharpness of an image. If the scanner provides high resolution the image will be
more clear and brighter. The quality of the image depends upon the resolution of the
scanner.A large number of dots produce batter quality but also create a huge file
sizes.A professional scanner usually scans at 1200 dpi or higher.Many scanners also
provide optical character recognition (OCR) software is used to read images and
convert into digital form and can be edited in a word processor.Types of Optical
ScannerDifferent types of an optical scanner are as followFlatbed ScannerA flatbed
scanner is also known as an image scanner.it works the same as a photocopy
machine. It inputs one page at a time. The image can be scanned is placed on the
glass surface and the scanner reads the image.it mostly used in homes and offices
etc.Sheetfed ScannerA Sheetfed scanner works the same as flatbed scanner bur
documents are inserted on the top of the scanner the same as a fax machine. This
design of the scanner decreases the cost and required of space.it also provides
automated sheet feeding. However, this feature also prevents the device from
scanning bound-book pages or other documents thicker or larger than a sheet of
paper. Handheld ScannerA handheld scanner is a portable type of scanner.it is also
known as Half Page scanner because it only scans 2 to 5 inches at a time. These types
of scanner are useful in scanning a small amount of data. This scanner is moved by
hand over the image to be scanned. These are designed to scan short lines like small
web addresses. Some types of handheld scanner used to try to keep the scanner
moving in a straight line.Photo ScannersPhoto scanner specially designed for
scanning large images. These types of a scanner are more expensive than other types
of scanners. These types of scanner provide high resolution and provide a high-
quality image. Photo scanner usually comes along their own special types of
software and also provides an adapter that allows you to work with slides and
negatives. Photo scanners are smaller than other scanners but provide high
resolution. A typical photo scanner is the same as a sheet-fed scanner that
can scan 3×5-inch or 4×6-inch photographs at 300 dpi or higher
resolution. Multifunctional Scanner Printer CopierThis is also known as a
multifunctional printer; this is basically providing a printer, scanner, and copier all in
one. It is useful if you do not need a high resolution of images. They also come with
many faxing capabilities. These are mostly used in offices. The software is helpful in
scanning an image or documents. Optical ReaderThe optical reader used light to read
images, documents and convert them into digital form.Types of the optical
reader Optical Character Recognition (OCR)Optical character recognition is a
technology that used to read handwritten, printed or typewritten characters from
documents. It converts the image into a form that the computer can easily
understand. It is mostly used in a department store to read price tags by using
light.OCR devices used to read printed characters using an OCR font. The most
commonly used OCR font is OCR-A. An OCR device specifies the size and shape of
character by detecting a pattern of light and dark.Optical Mark Recognition
(OMR)OMR stands for optical mark recognition. It is also known as the mark sensing
device. These used light beam technology to read data or character than convert
them into digital signals. These signals send into a computer for further processing.
These devices are used to read a character printed in circles and rectangles and
printed in a special format.it is mostly used in multiple-choice sheets such as SAT and
GRE. The student answer the question by filling the circles. The OMR devices are
used to read these circles and evaluate them.Bar Code ScannerBar code scanner
used a laser beam to read bar codes, Bar codes consist of vertical lines and spaces of
different width. Bar code used to represent data that specify the manufacture of
products.Different products like pharmacy, supplies, groceries, vehicles, mail, books
and magazines contain bar codes. The most popular bar code is POSTNET used by
the U.S . Postal services and Universal Product Code is used by retail stores.
Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition Reader (MICR)Magnetic-Ink character
recognition reader is used to read the printed text by using magnetized ink. It is
mostly used by banks for check processing. Each check has MICR character at the
lower left edge.This character used to represent bank number, account number, and
check number.
Voice recognition systemsAlternatively called speech recognition, voice
recognition is a computer software program or hardware device with the ability to
decode the human voice. Voice recognition is commonly used to operate a device,
perform commands, or write without having to use a keyboard, mouse, or press any
buttons. Today, this is done on a computer with ASR (automatic speech recognition)
software programs. Many ASR programs require the user to "train" the ASR program
to recognize their voice so that it can more accurately convert the speech to text. For
example, you could say "open Internet" and the computer would open the
Internet browser.The first ASR device was used in 1952 and recognized single digits
spoken by a user (it was not computer driven). Today, ASR programs are used in
many industries, including healthcare, military (e.g., F-16 fighter jets),
telecommunications, and personal computing (i.e., hands-free computing).For voice
recognition to work, you must have a computer with a sound card and either
a microphone or a headset. Other devices like smart phones have all of the
necessary hardware built into the device. Also, the software you use needs voice
recognition support, or if you want to use voice recognition everywhere, you need a
program like Nuance Naturally Speaking to be installed.If you are using Microsoft
Windows Vista, 7, 8, or 10, you can also use the included Windows Speech
Recognition program.How to use the Windows Speech Recognition
feature.TipAlthough speech recognition can be done using any microphone, you get
better results if you use a headset.Examples of where you might have used voice
recognitionAs voice recognition improves, it is being implemented in more places
and its very likely you have already used it. Below are examples of where you might
encounter voice recognition.Automated phone systems - Many companies today use
phone systems that help direct the caller to the correct department. If you have ever
been asked something like "Say or press number 2 for support" and you say "two,"
you used voice recognition.Google Voice - Google voice is a service that lets you
search and ask questions on your computer, tablet, and phone.Digital
assistant - Amazon Echo, Apple's Siri, and Google Assistant use voice recognition to
interact with digital assistants that helps answer questions.Car Bluetooth - For cars
with Bluetooth or Handsfree phone pairing, you can use voice recognition to make
commands, such as "call my wife" to make calls without taking your eyes off the
road.Types of voice recognition systemsAutomatic speech recognition is one
example of voice recognition. Below are other examples of voice recognition
systems.Speaker dependent system - The voice recognition requires training before
it can be used, which requires you to read several words and phrases.Speaker
independent system - The voice recognition software recognizes most users' voices
with no training.Discrete speech recognition - The user must pause between each
word so that the speech recognition can identify each separate word.Continuous
speech recognition - The voice recognition can understand a normal rate of
speaking.Natural language - The speech recognition not only can understand the
voice, but can also return answers to questions or other queries that are being
asked.
Vision Input Systems Computer vision is a subfield of AI (Artificial Intelligence),
which enables machines to derive some meaningful information from any image,
video, or other visual input and perform the required action on that
information. Computer vision is like eyes for an AI system, which means if AI enables
the machine to think, computer vision enables the machines to see and observe the
visual inputs. Computer vision technology is based on the concept of teaching
computers to process an image or a visual input at pixels and derive meaningful
information from it. Nowadays, Computer vision is in great demand and used in
different areas, including robotics, manufacturing, healthcare, etc. In this topic, we
will discuss some popular applications of Computer Vision, but before that, let's first
understand some common tasks that are performed by computer vision.Below are
some common tasks for which computer vision can be used:Image Classification:
Image classification is a computer vision technique used to classify an image, such as
whether an image contains a dog, a person's face, or a banana. It means that with
image classification, we can accurately predict the class of an object present in an
image.Object Detection: Object detection uses image classification to identify and
locate the objects in an image or video. With such detection and identification
technique, the system can count objects in a given image or scene and determine
their accurate location, along with their labelling. For example, in a given image,
there is one person and one cat, which can be easily detected and classified using
the object detection technique.Object Tracking: Object tracking is a computer vision
technique used to follow a particular object or multiple items. Generally, object
tracking has applications in videos and real-world interactions, where objects are
firstly detected and then tracked to get observation. Object tracking is used in
applications such as Autonomous vehicles, where apart from object classification
and detection such as pedestrians, other vehicles, etc., tracking of real-time motion
is also required to avoid accidents and follow the traffic rules.Semantic
Segmentation: Image segmentation is not only about detecting the classes in an
image as image classification. Instead, it classifies each pixel of an image to specify
what objects it has. It tries to determine the role of each pixel in the
image.Computer Vision ApplicationsAs per the increasing demand for AI and
Machine Learning technologies, computer vision also has a great demand among
different sectors. It has a massive impact on different industries, including retail,
security, healthcare, automotive, agriculture, etc. Below are some most popular
applications of computer vision:Defect detection using Computer VisionOCR using
Computer visionCrop MonitoringAnalysis of X-rays, MRI, and CT scans using
Computer VisionRoad Condition Monitoring3D model Building using Computer
visionCancer Detection using Computer VisionPlant Disease Detection using
Computer VisionTraffic Flow AnalysisAbove are some most common applications of
Computer vision. Now let us discuss applications of computer vision across different
sectors such as Retail, healthcare, etc.1. Computer Vision in HealthcareThe
Healthcare industry is rapidly adopting new technologies and automation solutions,
one of which is computer vision. In the healthcare industry, computer vision has the
following applications:X-Ray AnalysisComputer vision can be successfully applied for
medical X-ray imaging. Although most doctors still prefer manual analysis of X-ray
images to diagnose and treat diseases, with computer vision, X-ray analysis can be
automated with enhanced efficiency and accuracy. The state-of-art image
recognition algorithm can be used to detect patterns in an X-ray image that are too
subtle for the human eyes.Cancer DetectionComputer vision is being successfully
applied for breast and skin cancer detection. With image recognition, doctors can
identify anomalies by comparing cancerous and non-cancerous cells in images. With
automated cancer detection, doctors can diagnose cancer faster from an MRI
scan.CT Scan and MRIComputer vision has now been greatly applied in CT scans and
MRI analysis. AI with computer vision designs such a system that analyses the
radiology images with a high level of accuracy, similar to a human doctor, and also
reduces the time for disease detection, enhancing the chances of saving a patient's
life. It also includes deep learning algorithms that enhance the resolution of MRI
images and hence improve patient outcomes.2. Computer Vision in
TransportationWith the enhanced demand for the transportation sector, there has
occurred various technological development in this industry, and one of such
technologies is Computer vision. Below are some popular applications of computer
vision in the transportation industry:Self-driving carsComputer vision is widely used
in self-driving cars. It is used to detect and classify objects (e.g., road signs or traffic
lights), create 3D maps or motion estimation, and plays a key role in making
autonomous vehicles a reality.Pedestrian detectionComputer vision has great
application and research in Pedestrian detection due to its high impact on the
designing of pedestrian systems in various smart cities. With the help of cameras,
pedestrian detection automatically identifies and locate the pedestrians in image or
video. Moreover, it also considers the variations among pedestrians related to attire,
body position, and illuminance in different scenarios. This pedestrian detection is
very helpful in different fields such as traffic management, autonomous driving,
transit safety, etc.Road Condition Monitoring & Defect detectionComputer vision
has also been applied for monitoring the road infrastructure condition by accessing
the variations in concrete and tar. A computer vision-enabled system automatically
senses pavement degradation, which successfully increases road maintenance
allocation efficiency and decreases safety risks related to road accidents.To perform
road condition monitoring, CV algorithms collect the image data and then process it
to create automatic crack detection and classification system.3. Computer Vision in
ManufacturingIn the manufacturing industry, the demand for automation is at its
peak. Many tasks have already been automated, and other new technology
innovations are in trend. For providing these automatic solutions, Computer vision is
also widely used. Below are some most popular applicationsDefect DetectionThis is
perhaps, the most common application of computer vision. Until now, the detection
of defects has been carried out by trained people in selected batches, and total
production control is usually impossible. With computer vision, we can detect
defects such as cracks in metals, paint defects, bad prints, etc., in sizes smaller than
0.05mm.Analyzing text and barcodes (OCR)Nowadays, each product contains a
barcode on its packaging, which can be analyzed or read with the help of the
computer vision technique OCR. Optical character recognition or OCR helps us detect
and extract printed or handwritten text from visual data such as images. Further, it
enables us to extract text from documents like invoices, bills, articles, etc. and
verifies against the databases.Fingerprint recognition and BiometricsComputer
vision technology is used to detect fingerprints and biometrics to validate a user's
identity.Biometrics is the measurement or analysis of physiological characteristics of
a person that make a person unique such as Face, Finger Print, iris Patterns, etc. It
makes use of computer vision along with knowledge of human physiology and
behaviour.3D Model building3D model building or 3D modelling is a technique to
generate a 3D digital representation of any object or surface using the software.
Computer vision plays its role here also in constructing 3D computer models from
existing objects. Furthermore, 3D modelling has a variety of applications in various
places, such as Robotics, Autonomous driving, 3D tracking, 3D scene reconstruction,
and AR/VR.4. Computer Vision in AgricultureIn the agriculture sector, Machine
Learning has made a great contribution with its models, including Computer vision. It
can be used in areas such as crop monitoring, weather analysis, etc. Below are some
popular cases of computer vision applications in Agriculture:Crop MonitoringIn the
agriculture sector, crop and yield monitoring are the most important tasks for better
agriculture. Traditionally, it depends on subjective human judgment, but that is not
always accurate. With computer vision systems, real-time crop monitoring and
identification of any crop variation due to any disease or deficiency of nutrition can
be made.Automatic WeedingAn automatic weeding machine is an intelligent project
enabled with AI and computer vision that removes unwanted plants or weeds
around the crops. Traditionally weeding methods require human labour, which is
costly and inefficient compared to automatic weeding systems.Computer vision
enables the intelligent detection and removal of weeds using robots, which reduces
costs and ensures higher yields.Plant Disease DetectionComputer vision is also used
in automated plant disease detection, which is important at an early stage of plant
development. Various deep-learning-based algorithms use computer vision to
identify plant diseases, estimate their severity and predict their impact on yields.5.
Computer Vision in RetailIn the retail sector, computer vision system enables
retailers to collect a huge volume of visual data and hence design better customer
experiences with the help of cameras installed in stores. Some popular applications
of computer vision in the retail industry are given below:Self-checkoutSelf-checkout
enables the customers to complete their transactions from a retailer without the
need for human staff, and this becomes possible with computer vision. Self-
checkouts are now helping retailers in avoiding long queues and manage
customers.Automatic replenishmentAutomated stock replenishment is a leading
technology innovation in retail sectors. Traditionally, stock replenishment is
performed by store staff, who check selves to track the items for inventory
management. But now, automatic replenishment with computer vision systems
captures the image data and performs a complete inventory scan to track the
shelves item at regular intervals.People CountingNowadays, various situations occur
where we may need the count of people or customers entering and leaving the
stores. This foot count or people counting can be done by computer vision systems
that analyze the image or video data captured by the in-store cameras. People
counting is helpful in managing the people and allowing the limited people for cases
such as Covid social distancing.

Touch Screen

A touch screen is a type of display that can also be used as an input device. It enables
users to engage with computers by touching images or phrases on the screen. The
screens are pressure-sensitive, so when a user touches the screen with their finger
or stylus, it registers the event and sends it to a controller to be processed. A touch
screen may have pictures or words that help users to operate devices.

For navigating a GUI, the touch screens are alternative to a mouse or keyboard and
also offer an easier way to give input. The various devices, such as smartphones,
information kiosks, computers, laptop displays, tablets, and cash registers, all have a
touch screen. Instead than using touch-sensitive input, some touch screens use a
grid of infrared beams to detect the presence of a finger.

Although it may look like a simple display screen, it contains numerous layers that
identify input. The hard protective is the first layer, which preserves touchscreen
components and the actual display. An electronic grid is located under the protective
layer that identifies inputs given by users. Instead of using this grid, most modern
touchscreens utilize capacitive material in which, when the screen is touched, the
electrical charge changes. The LCD layer, which is located under the touchscreen
layer used for the actual display.

A touch screen has two major advantages: it eliminates the need for an intermediary
device and allows users to interact directly with what is displayed rather than using a
mouse or touchpad to control a pointer. They can also be used as a terminal to
connect to a network or a computer. In the design of digital appliances like video
games, satellite navigation devices, personal digital assistants, and mobile phones,
touch screens play a vital role.

Modern touch screens are capable of supporting "multi-touch" input, whereas older
touchscreens were only able to identify a single point of input at a time. Originally,
iPhone made this technology popular, which makes it capable of the screen to
identify several finger motions at once. On some touchscreen devices, for example,
you can rotate photos by twisting three fingers clockwise or counterclockwise.

Many touchscreen applications also allow you to zoom in and out by spreading two
fingers apart or pinching them together. Because of multi-touch and other
advancements in touchscreen technology, today's touchscreens are easier and more
natural to operate than in the past. Indeed, the iPad and other tablet PCs are
become popular by improved touchscreen technology.

Monitor And its Types

A monitor is an electronic output device that is also known as a video display
terminal (VDT) or a video display unit (VDU). It is used to display images, text, video,
and graphics information generated by a connected computer via a computer's video
card. Although it is almost like a TV, its resolution is much higher than a TV. The first
computer monitor was introduced on 1 March 1973, which was part of the Xerox
Alto computer system.Older monitors were built by using a fluorescent screen and
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT), which made them heavy and large in size and thus causing
them to cover more space on the desk. Nowadays, all monitors are made up by using
flat-panel display technology, commonly backlit with LEDs. These modern monitors
take less space on the desk as compared to older CRT displays.Types of
MonitorsThere are several types of monitors; some are as follows:1. Cathode Ray
Tube (CRT) MonitorsIt is a technology used in early monitors. It uses a beam of
electrons to create an image on the screen. It comprises the guns that fire a beam of
electrons inside the screen. The electron beams repeatedly hit the surface of the
screen. These guns are responsible for generating RGB (Red, Green, Blue) colors, and
more other colors can be generated with the help of combining these three colors.
Today's Flat Panel Monitors replace the CRT monitors.2. Flat Panel MonitorsThese
types of monitors are lightweight and take less space. They consume less power as
compared to CRT monitors. These monitors are more effective as they do not
provide harmful radiation. These monitors are more expensive than CRTs. The flat-
panel monitors are used in PDA, notebook computers, and cellular phones. These
monitors are available in various sizes like 15", 17", 18" & 19" and more. The display
of a flat-panel monitor is made with the help of two plates of glass. These plates
contain a substance, which is activated in many ways.Flat-panel monitor screens use
two types of technologies, which are given below:Liquid Crystal Display: LCD (Liquid
crystal display) screen contains a substance known as liquid crystal. The particles of
this substance are aligned in a way that the light located backside on the screens,
which allow to generate an image or block. Liquid crystal display offers a clear
picture as compared to CRT display and emits less radiation. Furthermore, it
consumes less power and takes less space than a CRT display.Gas Plasma
Display: This display uses gas plasma technology, which uses a layer of gas between
2 plates of glass. When voltage is applied, the gas releases ultraviolet light. By this
ultraviolet light, the pixels on the screen glow and form an image. These displays are
available in different sizes of up to 150 inches. Although it offers effective colors as
compared to the LCD monitor, it is more expensive. That's why it is less used.3.
Touch Screen MonitorsThese monitors are also known as an input device. It enables
users to interact with the computer by using a finger or stylus instead of using a
mouse or keyboard. When users touch the screen by their finger, it occurs an event
and forward it to the controller for processing. These types of screens include
pictures or words that help users to interact with the computer. It takes input from
the users by touching menus or icons presented on the screen.There are different
types of touch screen monitors; three common types are given below:Resistive
Touch Screen: Generally, this screen includes a thin electrically conductive and
resistive layer of metal. When the touch is pressed, a change in the electrical current
occurs that is sent to the controller. Nowadays, these screens are widely in use.
These monitors are more reliable as they cannot be affected by liquids or
dust.Surface Wave Touch Screens: These monitors process the input through
ultrasonic waves. When a user touches the screen, the wave is processed and
 absorbed by the computer. It is less reliable as they can be damaged by water or
dust.Capacitive Touch Screen: This screen includes a cover with an electrically-
charged material. This material continuously flows the current over the screen. It is
mainly used by the finger rather than a stylus. These monitors contain better clarity
and do not damage by dust. Nowadays, capacitive touch screen is mostly used in
smartphones.4. LED MonitorsIt is a flat screen computer monitor, which stands for
light-emitting diode display. It is lightweight in terms of weight and has a short
depth. As the source of light, it uses a panel of LEDs. Nowadays, a wide number of
electronic devices, both large and small devices such as laptop screens, mobile
phones, TVs, computer monitors, tablets, and more, use LED displays.It is believed
that James P. Mitchell invented the first LED display. On 18 March 1978, the first
prototype of an LED display was published to the market at the SEF (Science and
Engineering Fair) in Iowa. On 8 May 1978, it was shown again in Anaheim California,
at the SEF. This prototype received awards from NASA and General
Motors.Advantages of LED Monitor:It includes a broader dimming range.It is a more
reliable monitor.It is often less expensive.It consumes less power (20 watts), and run
on a lower temperature.It has a more dynamic contrast ratio.Comparison between
LCD and LED monitors:

Resolution 1920 x 1080 LCD Monitors Led Monitors

Brightness 250 cd / m2 250 cd / m2

Energy Star Certified No Yes

Weight 2.4 kg 2.4 kg

Contrast Ratio 12,000,000: 1 100,000,000: 1

5. OLED MonitorsIt is a new flat light-emitting display technology, which is more

efficient, brighter, thinner, and better refresh rates feature and contrast as
compared to the LCD display. It is made up of locating a series of organic thin films
between two conductors. These displays do not need a backlight as they are
emissive displays. Furthermore, it provides better image quality ever and used in
tablets and high-end smartphones.Nowadays, it is widely used in laptops, TVs,
mobile phones, digital cameras, tablets, VR headsets. The demand for mobile phone
vendors, more than 500 million AMOLED screens were produced in 2018. The
Samsung display is the main producer of the AMOLED screen. For example, Apple is
using AMOLED OLED panel made by SDC in its 2018 iPhone XS - a 5.8" 1125x2436.
Additionally, iPhone X is also using the same AMOLED display.6. DLP MonitorsDLP
stands for Digital Light Processing, developed by Texas Instruments. It is a
technology, which is used for presentations by projecting images from a monitor
onto a big screen. Before developing the DLP, most of the computer projection
systems produced faded and blurry images as they were based on LCD technology.
DLP technology utilizes a digital micromirror device, which is a tiny mirror housed on
a special kind of microchip. Furthermore, it offers better quality pictures that can
also be visible in a lit room normally.7. TFT MonitorsIt is a type of LCD flat panel
display, which stands for a thin-film transistor. In TFT monitors, all pixels are
controlled with the help of one to four transistors. The high-quality flat-panel LCDs
use these transistors. Although the TFT-based monitors provide better resolution of
all the flat-panel techniques, these are highly expensive. The LCDs, which use thin-
film transistor (TFT) technology, are known as active-matrix displays. The active-
matrix displays offer higher quality as compared to older passive-matrix displays.8.
Plasma Screen MonitorsA plasma screen is a thin, flat-panel, and capable of hanging
on a wall like LCD and LED televisions. It is a brighter screen as compared to LCD
displays and thinner than CRT displays. It can be used to either display modes of
digital computer input or analog video signals, and sometimes, it is marketed as
'thin-panel' displays. Plasma displays have wide viewing angles, high contrast ratios,
and high refresh rates, which is used to reduce a blur video. Additionally, it provides
better quality pictures as it supports high resolutions of up to 1920 x 1080.The
plasma screen also includes some disadvantages such as the chance of screen burn-
in, consumes more power, loss of brightness with time, can be heavier in weight.

Impact and Non-Impact PrintersA printer is a device that prints data or computer
outputs onto paper. Printers are split into two types based on the technology used:
impact printers and non-impact printers. The major distinction between these
printers is that impact printers produce images using an electromechanical impact
mechanism. In contrast, non-impact printers do not employ a mechanical impact
device.In this article, you will learn the difference between Impact and Non-impact
printers. But before discussing the differences, you must know about Impact and
Non-impact printers with their advantages and disadvantages.
What are Impact Printers?Impact printers utilize an electromechanical component
that impacts on the paper to print the letters on the paper sheet. It is comparable to
a mechanical typewriter. The mechanism employed in these printers is referred to as
an electro-mechanical mechanism. It operates at a slower speed than non-impact
printers because of the use of a mechanical component.Types of Impact
PrintersThere are various types of impact printers. Some important types of impact
printers are as follows:1. Dot matrix printerDot matrix printers generate images by
hammering a grid of pins against a ribbon. Different pin combinations are utilized to
print several characters.2. Drum PrinterThe paper in a drum printer is attached to
the drum for exact alignment to the nozzles. When the required character for the
specified location is rotated around to the hammer line, the hammer hits the paper
from behind and pushes it into the type slug when it is rotated around to the right
position.3. all PrinterA spherical ball with raised characters on the outside is used in
ball printers. Before printing on the page, the ball spins to every character.4. Daily
wheel printerThese printers are connected to a daisy wheel containing all the
characters required in the printing process. The characters are carved on little metal
plates that are put over a wheel spoke. While printing, the wheel turns at high
speed, and an electromechanical hammer strikes the appropriate character when it
reaches beneath the hammer.It impacts the character on an ink ribbon, causing the
ink on the ribbon to bleed and leaving an impression of the character's shape on the
paper. The replacement of a wheel may result in each wheel printing a distinct set of
characters. Daisy wheel printers are rapid and suitable for printing elementary text,
with speeds ranging from 10 to 50 characters per second. However, these may not
be utilized to print photos.5. Line PrinterIt is a high-speed printer that may print a
full line at once. A high-speed line printer can produce up to 3,000 lines per minute.
Line printers have the disadvantage of being unable to produce graphics, having
poor print quality, and being quite noisy.6. Chain PrinterIt's the printer for
characters. A chain printer's print element is a metallic band or chain with embossed
characters that spins horizontally in front of the paper. A complete chain is made up
of five pieces, each of which has 48 characters. As the print chain rotates,
appropriately timed print hammers impact the paper and the inked ribbon against
the appropriate character on the chain. Chain printers are among the quickest
impact printers, producing 400 to 2500 letters per second. Characters on a rotating
band are utilized in chain printers, also known as band printers. These devices may
be capable of speeds of up to 3000 lines per minute.Advantages and Disadvantages
of Impact PrinterThere are various advantages and disadvantages of impact printers.
Some important advantages and disadvantages of impact printers are as
follows:AdvantagesIt is capable of producing continuous print on paper.It prints line
by line or character by character.It is a cheaper and more reliable printer.It is widely
utilized and employed when large amounts of production are required.It utilizes
cartridges and ink ribbons.DisadvantagesCartridge refilling and replacement are
both costly.It is designed and developed utilizing outdated technology.When
compared to non-impact printers, they contain more moving parts.When compared
to non-impact printers, they print slowly.They create a lot of noise during printing.

What are Non-Impact Printers?Non-Impact Printers make no direct contact

between the paper and the ink ribbon. They employ laser, xerographic, electrostatic,
chemical, or inkjet printing technologies. These are quieter and do not need
mechanical moving parts to print. These printers create images and characters
without physical contact between the paper and the printing device. Printing is
accomplished by depositing ink on any type of paper.Non-impact printers can print
numerous pages per minute at high speed and with a low noise level. These printers
have very low or negligible noise levels because they do not use a striking
mechanism in which the printing head contacts the ribbon and paper. Instead, they
use a completely silent process of depositing ink or toner onto the paper.Non-impact
printers print graphics and characters onto paper using a laser, a spray of special ink,
or heat and pressure. The print quality of a non-impact printer is better than that of
an impact printer. Toner (dry ink) or liquid ink cartridges are used in these printers to
print on paper. These printers utilize the latest printing technologies, and they are
more costly than other printers.Types of Non-Impact PrintersThere are various types
of non-impact printers. Some important types of non-impact printers are as
follows:1. Laser PrinterA laser printer that utilizes electrostatically charged areas on
a photosensitive drum to attract toner (or dry ink powder) to generate significant
printing material. A heating process transfers the toner to a piece of paper and glues
it together.2. PlotterA plotter is comparable to an inkjet printer. However, it is useful
for printing on larger-sized paper rather than standard paper. These are mostly
utilized for setting out and printing engineering drawings such as building plans,
mechanical component drawings, assembly drawings, etc.It may print both colour
and black and white documents. Drum plotters and flat-bed plotters are the two
types of plotters. Drum plotters roll the paper over the drum. On the other hand, a
flat-bed plotter employs plotting pens over which the paper is positioned.3. Inkjet
PrinterThe mechanism of an inkjet printer differs greatly from that of an impact
printer in that it ejects minuscule drops of ink via small ink nozzles in the print head.
It employs a resistive heating effect to heat each nozzle in microseconds selectively.
Its heating action aids in the expansion of ink in the cartridge and nozzle ejection
onto the paper.The ink from the nozzle generates small dots, which combine to form
characters or images. The instructor specifies the movement of the cartridge using
the printer, and it normally advances sideways. A roller was used to roll the paper for
the printer to produce the next line.4. Thermal PrinterThe output characters of
thermal printers are generated by a specific heating element that is combined with
special heat-sensitive waxy paper, which forms darkened dots when the element
reaches a threshold temperature.Advantages and Disadvantages of Non-Impact
PrinterThere are various advantages and disadvantages of non-impact printers.
Some important advantages and disadvantages of non-impact printers are as
follows:AdvantagesThey require less maintenance than impact printers.While
printing, these printers are quieter.They are easy to handle and move quickly.You
can print on a variety of paper sizes, ranging from banner format to anything
else.These printers are utilized in small machines such as receipts, bus tickets, ATMs,
movie tickets, billings, etc.DisadvantagesThe cost of replacing the ink cartridge is
high.Non-impact printer ink cartridges are extremely expensive.Inkjet printers are
 slower than laser printers and require high-quality paper.If a thermal printer
becomes too hot to work, ink consumption increases, and printing accuracy may
suffer.Toner in laser printers is harmful to people.Key Differences between the
Impact and Non-Impact PrintersHere, you will learn the various key differences
between impact and non-impact printers. Various differences between impact and
non-impact printers are as follows:Impact printers create figures and images by
striking an inked ribbon with a device that includes a print hammer and a wheel. In
contrast, non-impact printers produce figures and images with no connection
between the paper and the printing device.Mechanical components are utilized in
impact printers to carry out printing. In contrast, there is no mechanical moving
element in non-impact printers.Impact printers are noisy due to mechanical
components. In contrast, non-impact printers make no noise.Impact printers
generate prints in a single colour. In contrast, non-impact printers offer a wide range
of colour possibilities.Impact printers have a low print speed. They take a long time
to print a document. On the other hand, a non-impact model moves faster. It
normally generates 300 words per second.Impact printers print by striking a
character dye or a metal pin. In contrast, non-impact printers print by depositing ink
of any type on paper.Impact printers rely on old printing processes. In contrast, non-
impact printers utilize cutting-edge printing technologies.Besides the dot matrix, the
character style of the other impact printers cannot be modified. On the other hand,
non-impact printers may produce a variety of figures from a single printer.Impact
printers are less costly. In contrast, Non-impact printers are more costly than impact
printers.Some instances of Impact printers are Daisy-wheel, Dot-matrix, and line
printers. In contrast, some examples of non-impact printers are Laser printers and
Inkjet printers.

Features Impact Printer Non-impact Printer

Definition These printers create figures and images These printers produce figures and
by striking an inked ribbon with a device images with no connection between the paper
that includes a wheel or a print hammer. and the printing device.

Printers Speed These printers are lower than non-impact These printers are faster than non-impact printers,
 printers, consuming a huge time to print a and these printers may print multiple pages per minute.
page or document.

Technology It utilizes old technology. It utilizes the latest technology.

Noise Level These printers produce high-level noise as These printers have a low level of noise.
they have various moving parts.

Cost These printers are less costly. These printers are costly.

Printing These printers print by striking a character These printers print by dropping ink on any
Mechanism dye or metal pin. type of paper.

Printing Ink When the print head impacts, they utilize It utilizes toner and cartridges to print the paper.
special inked ribbons to make the print on
paper.

Graphic Images Except for the dot matrix printer, it may It may print graphical images.
not print graphics images.

Print Quality Its print quality is low. Its print quality is high.

Nature of the These printers utilize the continuous paper These printers utilize the single paper sheet.
paper sheet sheet.
used

Character Style Except for the dot matrix, the character It may produce a variety of figures from a single printer.
style of the other impact printers may not
be modified.

Examples Some examples of Impact printers are Some instances of these printers are Inkjet printers and L
Daisy-wheel, Dot-matrix, and line printers.

ConclusionBoth kinds of printers have advantages and downsides. According to the

above analysis, it is very clear that non-impact printers are more accurate and cost-
effective than impact printers. Impact printers are the standard method of printers
that may not print multiple copies of a document and be utilized for basic printing.
On the other hand, non-impact printers are new printers built to improve regular
printers' features. These can make duplicates of a document.

PlotterA plotter is a type of printer that prints vector graphics. It is a piece of

computer gear that converts computer commands into paper line drawings. It draws
a line with one or more automatic pens. Unlike a traditional printer, a plotter uses a
pen, marker, pencil, or other writing tools to draw multiple rather than toner. It may
also use vector graphics files or commands to draw continuous point-to-point lines.
Though it was previously widely used for computer-aided design, it is now only used
to print hard copies of schematics and other comparable application.
In engineering projects, plotters are widely used. Because they have the ability to
draw continuous lines, whereas ordinary printers use closely spaced dots to
conventionally drew lines. Plotters are designed in different forms, and they use
different-different tools to draw lines on the paper. For example, a 3-D plotter
(cutting plotter) uses knives to design any type of diagram or cut out a piece of
material on the basis of given inputs from the computer. On the other hand, most of
the plotters use a pen to draw lines on the paper.The object that is to be cut is
located on the flat surface in front of the plotter. The computer forwards cutting
design and dimensions to the plotter for producing an exactly carved design. Then,
repeat the cutting process on hundreds of objects to produce identical copies of the
same designs.Applications of PlottersDraw chartsComputer-aided
designsArchitectural BlueprintsTextile PrintingBanners and BillboardsElectric circuit
layoutsGeographical layoutsBuilding plansLine ArtHow does plotter work?A plotter
works in tandem with imaging software on a computer to create a finished image or
object. In using a plotter, the first step is to enter the suitable coordinates to display
the pictures on the paper. Drawing lines and images with imaging software is a
simple way to achieve this goal with modern software. When the schematics for the
image are finished, the computer sends the coordinates to the plotter. The computer
then decodes the code and calculates the best way to use the pen and paper.HPGL2
and DMPL are two programming languages used by later plotters from Hewlett-
Packard and Houston Instruments, respectively. Initially, plotters had two separate
pens, one moved horizontally, and one moved vertically. These plotters were limited
in terms of image complexity because they produced outputs at a slow rate. Modern
plotters employ a sliding roller to move the paper against a stationary pen. Plotter
pens are usually hollow fibre rods with a sharpened end. Until the drawing is
finished, the ink supply flows and dispenses through the sharpened tip through the
centre of the rod; the paper travels vertically and horizontally against the pen.Types
of plotterThere are various types of a plotter, which are as follows:Drum
PlottersDifferent sorts of printer designs that draw on paper that is wound around a
drum are referred to as "drum printers." The plot is produced in one direction by the
drum, while the other is produced by the pens moving in the opposite way. Because
it included printed characters carved on a physical drum and impacted paper in
certain ways, the previous iteration of the printer is today referred to as a drum
plotter. The drum plotter utilises a drum to move the paper left and right while one
or more pens write up and down, according to the Chron website. The plotter's
ability to draw in numerous colours is enhanced by the use of multiple pens.Flatbed
plottersA flatbed plotter works with paper that is put on a flat surface in a stationary
position. In this plotter, the writing pen moves in both the x and y axes. Flatbed
plotter pens are available in a number of sizes and colours. Unlike a drum plotter, it
works by moving a pen over paper rather than a paper beneath the arm. The paper's
size is governed by the size of the flat surface on which it is placed. Larger flatbed
plotters have the ability to print up to 60-inches in length on the paper.In addition to
printing on paper, some flatbed plotters are able to print on other materials such as
plastic, cardboard, or even metal. Flatbed plotters can make exact copies again and
over again without sacrificing the quality of the printed drawing. However, they can
be rather expensive to buy and fairly huge in size.An early flatbed plotter, the
CalComp Model 738, is an example. It had a big bed on which large designs could be
made, and it was employed in the 1970s. This plotter also used a magnetic tape to
input data because it was an offline flatbed plotter.Cutting PlotterThe cutting plotter
is a large-scale cutting machine that uses blades instead of pens to cut the design. It
creates mylar or vinyl lettering and graphics that are pre-cut. The plotter's flat
surface is used to place the to-be-cut paper. The plotter receives a command from
the computer, and the knife executes it to cut the media to the appropriate
dimensions.Inkjet PlotterThe inkjet plotter, as the name implies, sprays microscopic
droplets of ink onto paper to form an image, text, or pattern. Inkjet plotters are a
popular choice for graphic designers and advertising agencies; they are commonly
used for a large printer, like billboards, banners, and big signs that are used for
roadside indication. Thermal and piezo-electric are both technologies that are used
by inkjet plotters. Ink droplets are applied using heat in thermal inkjet plotters,
whereas charged crystals are used in piezoelectric plotters. On average, inkjet
printers generate higher-quality graphics than other plotters.Electrostatic PlottersIn
electrostatic plotters, the images are produced on paper by using raster graphics
rather than vector graphics. By using toner ink, dot matrix pixels are generated on
the paper. The high voltage charges are created on the paper by the plotter, and
these charges hit the toner ink for drawing computer-aided designs. The
electrostatic plotters are much faster and economical in price, but they produce
lower quality than pen-plotters.Advantages of plotterPlotters can work on very large
sheets of paper while keeping good resolution..In addition to printing on paper, they
can print on a wide variety of flat materials such as plastic, cardboard, aluminum,
plywood, and sheet steel.Furthermore, without any image degradation, plotters can
draw the same pattern thousands of times.
Disadvantages of plottersAs compared to traditional printer plotters are very large
in size.Also, they are much costly as compared to a regular printer.Vinyl cutterA vinyl
cutter is a machine that cuts vinyl into various forms for T-shirt logos, posters, signs,
billboards, and other materials. It is a little device that may be plugged into a
computer via a cable. It's about the same size as a computer printer. This machine is
mostly controlled by a computer, which guarantees that the Vinyl machine's sharp
blades move appropriately.The function of sharp blades is to cut the letters or
several shapes from sheets of the glue Vinyl material. They can be stuck on any
surface you may like when these letters or shapes are cut with the vinyl machine.
Like the movements of a Vinyl cutter machine are controlled by the computer, so
while the Vinyl machine is cutting any design of your choice, its blade can be moved
from the X-axis to the Y-axis of the material. If you want to create a specific shape or
symbol that you can paste anywhere, the Vinyl cutter is the best machine to
complete these types of tasks.What is a Sound Card?Inside the computer, a sound
card is an expansion component that is also referred to as a soundboard, audio
output device, or audio card. It offers audio input and output capabilities in
computers, which can be heard with the help of speakers or headphones. Although it
is not necessary for the computer to have a sound card, every machine includes it as
either built into the motherboard (onboard) or in an expansion slot. Through a
device driver and a software application, sound cards make capable of configuring
and utilizing.Usually, an input device, a microphone, is attached to receive audio
data, while speakers or headphones are generally used to output audio data. Most
headphones use the size of 3.5 mm minijacks, which are the size of the connector.
Through an optical audio port like a Toslink connector or with the help of a standard
TRS (tip-ring-sleeve) connection, digital audio input and output are supported by
some sound cards. The conversion of incoming digital audio data into analog audio is
the primary function of a sound card through which speakers make capable of
playing sound. In the reverse case, from the microphone, the analog audio data is
converted into digital data by the sound card. These data can be hold on the
computer device as well as modified with the help of using audio software.While
many machines may contain an actual card that exists in a PCI slot, but the sound
card is also part of the motherboard in some computers. Also, you can install a new
sound card (professional sound card) if you really need to enhance more audio
capabilities to your computer. Professional sound cards may have more inputs and
outputs and have the capability of supporting advanced sampling rates, like 192 kHz
rather than 44.1 kHz. Instead of 3.5 mm, some sound cards may include 1/4 in.
connectors that accommodate most instrument outputs.However, to enhance more
audio capabilities of your computer, you can install professional sound cards. For
multi-channel recording, you can also use another option breakout box. Typically,
this box comprises numerous audio connections and a built-in sound card; it is called
an external box. For instance, 16 channels of audio are supported by a breakout box
that cannot be fit on a single card. Some breakout boxes are specifically designed to
connect with the box, though most breakout boxes connect to a Firewire
or USB port.Motherboard Sound ChipsThe sound cards were costly add-on cards
when they were introduced for the first time. Its cost was hundreds of dollars. When
the computer sound technology became available at a low price, miniaturization
technology allowed computer hardware manufacturers to produce sound into a
single chip. In modern times, there is a rare chance to find a computer not containing
motherboard sound chip. Even if they only contain a separate sound card. The
motherboard sound chips made sound card affordable for all computer owners. You
can identify if your system has a motherboard sound chip.Standard Sound
CardsInside the computer, a standard sound card connects to one of the slots. Using
a sound card rather than motherboard sound chip, offer a benefit as it contains its
own processor chips. And, a motherboard sound chip produce sound on the basis of
the computer processor. When playing games, a standard sound card offers better
performance as it creates less of a load on the main processor.External Sound
AdaptersAn external sound adapter has all the same features like standard sound
card. It is a small box that enables connection to computer with the help of USB or
FireWire port, instead of an internal expansion slot. Sometimes, it contains a feature
that is not included by a standard sound card, such as physical volume control knobs
and extra inputs and outputs. As compared to the standard sound card, it is much
easier to move an external sound adapter to a new computer. Also, with USB or
FireWire expansion slots, it is the only way to upgrade the sound of a laptop.Uses of
a sound cardThe primary use of a sound card is to provide sound that you hear from
playing music with varying formats and degrees of control. The source of the sound
may be in the form of streamed audio, a file, CD or DVD, etc. There are many
applications of a computer where a sound card can be used, which areas are as
follows:Games.Voice recognition.Watch movies.Creating and playing
MIDI.Educational software.Audio and video conferencing.Business
presentations.Record dictations.Audio CDs and listening to music.

SpeakersSpeakers are used to connect to a computer to generate sound, which are

one of the most common output devices. Some speakers are designed to connect
with any kind of sound system, while some can be hooked up only with computers.
With the computer speaker, the computer's sound card creates a signal that is used
to produce sound. The primary objective of speakers is to offer audio output for the
listener. The electromagnetic waves are converted into sound waves through the
speaker as they are transducers. The devices, like an audio receiver or computer,
give audio input to speakers, which may be in the form of analog or digital. The
function of the analog speaker is simply to magnify the analog electromagnetic
waves into sound waves.The sound waves are produced in analog form, but first, the
digital input is converted into an analog signal by digital speakers then the sound
waves are generated. The amplitude and frequency define the sound produced by
speakers. The frequency determines the pitch of the sound of how high or low it is.
For case, a bass guitar or kick drum generates low sounds waves, while a soprano
singer's voice produces sounds in the high-frequency range. The sound quality, how
clear it will be, depends upon the speaker system's ability; if it is able to accurately
reproduce sound frequencies, it can be the best indicator to determine audio
quality.There are numerous speakers that consist of different speaker cones, which
make them capable of offering more accurate sounds for different ranges. The three-
way speakers generally contain a subwoofer, mid-range speaker, and a tweeter,
whereas the two-way speakers have a mid-range speaker and a tweeter. The air
pressure created by the speakers' sound waves determines the loudness or
amplitude.Like a sound card of computer and some other audio sources produce the
signal low, which may need to be augmented by the speakers. This is the reason, to
amplify the signal, most of the external computer speakers use electricity; hence,
they are amplified. Speakers that have the ability to increase the sound input are
commonly known as active speakers. If a speaker can be plugged into an electrical
outlet or consists of volume control, you can easily determine if the speaker is active.
The passive speakers are those that do not have any internal amplification; these
speakers need a high level of audio input as they do not increase the audio
signal.Usually, speakers come in pairs that led to producing stereo sound. It means,
on two separate channels, the left and right speakers produce audio. Music sounds
much more natural when you use two speakers, as in this condition, our ears hear
sounds from the left and right at one time, which makes sounds much more natural.
Furthermore, surround systems can produce more realistic sound as they may
include four to seven speakers, including a subwoofer.Rating a speakerSpeakers are
rated in distortion, watts, frequency response, and total harmonic.Frequency
response: It is produced by speakers, which is the rate of the lows and highs of the
sound.Watts: For the speakers, it is the amount of amplification.Total harmonic
distortion (THD): It is the amount of distortion created with the help of amplifying
the signal.