UNIT 1: PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS

THEORY AND DERIVATION

1. Derive the differential equation for three dimensional continuity flows in Cartesian
coordinates. (APR/MAY 19)
2. Explain the various properties of fluids. (APR/MAY 18)
3. Explain the various classification of fluids with the help of a stress strain graph. (APR/MAY
18)
4. Derive the expression of Bernoulli’s equation from the Euler’s equation and state the
assumptions made for such a derivation? (APR/MAY 17) (NOV/DEC 16) (NOV/DEC 15)
(APR/MAY 14)
5. Derive the Reynold’s Transport theorem. (NOV/DEC 16)
6. Derive an expression for the capillary rise of a liquid having surface tension σ and contact
angle θ between two vertical parallel plates at a distance W apart. If the plate are of glass,
what will be the capillary rise of water? Assume σ = 0.773 N/m, θ = 0°. Take W=1mm.
7. Why is the pressure exerted by ejected vapour on the free surface of liquid called “partial
pressure”? Discuss the influence of temperature and pressure on vapour of a liquid.
(NOV/DEC 18)

PROBLEMS ON PROPERTIES OF FLUID

1. Sliding fit cylindrical body of 1kg mass drops vertically down at a constant velocity of 0.05
ms-1 as shown in figure. Estimate the viscosity of oil. (NOV/DEC 18)
2. (i) Calculate the dynamic viscosity of an oil, which is used for lubrication between a square
plate of size 0.8m x 0.8m in an inclined plane with an angle of inclination 30° to the
horizontal. The weight of the square plate is 300N and it slides down the inclined plane with
a uniform velocity of 0.3m/s. The thickness of oil film is 1.5mm.
(ii) An oil of specific gravity 0.8 is flowing through a venturimeter having inlet diameter
20cm and throat diameter 10cm. The oil-mercury differential manometer shows a reading of
25cm. calculate the discharge of oil through the horizontal venturimeter. Take
Cd=0.9(APR/MAY 17) (APR/MAY 19)
3. The dynamic viscosity of an oil used for lubrication between a shaft and sleeve is 6 poise.
The shaft is of diameter 0.4m and rotates at 160rpm. Calculate the power lost in the bearing
for a sleeve length of 90mm. The thickness of oil film is 1.5mm. (NOV/DEC 16)
4. (i) At a certain location, wind at a temperature of 30°C is blowing steadily at 15m/s.
Determine the mechanical energy of air per unit mass and the power generation potential of a
wind turbine with 20m diameter blades at that location. Also determine the actual electric
power generation assuming overall efficiency of 35%.
(ii) A hydraulic lift shaft of 450mm diameter moves in a cylinder of 451mm diameter with
the length of engagement of 3m. The interface is filled with oil of kinematic viscosity of 2.5 x
10-4 m2/s and density 900 kg/m3. Determine the uniform velocity of movement of the shaft if
the drag resistance was 320N. (APR/MAY 16)
5. (i) In cold climates, the water pipes may freeze and burse if proper precautions are not taken.
In such an occurrence, the exposed part of a pipe on the ground ruptures, and water shoots up
to 34m. Estimate the gage pressure of water in the pipe. State your assumptions and discuss if
the actual pressure is more or less than the value you predicted.
 (ii) A conical bearing of outer radius 0.5m and inner radius 0.3m and height 0.3m runs on a
conical support with a uniform clearance between surfaces. Oil with viscosity 33 centipoise is
used. The support is rotated at 450 rpm. Determine the clearance if the power required was
1400 W. (APR/MAY 16)
6. Calculate the dynamic viscosity of an oil, which is used for lubrication between a square plate
of size 0.8m x 0.8m in an inclined plane with an angle of inclination 30° to the horizontal.
The weight of the square plate is 300N and it slides down the inclined plane with a uniform
velocity of 0.3m/s. The thickness of oil film is 1.5mm. (NOV/DEC 15)
7. If the velocity distribution of a fluid over a plate is given by u = ay 2+by+c with the vertex
0.2m from the plate, where the velocity is 1.2 m/s. Calculate the velocity gradients and shear
stresses at a distance of 0m, 0.1m and 0.2m from the plane, if the viscosity of the fluid is 0.85
Ns/m2. (APR/MAY 15)
8. Determine the viscous drag torque and power absorbed on one surface of a collar bearing of
0.2m ID and 0.3m OD with an oil film thickness of 1mm and a viscosity of 30 centipoise if it
rotates at 500 rpm. (NOV/DEC 14)
9. A hollow cylinder of 150mm OD with its weight equal to the buoyant forces is to be kept
floating vertically in a liquid with a surface tension of 0.45 N/m 2. The contact angle is 60°.
Determine the additional force required due to surface tension. (NOV/DEC 14)
10. A 400mm diameter shaft is rotating at 200 rpm in a bearing of length 120mm. If the thickness
of film is 1.5mm and the dynamic viscosity of the oil is 0.7 Ns/m2, determine (1) Torque
required to overcome friction in bearing (2) Power utilized to overcoming viscous friction.
Assume linear velocity profile. (APR/MAY 14)
11. The inlet and throat diameters of a vertically mounted venturimeter are 30cm and 15cm
respectively. The throat section is below the inlet section at a distance of 10cm. The density
of the liquid is 850 kg/m3. The intensity of pressure at inlet and throat are 150 kN/m 2 and 90
kN/m2 respectively. If 4% of the differential head is lost between inlet and throat, find the
volumetric flow rate. (APR/MAY 19)

PROBLEMS ON BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

12. Water flows through a pipe AB 1.2m in diameter at 3 ms -1 and then passes through a pipe BC
which is 1.5m in diameter. At C the pipe branches. Branch CD is 0.8m in diameter and
carries one third of the flow in AB. The velocity in branch CE is 2.5 ms-1. Find (i) the
volume rate of low in AB (ii) the velocity in BC (iii) the velocity in CD (iv) the diameter of
CE (NOV/DEC 18)
13. (i) Water is flowing through a pipe of diameter 30cm and 20cm at sections 1 and 2
respectively. The rate of flow through pipe is 35 lps. The section 1 is 8m above datum and
section 2 is 6m above datum. If the pressure at section 1 is 44.5 N/cm2. Find the intensity of
pressure at section. (NOV/DEC 15)
14. A pipe 200m long slopes down at 1 in 100 and tapers from 600mm diameter at higher end to
300mm diameter at the lower end, and carries 100 liter/sec of oil having specific gravity 0.8.
If the pressure gauge at the higher end reads 60 kN/m 2, determine the velocities at the two
ends and also the pressure at the lower end. Neglect all losses. (APR/MAY 15)
15. Water flows at the rate of 200 litres per second upwards through a tapered vertical pipe. The
diameter at the bottom is 240mm and at the top 200mm and the length is 5m. The pressure at
the bottom is 8 bar, and the pressure at the topside is 7.3 bar. Determine the head loss through
the pipe. Express it as a function of exit velocity head. (NOV/DEC 14)
16. The water level in a tank is 20m above the ground. A hose is connected to the bottom of the
tank, and the nozzle at the end of the hose is pointed straight up. The tank is at sea level, and
the water surface is open to the atmosphere. In the line leading from the tank to the nozzle is
a pump, which increases the pressure of water. If the water jet rises to a height of 27m from
the ground, determine the minimum pressure rise supplied by the pump to the water line.
(NOV/DEC 14)

PROBLEMS ON U TUBE MANOMETER

17. A ‘U’ tube manometer is used to measure water in a pipeline which is in excess of
atmosphere pressure. The right limb of the manometer contains mercury and is pen to
atmosphere. The contact between water and mercury is in the left limb. Calculate the pressure
of water in the mainline if the difference in level of mercury in the limbs is 10.5 cm and the
free surface of mercury is in level with center of pipe. If the pressure of water I the pipeline is
reduced by (i) 10000 N/m3 and (ii) 12000 N/m3 find the difference of level of mercury.
(NOV/DEC 17)
18. In a vertical pipe carrying water, pressure gauges are inserted at points X and Y where the
pipe diameters are 0.2m and 0.1m respectively. The point Y is 2.25m below X and when the
flow rate down the pipe is 0.025m3/s, the pressure at Y is 15686 N/m2 greater than that at X.
2
v
Assuming the losses in the pipe between X and Y can be expressed as k where v is the
2g
velocity at X, find the value of k. If the gauges at X and Y are replaced by tubes filled with
water and connected to a U tube containing mercury of relative density 13.6, calculate
difference in the levels in the two limbs of the U tube. (NOV/DEC 17)
19. Gasoline of specific gravity of 0.8 is flowing upward a vertical pipeline which tapers from
300mm to 150mm diameter. A gasoline mercury differential manometer is connected
between 300mm, 150mm pipe section to measure the rate of flow. The distance between the
manometer tapings is 1m and gauge readings is 500mm of mercury. Find (1) Differential
gauge reading in terms of gasoline head and (2) Rate of flow. (APR/MAY 14)

UNIT 2: FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR CONDUITS

THEORY AND DERIVATION
1. Derive an expression for steady laminar flow in circular pipes and prove that the Umax/V = 2.
Draw the necessary sketches. (APR/MAY 2019)
2. How does the velocity of fluid varies within the boundary later zone? Define boundary later
thickness. Why is it called nominal thickness of the boundary layer? (NOV/DEC 2018)
3. Derive the Hagen Poiseuille formula for the flow through circular pipes. (NOV/DEC 2016)
(NOV/DEC 2015)
4. Describe the Moody’s chart. (NOV/DEC 2014) (APR/MAY 2014)
5. Briefly explain the following terms. (i) Displacement thickness (ii) Momentum thickness (iii)
Energy thickness(APR/MAY 2014)
6. For a flow of viscous fluid flowing through a circular pipe under laminar flow conditions
show that the velocity distribution is a parabola. And also show that the average velocity is
half of the maximum velocity. (APR/MAY 2017)
 PROBLEMS ON HAGEN POISEUILLE EQUATION
7. Water at 10°C ( ρ = 999.7 kg/m3 and µ = 1.307x10-3 kg/m.s) is flowing steadily in a 0.20cm
diameter, 15m long pipe at an average velocity of 1.2 m/s. Determine the pressure drop, the
head loss and the pumping power requirement to overcome this pressure drop. If the velocity
is increased by two times find the above parameters. (NOV/DEC 2017)
8. A fluid of viscosity 0.7 Pa.s and specific gravity 1.3 is flowing through a pipe diameter
120mm. The maximum shear stress at the pipe value is 205.2 N/m2. Determine the pressure
gradient, Reynolds number and average velocity? (APR/MAY 2017)
9. Oil flows through a pipe 150mm in diameter and 650mm in length with a velocity of 0.5 m/s.
If the kinematic viscosity of oil is 18.7x10-4 m2/s, find the power lost in overcoming friction.
Take the specific gravity of oil as 0.9. (APR/MAY 2015)
10. An oil of specific gravity 0.80 and kinematic viscosity 15x10-6 m2/s flows in a smooth pipe
of 12cm diameter at a rate of 150 lit/min. Determine whether the flow is laminar or turbulent.
Also calculate the velocity at the center line and the velocity at a radius of 4 cm. what is the
head loss for a length of 10m? What will be the entry length? Also determine the wall shear.
(NOV/DEC 2014)
11. Oil at 27°C ( ρ = 900 kg/m3 and µ = centi poise ) is flowing steadily in a 1.25cm diameter,
40m long pipe. During the flow, the pressure at the pipe inlet and exit is measured to be 8.25
bar and 0.97 bar, respectively. Determine the flow rate of oil through the pipe assuming the
pipe is (i) horizontal (ii) inclined 20° upward, (iii) inclined 20° downward(NOV/DEC 2014)
12. A crude oil of viscosity 0.9 poise and relative density 0.9 is flowing through a horizontal
circular pipe of diameter 120mm and length 12m. Calculate the difference of pressure at the
two ends of the pipe, if 785N of oil is collected in a tank in 25 seconds. (APR/MAY 2014)

PROBLEMS ON LOSSES IN PIPES

13. Water flowing through an 10cm diameter pipe enters a porous section of same diameter
which allows a uniform radial velocity vw through the wall surfaces for a distance of 2m. (i) If
the entrance average velocity V1 is 12m/s, find the exit velocity V2 if vw = 15cm/s out of the
pipe walls; vw = 10cm/s into the pipe. What value of vw will make V2 = 9m/s? (ii) If the
entrance average velocity V1 is 18m/s, find the exit velocity V2 if vw = 18cm/s out the pipe
walls; vw = 12cm/s into the pipe. What value of vw will make V2 = 12m/s? (NOV/DEC 2017)
14. A crude oil of kinematic viscosity 0.4 stokes is flowing through a pipe of diameter 300mm at
the rate of 300 liters per sec. Find the head lost due to friction for a length of 50m of the pipe.
Take coefficient of friction as 0.006. (APR/MAY 2017)
15. Shell and tube heat exchanger with hundreds of tubes housed in a shell are commonly used in
practice for heat transfer between two fluids. Such a heat exchanger used in an active solar
hot-water system transfers heat from a water antifreeze solution flowing through the shell and
the solar collector to fresh water flowing through the tubes at an average temperature of 60°C
at a rate of 15 L/s. The heat exchanger contains 80 brass tubes 1cm in inner diameter and
1.5m in length. Disregarding inlet, exit and header losses, determine the pressure drop across
a single tube and the pumping power required by the tube-side fluid of the heat exchanger.
The density and dynamic viscosity of water at 60°C are ρ = 983.3 kg/m3 and µ = 0.467
kg/m.s, respectively. The roughness of brass tubing is 1.5 x 10-6m. (APR/MAY 2016)
16. Water at 15°C is to be discharges from a reservoir at a rate of 20 L/s using two horizontal cast
iron pipes connected in series and a pump between them. The first pipe is 22m long and has a
 6cm diameter, while the second pipe is 33m long and has a 4cm diameter. The water level in
the reservoir is 30m above the centerline of the pipe. The pipe entrance is sharp edged, losses
associated with the connections of the pump are negligible. Determine the required pumping
head and the minimum pumping power to maintain the indicated flow rate. The density and
dynamic viscosity of water at 15°C are ρ = 991.1 kg/m3 and µ = 1.138x10-3 kg/m.s. The
roughness of brass tubing is 0.00026m. (APR/MAY 2016)
17. In a water pipeline there is an abrupt change in diameter from 140mm to 250mm. If the head
lost due to separation when the flow is from the smaller to the larger pipe is 0.6m greater than
the head lost when the same flow is reversed, determine the flow rate. Take below shows the
experimental values of Cc. (NOV/DEC 2018)
A2/A1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0
Cc 0.61 0.632 0.673 0.73 1.0

PROBLEMS ON PIPES IN SERIES

18. Two reservoirs with a difference in water surface elevation of 10m are connected by a
pipeline ABC which consists of two pipes of AB and BC joined in series. Pipe AB is 10cm in
diameter and 20m long and has a value of friction factor f=0.02. Pipe BC is of 16cm
diameter, 25m long and has f=0.018. (i) Calculate the discharge and (ii) Determine the
difference in reservoir elevation necessary to have a discharge of 15 lit/s. Include all losses
for both cases. (APR/MAY 2019)
19. Three pipes of 400mm, 200mm, and 300mm diameters have lengths of 400m, 200m and
300m respectively. They are connected in series to make a compound pipe. The ends of this
compound pipe are connected with two tanks whose difference of water levels is 16m. If the
coefficient of friction for these pipe is same equal to 0.005, determine the discharge through
the compound pipe neglecting first the minor losses and then including them. (NOV/DEC
2016) (NOV/DEC 2015)

PROBLEMS ON PARALLEL PIPES

20. A single pipe 300mm diameter and 300m long carries a discharge of 0.1 m3s-1. What is the
required length of another 400mm diameter pipe which is to be placed in parallel with the
existing 300mm diameter pipe in order to augment the discharge by 30%. Take f for each
pipe = 0.015 and neglect the minor losses. (NOV/DEC 2018)
21. An old water supply distribution pipe of 250mm diameter of a city is to be replaced by two
parallel pipes of smaller equal diameter having equal lengths and identical friction factor
values. Find out the new diameter required. (APR/MAY 2018)
22. A pipe line of 0.6m diameter is 1.5km long. To increase the discharge, another line of the
same diameter is introduced parallel to the first in the second half of the length. Neglecting
the minor losses, find the increase in discharge if Darcy’s friction factor is 0.04. The head at
inlet is 300mm. (APR/MAY 2015)
23. The main pipe is divided into two parallel pipes which again forms one pipe, the first parallel
pipe has length of 1000m and diameter of 0.8 m. The second parallel pipe has length of
1000m and diameter of 0.6 m. The coefficient of friction for each parallel pipe is 0.005. If the
total rate of flow in the main pipe is 2 m3/sec, find the rate of flow in each parallel pipe.
(APR/MAY 2014)
 PROBLEMS ON POWER TRANSMITTED THROUGH PIPES
24. A pipe line of length 2000m is used for power transmission. If 110.3625kW power is to be
transmitted through the pipe in which water having a pressure of 490.4 N/cm2 at inlet if
lowing. Find the diameter of the pipe and efficiency of transmission if the pressure drop over
the length of the pipe is 98.1 N/cm2. Take f=0.0065(APR/MAY 2018)

UNIT 3: DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

THEORY QUESTIONS
1. In order that the relationships determined for a model can be applied to a real life application
(prototype) there has to be a physical similarity between the parameters involved in each one.
Discuss in brief the different types of similarity. (NOV/DEC 2018)
2. State Reynolds model law. Obtain the scale ratio for velocity on the basis of Reynolds model
law. (NOV/DEC 2018)
3. Explain the various types of similarities between model and prototype. (APR/MAY 2018)
4. Define similitude and explain its types. (NOV/DEC 2016) (NOV/DEC 2015)
5. Derive the five different types of dimensionless numbers.(NOV/DEC 2016)
6. Define the following dimensionless numbers and state their significance for fluid flow
problems. (1) Reynold’s number (2) Mach’s number. (APR/MAY 2014)
7. What is meant by geometric, kinematic and dynamic similarities? (APR/MAY 2014)
BUCKINGHAM’S π THEOREM
8. The power P developed by a water turbine depends on the rotational speed N, operating head
H, gravity g, diameter D and width B of the runner, density ρ, and viscosity µ of water. Show
by dimensional analysis that P = ρD5N3 ϕ[H/D, D/B, ρD2N/µ, ND/√ gH ] (APR/MAY 2019)
9. By dimensional analysis show that the torque T on a shaft of diameter d, revolving at a speed

( )
N in a fluid of viscosity µ and mass density ρ is given by the expression T = (ρd5N2) ϕ 2 .
ϑ
d N

Use Buckingham’s method. Hence show that power P is given by P = (ρd5N3) ϕ 2 . ( ) ϑ

d N
(NOV/DEC 2018)
10. The pressure difference Δp in a pipe of diameter D and length l due to turbulent flow depends
on the velocity V, viscosity µ, density ρ and roughness k. Using Buckingham’s π theorem,
obtain an expression for Δp. (APR/MAY 2018) (NOV/DEC 2016) (APR/MAY 2014)
11. Consider flow over a very small object in a viscous fluid. Analysis of the equations of motion
shows that the inertial terms are much smaller that the viscous and pressure terms. It turns
out, then that fluid density drops out of the equations of motion. The only important
parameters in the problems are the velocity of motion U, the viscosity of the fluid and the
length scale of the body. Using the Buckingham pi theorem, generate an expression for the
two dimensional drag D2-D as a function of the other parameters in the problem. Use cylinder
diameter d as the appropriate length scale. Repeat the dimensional analysis with ρ included as
 a parameter. Find the non-dimensional relationship between the parameters in this problem.
(NOV/DEC 2017)
12. Using Buckingham’s π theorem, show the the velocity through a circular orifice is given by V
= √ 2 gH ϕ[ D µ
,
H ρνH ] , where H is the head causing flow, D is the diameter of the orifice, µ is
the coefficient of viscosity, ρ is the mass density and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
(APR/MAY 2017) (NOV/DEC 2015)
13. The temperature difference θ at a location x at time τ in a slab of thickness L originally at a
temperature difference θ0 with outside is found to depend on the thermal diffusivity ά,
thermal conductivity k and convection coefficient h. Using dimensional analysis determine
the dimensionless parameters to correlate the situation. (APR/MAY 2016)
14. Using Buckingham’s π method of dimensional analysis obtain an expression for the drag
force R on a partially submerged body moving with a relative velocity V in a fluid; the other
variables being the linear dimensions L, height of surface roughness K, fluid density ρ and
the gravitational acceleration g. (APR/MAY 2015)
15. Convective heat transfer coefficient in free convection over a surface is found to be
influenced by the density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, coefficient of cubical expansion,
temperature difference, gravitational acceleration, specific heat, the height of surface and the
flow velocity. Using dimensional analysis, determine the dimensionless parameters that will
correlate the phenomenon. (APR/MAY 2016)
16. The efficiency η of a fan depends on the density ρ, the dynamic viscosity µ of the fluid, the
angular velocity ω, diameter D of the rotor and the discharge Q. Express η in terms of
dimensionless parameters. Use Rayleigh’s method. (APR/MAY 2015)
17. The power developed by hydraulic machines is found to depend on the head H, flow rate Q,
density ρ, speed N, runner diameter D and acceleration due to gravity g. Obtain suitable
dimensionless parameters to correlate experimental results. (NOV/DEC 2014)
18. Obtain a relation using dimensional analysis, for the resistance to uniform motion of a
partially submerged body in a viscous compressible fluid. (NOV/DEC 2014)

TESTING OF PROTOTYPE
19. A 1:10 scale model of a submarine moving far below the surface of sea water is tested in a
water tunnel. If the speed of the prototype is 8 m/s, determine the corresponding velocity of
water in the tunnel. Also determine the force ratio of the model and the prototype. Kinematic
viscosity of sea water and water are 1.121 x 10-6 m2/s and 10-6 m2/s respectively. Density of
sea water is 1027 kg/m3. (APR/MAY 2019)
20. A ship 170m long moves in fresh water at 40 km/hr. A 1:100 model of this ship is to be tested
in a towing basing containing a liquid of sp. gr. 0.90. What is the viscosity of liquid (model)?
At what speed must the model be towed? If 120 Watts is required to tow the model at this
speed, what power is required by the ship? Take viscosity of water as 0.00113
Ns/m2(APR/MAY 2019)
21. Vortex shedding at the rear of a structure of a given section can create harmful periodic
vibration. To predict the shedding frequency, a smaller model is to be tested in a water
tunnel. The air speed is expected to be about 90 kmph. If the geometric scale is 1:6.8 and the
water temperature is 28°C determine the speed to be sued in the tunnel. Consider air
temperature as 40°C. If the shedding frequency of the model was 60 Hz, determine the
 shedding frequency of the prototype. The dimensions of the structure are diameter 0.2m and
height 0.4m. (NOV/DEC 2017)
22. A 1:100 model is used for model testing of ship. The model is tested in wind tunnel. The
length of ship is 400m. The velocity of air in the wind tunnel around the model is 25 m/s and
the resistance is 55N. Determine the length of model. Also find the velocity of ship as well as
resistance developed. Take density of air and sea water as 1.24 kg/m3 and 1030 kg/m3. The
kinematic viscosity of air and sea water are 0.018 stokes and 0.012 stokes respectively.
(APR/MAY 2017)
23. The pressure drop in an airplane model of size 1/10 of its prototype is 80 N/cm2. The model is
tested in water. Find the corresponding pressure drop in the prototype. Take density of air =
1.24 kg/m3. The viscosity of water is 0.01 poise while the viscosity of air is 0.00018 poise.
(NOV/DEC 2016)
24. The ratio of lengths of a submarine and its model is 30:1. The speed of the prototype is 10
m/s. The model is to be tested in a wind tunnel. Find the speed of air in wind tunnel. Also
determine the ratio of the drag between the model and prototype. Take values of kinematic
viscosities of sea water and air as 0.012 stokes and 0.016 stokes respectively. The density of
sea water and air is given as 1030 kg/m3 and 1.24 kg/m3 respectively. (NOV/DEC 2015)
25. A geometrically similar model of an air duct is built to 1/25th scale and tested with water
which is 50 times more viscous and 800 times more density than air. When tested under
dynamically similar conditions, the pressure drop is 2 bar in the model, find the
corresponding pressure drop in the full scale prototype. (APR/MAY 2014)

UNIT 4: PUMPS
THEORY AND DERIVATION
1. Derive the work done by the centrifugal pump on water. (APR/MAY 2018) CASE STUDY
QUESTION
2. Write the different classifications of rotary pumps and explain the working principle of any
one. (APR/MAY 2019)
3. Explain the working of a double acting reciprocating pump with a neat sketch. (APR/MAY
2019)
4. Draw a typical layout of a centrifugal pumping installation and describe the functions of the
various accessories. (NOV/DEC 2018)
5. Explain the following: (i) Manometric efficiency (ii) Mechanical efficiency (iii) Overall
efficiency (iv) volumetric efficiency (APR/MAY 2018)
6. Discuss the working of Gear pump using its schematic. (APR/MAY 2017)
7. Derive the expression for pressure head due to acceleration in the suction and delivery pipes
of the reciprocating pumps. (NOV/DEC 2016)
8. Explain the working principle with the main parts of Centrifugal pump. (NOV/DEC 2015)
9. Explain the working principle of a Reciprocating pump with a neat sketch. (NOV/DEC 2015)
10. Explain with a neat sketch the working of a single acting reciprocating pump. Also obtain the
expression for weight delivered by the pump per second. (APR/MAY 2015)
11. Explain about the performance characteristics of centrifugal pumps. (NOV/DEC 2014)
12. Discuss the working of Lobe and vane pumps. (NOV/DEC 2014)
13. Define indicator diagram. Prove that the work done by the pump is proportional to the area of
the indicator diagram. (APR/MAY 2014)
PROBLEMS ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
14. A centrifugal pump delivers water at 0.075 m3/s with a head of 20m while operating at 880
rpm. The hub to shroud radius ratio at the inlet is 0.35 and the relative velocity makes an
angle of -52° at inlet, (i) Find reversible work done by pump, (ii) What is the work done by
the impeller? (iii) Find the impeller radius and the inlet radius of the shroud, (iv) Determine
the blade width at the exit of the impeller, (v) Assume a reasonable number of blades, and
calculate the blade angle at the exit. Use the Pfleiderer equation to determine more accurately
the number of blades and recalculate the blade angle at the exit if needed, (iv) What is the
power required to drive the pump? (NOV/DEC 2017) CASE STUDY QUESTION
15. A centrifugal pump lifts water against a static head of 32.067m of which 3.054m is suction
lift. Both the suction and delivery pipes are 12.7cm in diameter. The loss of head in suction
pipe is 1.07m of water and in delivery pipe is 5.955 of water. The impeller is 30.54cm in
diameter and 2.54 cm wide at the outlet. It revolves at 1450rpm and the blade angle at exit is
35°. The manometric efficiency of the pump is 80% and its overall efficiency is 68%.
Determine (i) The discharge of the pump, (ii) The power required to drive the pump and (iii)
The pressures at the two branches of the pipe. Neglect the effect of vane thickness on the area
of the flow. (APR/MAY 2019)
16. A centrifugal pump draws water from a sump through a vertical 150mm pipe. The pump has
a horizontal discharge pipe 100mm diameter which is 3.5m above water level in the sump.
While pumping 35 liters per second, gauges near the pump at entrance and discharge read -
0.35 kgf cm-2 and +1.8 kgf cm-2 respectively. The discharge gauge is 0.5m above the suction
gauge. Determine the horsepower output of the pump. (NOV/DEC 2018)
17. The internal and external diameters of the impeller of a centrifugal pump are 200mm and
400mm respectively. The pump is running at 1200 rpm. The vane angles of the impeller at
inlet and outlet are 20° and 30° respectively. The water enters the impeller radially and
velocity of flow is constant. Determine the work done by the impeller per unit weight of
water. (APR/MAY 2018)
18. The dimensionless specific speed of a centrifugal pump is 0.06. Static head is 30m.Flow rate
is 50 lit/s. The suction and delivery pipes are each of 15cm diameter. The friction factor is
0.02. Total length is 55m and other losses equal 4 times the velocity head in the pipe. The
vanes are forward curved at 120°. The width is one tenth of the diameter. There is a 6%
reduction in flow area due to the blade thickness. The manometric efficiency is 80%.
Determine the impeller diameter if inlet is radial. (NOV/DEC 2017) (NOV/DEC 2014)
19. A centrifugal pump delivers 50 lit/s when running at 1500 rpm. The inner and outer diameters
are 0.15m and 0.25m respectively. The blades are curved at 30° to the tangent at the outlet.
The flow velocity is 2.5 m/s and is constant. The suction and delivery pipe diameters are
15cm and 10cm respectively. The pressure head at suction is 4m below atmosphere. The
pressure at the delivery is 18m above atmosphere. The power required was 18kW. Determine
the vane angle at inlet for zero whirl at inlet. Also find the manometric efficiency and overall
efficiency. (NOV/DEC 2017)
20. A centrifugal pump having out diameter equal to two times the inner diameter and running at
1000rpm works against a head of 40m. The velocity of flow through the impeller is constant
and equal to 2.5m/s. The vanes are set back at angle of 40° at outlet. If the outer diameter of
 the impeller is 500mm and width at outlet is 50mm determine (i) vane angle at inlet, (ii)
Manometric efficiency, (iii) Workdone by impeller on water per second. (APR/MAY 2017)
21. The internal and external diameter of the impeller of a centrifugal pump which is running at
1200 rpm are 300mm and 600mm. The discharge through the pump is 0.05 m3/s and the
velocity of the flow is constant and equal to 2.5 m/s. The diameters of the suction and
delivery pipes are 150mm and 100mm respectively and suction and delivery heads are 6
m(abs) and 30 m(abs) of water. If the outlet vane angle is 45° and power required to drive the
pump is 17kW determine: (i) Vane angle of the impeller at inlet (ii) Overall efficiency of the
pump (iii) Manometric efficiency of pump. (NOV/DEC 2016)
22. The internal and external diameters of the impeller of a centrifugal pump are 300mm and
600mm respectively. The pump is running at 1000rpm. The vane angles are of the impeller at
inlet and outlet are 20 and 30 respectively. The water enters the impeller radially and velocity
of flow is constant. Determine the work done by the impeller per unit weight of water. Sketch
the velocity triangle. (NOV/DEC 2015)
23. A centrifugal pump has an impeller 500mm in diameter running at 400rpm. The discharge at
the inlet is entirely radial. The velocity of the flow at outlet is 1 m/s. The vanes are curved
backwards at outlet at 30° to the wheel tangent. If the discharge of the pump is 0.14 m3/s,
calculate the impeller power and the torque on the shaft. (APR/MAY 2015)
24. A centrifugal pump running at 920rpm and delivering 0.32 m3/s of water against a head of
28m, the flow velocity being 3 m/s. If the manometric efficiency is 80%, determine the
diameter and width of the impeller. The blade angle at outlet is 25°

PROBLESM ON RECIPROCATING PUMP

25. In a single acting pump the cylinder has a diameter of 150mm and a stroke 300mm. The
water is to be raised to a height of 20m when the pump is running at 40rpm. Determine the
theoretical discharge and the theoretical power. If the actual discharge of the pump is 3.5 lps,
find the coefficient of discharge and the percentage slip of the pump. (NOV/DEC 2018)
26. A single acting reciprocating pump running at 50 rpm delivers 0.01 m3/s of water. The
diameter of the piston is 200mm and stroke length 400mm. Determine (i) The theoretical
discharge of the pump (ii) Coefficient of discharge (iii) Slip and Percentage slip of the pump.
(APR/MAY 2017) (NOV/DEC 2015)
27. An axial flow pump running at 620rpm deliver 1.5 m3/s against a head of 5.2m. The speed
ratio is 2.5. The flow ratio is 0.5. The overall efficiency is 0.8. Determine the power required
and the blade angles at the root and tip and the diffuser blade inlet angle. Inlet whirl is zero.
(APR/MAY 2016)
28. Discuss about air vessel using with reciprocating pump. A single acting reciprocating pump
handle water. The bore and stroke of the unit are 22cm and 32cm. The suction pipe diameter
is 12cm and length is 10m. The delivery pipe diameter is 12cm and length is 30m. Take
frictional factor as 0.02. The speed of operation is 32 rpm. Determine the friction power with
and without air vessels. (APR/MAY 2016)
29. The plunger diameter and stroke length of a single acting reciprocating pump are 300mm and
500mm respectively. The speed of the pump is 50 rpm. The diameter and length of delivery
pipe are 150mm and 55mm respectively. If the pump is equipped with an air vessel on the
delivery side at the center line of the pump, find the power saved in overcoming friction in
the delivery pipe. Take friction coefficient f=0.01(APR/MAY 2014)
30. A single acting pump is equipped with an air vessel on the delivery side. The piston moves
with simple harmonic motion. The diameter and stroke of the piston are 300mm and 600mm
respectively. The delivery pipe is 175mm in diameter and 60m long. Determine the power
saved (in horse power units) in overcoming friction in the delivery pipe by the air vessel. The
pump runs at 120 rpm. Take f=0.001. (NOV/DEC 2018) CASE STUDY QUESTION

UNIT 5: TURBINES
THEORY QUESTIONS
1. With neat sketch explain the function of Francis turbine(APR/MAY 2019)
2. Discuss the need of draft tube for turbine(APR/MAY 2019)
3. What is draft tube? Explain its functions (NOV/DEC 2018)
4. Define specific speed of a turbine. Discuss briefly on the factors to be borne in mind in the
selection of speed of Pelton Turbine. (NOV/DEC 2018)
5. Explain the parts of Pelton wheel(APR/MAY 2018)
6. Explain the Performance characteristics curves of turbine. (APR/MAY 2017)
7. Describe the efficiencies of a turbine. (NOV/DEC 2016)
8. Explain the working of Kaplan turbine. Construct its velocity triangles. (NOV/DEC 2016)
9. Discuss about draft tube and its types. (NOV/DEC 2014)
10. Discuss about construction details of Kaplan turbine with a neat sketch(NOV/DEC 2014)
11. Draw a schematic diagram of a Kaplan turbine and explain its construction and working.
(APR/MAY 2014)
PROBLEMS ON PELTON WHEEL TURBINE
12. A double jet pelton wheel is required to generate 7500 KW. When the available head at the
base of the nozzle is 400m. The jet is deflected to 165° and the relative velocity of the jet is
reduced by 15% in passing over the buckets. Determine the diameter of the jet, total flow rate
and force exerted by the jet in tangential direction. Assume generator efficiency = 95%,
overall efficiency = 80%, speed ratio = 0.47 and CV = 0.97. (APR/MAY 2019)
13. A pelton wheel is supplied with water under a head of 35m at the rate of 40.5 kl/min. the
bucket deflects the jet through an angle of 160° and the mean bucket speed is 13 m/s.
Calculate the power and hydraulic efficiency of the turbine. (APR/MAY 2018)
14. Design a Pelton wheel for a head of 400m when running at 750 rpm. The pelton wheel
develops 12110 kW shat power. The ratio of jet diameter to the wheel diameter is 1/6. The
overall efficiency ηo = 0.86, coefficient of velocity Cv = 0.985 and speed ratio, ϕ = 0.45.
(NOV/DEC 2015)
15. A pelton wheel which is receiving water from a penstock with a gross head of 510m. One-
third of gross head is lost in the penstock. The rate of flow through the nozzle fitted at the end
of the penstock is 2.2 m3/s. The angle deflection of the jet is 165. Determine (i) the power
given by the water to the runner (ii) hydraulic efficiency of the pelton wheel. Take Cv = 1 and
speed ratio = 0.45 (APR/MAY 2014)
16. Draw inlet and outlet velocity triangles for a pelton turbine and indicate the direction of
various velocity components. Also obtain an expression for the work done per second by
water on the runner of the Pelton wheel. (APR/MAY 2015)
17. In case of Pelton turbine, for generation of maximum impact for a given flow, the angle of
deflection of jet after impact on the center of bucket must be 180°, but it is kept less than
180° at about 165°. Why? (NOV/DEC 2018)(CASE STUDY)
18. Water is to be supplied to the Pelton wheel of a hydroelectric power plant by a pipe of
uniform diameter, 400m long, from a reservoir whose surface is 200m vertically above the
nozzles. The required volume flow of water to the Pelton wheel is 30 m3/s. If the pipe skin
friction loss is not to exceed 10% of the available head and f=0.0075, determine the minimum
pipe diameter. You required to select a suitable pipe diameter from the available range of
stock sizes to satisfy the criteria given. The range of diameters (m) available are : 1.6, 1.8,
2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8. For the diameter you have selected, determine : (i) the friction head loss
in the pipe: (ii) the nozzle exit velocity assuming no friction losses occur in the nozzle and
the water leaves the nozzle at atmospheric pressure; (iii) the total power developed by the
turbine assuming that its efficiency is 75% based upon the energy available at turbine inlet.
(NOV/DEC 2017) (CASE STUDY)
19. For a high head storage capacity dam of net head 800m, it has been decided to design and
install a Pelton wheel for generating power of 13250 kW running at a speed of 600 RPM, if
the coefficient of jet is 0.97, Speed ratio = 0.46 and the Ratio of jet diameter is 1/15 of the
wheel diameter calculate (i) Number of jet, (ii) Diameters of jets, (iii) Diameter of Pelton
wheel, (iv) No of buckets and (v) Discharge of one jet. (APR/MAY 2017) (CASE STUDY)
PROBLEMS ON KAPLAN TURBINE
20. A Kaplan turbine runner hub and tip diameters are 2.5m and 5m respectively. When running
at 150 rpm under a head of 30m, it develops 30MW. The overall efficiency is 85% and
hydraulic efficiency is 90%. Determine the runner blade angles at inlet and outlet both at the
tip and the hub. Assume zero whirl at exit and the product of whirl and tip speed is constant
at all diameters. (NOV/DEC 2017)
21. A Kaplan turbine runner is to be designed to develop 9100kW. The net available head is
5.6m. If the speed ratio = 2.09, flow ratio = 0.68, overall efficiency = 86% and the diameter
of the boss is 1/3 the diameter of the runner. Find the diameter of the runner, its speed and the
specific speed of the turbine. (APR/MAY 2017)
22. A Kaplan turbine delivering 40 MW works under a head of 40m and runs at 150 rpm. The
hub diameter is 3m and runner tip diameter is 6m. The overall efficiency is 90%. Determine
the blade angles at the hub and tip and also at a diameter of 4m. Also find the speed ratio and
flow ratio based on tip velocity. Assume hydraulic efficiency as 95%.(APR/MAY 2016)
23. The hub diameter of a Kaplan turbine working under a head of 12m, is 0.35 times the
diameter of the runner. The turbine is running at 100 rpm. If the vane angle of the extreme
edge of the runner at outlet is 15 and flow ratio is 0.6, find the diameter of the runner,
diameter of the boss and the discharge through the runner. The velocity at the whirl at outlet
is given as zero. (APR/MAY 2015)
24. A Kaplan turbine delivers 10 MW under a head of 25m. The hub and tip diameters are 1.2m
and 3m. Hydraulic and overall efficiencies are 0.90 and 0.85. If both velocity triangles are
right angled triangle, determine the speed, guide blade outlet angle and blade outlet angle.
(NOV/DEC 2014)
PROBLEMS ON FRANCIS TURBINE
25. A francis turbine works under a head of 100m, the flow rate being 6 m3/s. The flow velocity
remains constant at 18 m/s. The blade inlet is at 90°. The width of the runner at inlet is 0.16
times the diameter and the inner diameter is 0.6 times the outer diameter. Determine the
runner diameter and hydraulic efficiency. Also calculate the guide blade and runner outlet
angles. Assume zero whirl at exit. Assume that the blade thickness reduces the flow area by
10%. If the flow rate is 12 m3/s, estimate the above parameter. (NOV/DEC 2017)
26. The following data is given for a Francis turbine. Net head H = 60m, speed N = 700rpm,
shaft power 294.3kw, overall efficiency 84%, hydraulic efficiency 93%. Flow ratio = 0.2,
breadth ratio n = 0.1, outer diameter of runner is tow times inner diameter of the runner. The
thickness of vanes occupies 5% of circumference area of the runner. Velocity of flow is
constant at inlet and outlet and the discharge is radial at outlet. Determine (i) Guide blade
angle, (ii) Runner vane angle at inlet and outlet, (iii) Diameter of runner inlet and outlet, (iv)
Width of wheel at inlet. (APR/MAY 2017) (NOV/DEC 2016)
27. A francis turbine with an overall efficiency of 70% is required to produce 147.15 kW. It is
working under a head of 8m, the peripheral velocity = 0.30√ 2 gH and the radial velocity of
the flow at inlet is 0.96√ 2 gH . The wheel runs at 200 rpm and the hydraulic losses in the
turbine are 20% of the available energy. Assume radial discharge, determine (i) guide blade
angle, (ii) wheel van angle at inlet, (iii) diameter of wheel at inlet and (iv) width of wheel at
inlet. Draw the suitable velocity triangle. (NOV/DEC 2015)
28. A francis turbine developing 16120 kW under a head of 260 m runs at 600 rpm. The runner
outside diameter is 1500mm and the width is 135mm. The flow rate is 7 m3/s. The exit
velocity at the draft tube outlet is 16 m/s. Assuming zero whirl velocity at exit and neglecting
blade thickness determine the overall and hydraulic efficiency and rotor blade angle at inlet.
Also find the guide vane outlet angle. (NOV/DEC 2014)
PROBLEMS ON OTHER TURBINES
29. An inward flow reaction turbine develops 260 HP at an overall efficiency of 78% under a
head of 70m. The peripheral speed of vanes at inlet is 35 ms-1. Width of wheel at inlet is one-
sixth of the corresponding diameter. Velocity of flow remains constant at 5 ms-1. Outlet
diameter of vanes is three-fourth inlet diameter. If inlet angle of runner vane is 90° to the
tangent, determine the guide blade discharge angle and runner vane outlet angle. Velocity of
whirl at outlet is zero. (NOV/DEC 2018)
30. At a location selected to install a hydro electric plant, the head is estimated as 540 ms. The
flow rate was determined as 22 m3/s. The plant is located at a distance of 2 km from the entry
to the penstock pipes along the pipes. Two pipes of 2m diameter are proposed with a friction
factor of 0.03. Additional losses amount to about 1/4th of frictional loss. Assuming an overall
efficiency of 85%, determine how many single jet unit running at 330rpm will be required.
(APR/MAY 2016)

CASE STUDY QUESTIONS

UNIT 1
1. If the equation of a velocity profile over a plate is v = 5y2 + y (where v is the velocity in ms-1)
determine the shear stress at y=0 and y=7.5cm. Given the viscosity of the liquid is 8.35 poise.
(NOV/DEC 2018)
2. The viscosity of pure water at 0°C is 0.01793 poise and density is 1 gcm-3. Express the
dynamic viscosity and the kinematic viscosity in SI units. (NOV/DEC 2018)
3. Derive the Euler’s equation of motion. (APR/MAY 2018)
4. A liquid has a specific gravity of 0.72. Find its density, specific weight and its weight per liter
of the liquid. If the above liquid is used as the lubrication between the shaft and the sleeve of
length 100mm. Determine the power lost in the bearing, where the diameter of the shaft is
0.5m and the thickness of the liquid film between the shaft and the sleeve is 1mm. Take the
viscosity of fluid as 0.5 Ns/m2 and the speed of the shaft rotates at 200 rpm. (APR/MAY
2017)
5. The water level in a tank is 20m above the ground. A hose is connected to the bottom of the
tank, and the nozzle at the end of the hose is pointed straight up. The tank is at sea level, and
the water surface is open to the atmosphere. In the line leading from the tank to the nozzle is
a pump, which increases the pressure of water. If the water jet rises to a height of 27m from
the ground, determine the minimum pressure rise supplied by the pump to the water line.
(NOV/DEC 14)

UNIT 2
1. A pumping plat is forcing the water through a pipe of 60 cm diameter and frictional loss is
30m. For reducing the power consumption, it is proposed to lay another pipe along the side of
existing pipe so both pipes will run parallel for the entire length and reduces the friction head
to 10m. Find the required diameter of new pipe line assuming friction factor is same for both
pipe lines. (APR/MAY 2019)
2. The diameter of a pipe bend is 0.35 m at inlet and 0.2m at outlet and the flow is turned
through 135° in a vertical plane. The axis at inlet makes an angle of 50° to horizontal plane
and the center of the outlet section is 1m above the center of the inlet section. The total
volume of fluid contained in the bend is 0.12 m3. Due to losses of energy between inlet and
outlet 0.2m of head is lost. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the force exerted on the
bend by the water flowing through it at 230 lit/s when the inlet pressure is 150.78 kN/m2.
(APR/MAY 2019)
3. A pipe AB tapering uniformly from a diameter of 0.1m at A to 0.2m at B over a length of 2m
carries water. Pressures at A and B are respectively 2.0 and 2.3 bar. The centerline of the pipe
slopes upwards from A to B at an angle of 30°. Determine the flow through the pipe ignoring
the losses. (NOV/DEC 2018)
4. Find the displacement thickness, the momentum thickness and the energy thickness for the
velocity distribution in the boundary layer given by u / U = 2 (y/δ) – (y/δ)2 (NOV/DEC 2016)
5. Explain the Reynold’s experiment. Derive the Darcy – Weisbach equation for the loss of
head due to friction in pipes. (NOV/DEC 2016)

UNIT 4
1. A single acting pump is equipped with an air vessel on the delivery side. The piston moves
with simple harmonic motion. The diameter and stroke of the piston are 300mm and 600mm
respectively. The delivery pipe is 175mm in diameter and 60m long. Determine the power
saved (in horse power units) in overcoming friction in the delivery pipe by the air vessel. The
pump runs at 120 rpm. Take f=0.001. (NOV/DEC 2018)
2. Derive the work done by the centrifugal pump on water. (APR/MAY 2018)
3. A centrifugal pump delivers water at 0.075 m3/s with a head of 20m while operating at 880
rpm. The hub to shroud radius ratio at the inlet is 0.35 and the relative velocity makes an
angle of -52° at inlet, (i) Find reversible work done by pump, (ii) What is the work done by
the impeller? (iii) Find the impeller radius and the inlet radius of the shroud, (iv) Determine
the blade width at the exit of the impeller, (v) Assume a reasonable number of blades, and
calculate the blade angle at the exit. Use the Pfleiderer equation to determine more accurately
the number of blades and recalculate the blade angle at the exit if needed, (iv) What is the
power required to drive the pump? (NOV/DEC 2017)
4. The internal and external diameters of the impeller of a centrifugal pump are 300mm and
600mm respectively. The pump is running at 1000rpm. The vane angles are of the impeller at
inlet and outlet are 20 and 30 respectively. The water enters the impeller radially and velocity
of flow is constant. Determine the work done by the impeller per unit weight of water. Sketch
the velocity triangle. (NOV/DEC 2015)
5. A centrifugal pump has an impeller 500mm in diameter running at 400rpm. The discharge at
the inlet is entirely radial. The velocity of the flow at outlet is 1 m/s. The vanes are curved
backwards at outlet at 30° to the wheel tangent. If the discharge of the pump is 0.14 m3/s,
calculate the impeller power and the torque on the shaft. (APR/MAY 2015)

UNIT 5
1. In case of Pelton turbine, for generation of maximum impact for a given flow, the angle of
deflection of jet after impact on the center of bucket must be 180°, but it is kept less than
180° at about 165°. Why? (NOV/DEC 2018)
2. Water is to be supplied to the Pelton wheel of a hydroelectric power plant by a pipe of
uniform diameter, 400m long, from a reservoir whose surface is 200m vertically above the
nozzles. The required volume flow of water to the Pelton wheel is 30 m3/s. If the pipe skin
friction loss is not to exceed 10% of the available head and f=0.0075, determine the minimum
pipe diameter. You required to select a suitable pipe diameter from the available range of
stock sizes to satisfy the criteria given. The range of diameters (m) available are : 1.6, 1.8,
2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8. For the diameter you have selected, determine : (i) the friction head loss
in the pipe: (ii) the nozzle exit velocity assuming no friction losses occur in the nozzle and
the water leaves the nozzle at atmospheric pressure; (iii) the total power developed by the
turbine assuming that its efficiency is 75% based upon the energy available at turbine inlet.
(NOV/DEC 2017)
3. For a high head storage capacity dam of net head 800m, it has been decided to design and
install a Pelton wheel for generating power of 13250 kW running at a speed of 600 RPM, if
the coefficient of jet is 0.97, Speed ratio = 0.46 and the Ratio of jet diameter is 1/15 of the
wheel diameter calculate (i) Number of jet, (ii) Diameters of jets, (iii) Diameter of Pelton
wheel, (iv) No of buckets and (v) Discharge of one jet. (APR/MAY 2017)
4. A Kaplan turbine runner is to be designed to develop 9100kW. The net available head is
5.6m. If the speed ratio = 2.09, flow ratio = 0.68, overall efficiency = 86% and the diameter
of the boss is 1/3 the diameter of the runner. Find the diameter of the runner, its speed and the
specific speed of the turbine. (APR/MAY 2017)
5. A francis turbine works under a head of 100m, the flow rate being 6 m3/s. The flow velocity
remains constant at 18 m/s. The blade inlet is at 90°. The width of the runner at inlet is 0.16
times the diameter and the inner diameter is 0.6 times the outer diameter. Determine the
runner diameter and hydraulic efficiency. Also calculate the guide blade and runner outlet
angles. Assume zero whirl at exit. Assume that the blade thickness reduces the flow area by
10%. If the flow rate is 12 m3/s, estimate the above parameter. (NOV/DEC 2017)