DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

22CES307 MECHANICS OF FLUIDS III SEMESTER

Assignment II Date of Submission 29.11.2024

1. Define an orifice-meter. Derive an equation to calculate the discharge through an orifice-meter

2. A pipe, through which water is flowing is having diameters 40 cm and 20 cm at the cross-
sections 1 and 2 respectively. The velocity of water at section 1 is given 5.0 m/s. Find the velocity
head at the sections 1 and 2 and also rate of discharge.
3. Determine the height of a rectangular weir of length 5 m to be built across a rectangular channel.
The maximum depth of water on the upstream side of the weir is 1.5 m and discharge is 1.5 m³
per second. Take Cd=0.6 and neglect end contractions.
4. Prove that the velocity distribution for viscous flow between two parallel plates when both plates
are fixed across a section is parabolic in nature. Also prove that maximum velocity is equal to one
and a half times the average velocity.
5. How would you distinguish between hydrodynamically smooth and rough boundaries ?
6. For the velocity profile in laminar boundary layer given as u/U = 3/2(y/δ)-1/2(y/δ)³, find the
thickness of the boundary layer and shear stress 1.8 m from the leading edge of a plate. The
plate is 2.5 m long and 1.5 m wide and is placed in water which is moving with a velocity of 15 cm
per second. Find the drag on one side of the plate if the viscosity of water = 0.01 poise.
7. A truck having a projected area of 12 square metres travelling at 60 km/hr has a total resistance
of 2943 N. Of this 25% is due to rolling friction and 15% is due to surface fraction. The rest is due
to form drag. Calculate the coefficient of form drag if the density of air = 1.25 kg/m3.
8. Find the displacement thickness, the momentum thickness and energy thickness for the velocity
distribution in the boundary layer given by, u/U = 2(y/δ) - (y/δ)² where δ = boundary layer
thickness.
9. What is the difference between pitot-tube and pitot-static tube?
10. A conical tube of length 3.0 m is fixed vertically with its smaller end upwards. The velocity of flow
at the smaller end is 4 m/s while at the lower end it is 2 m/s. The pressure head at the smaller
end is 2.0 m of liquid. The loss of head in the tube is 0.95 (v1 -v2)²/2g, where v1 is the velocity at
the smaller end and v2 at the lower end respectively. Determine the pressure head at the lower
end. Flow takes place in downward direction.
11. A rectangular channel 1.5 m wide has a discharge of 200 litres per second, which is measured by
a right-angled V-notch weir. Find the position of the apex of the notch from the bed of the channel
if maximum depth of water is not be exceed 1 m. Take Cd = 0.62.
12. A shaft having a diameter of 10 cm rotates centrally in a journal bearing having a diameter of
10.02 cm and length 20 cm. The annular space between the shaft and the bearing is filled with oil
having viscosity of 0.8 poise. Determine the power absorbed in the bearing when the speed of
rotation is 500 r.p.m.
13. Obtain an expression for velocity distribution in terms of average velocity for (a) smooth pipes and
(b) rough pipes.
14. Oil with a free-stream velocity of 1.5 m/s flow over a thin plate 1.4 m wide and 2.2 m long.
Calculate the boundary layer thickness and the shear stress at the trailing end point and
determine the total surface resistance of the plate. Take specific gravity of oil as 0.80 and
kinematic viscosity as 0.1 stoke.
15. Find the diameter of a parachute with which a man of mass 80 kg descends to the ground from
an aeroplane against the resistance of air, with a velocity of 25 m/s. Take Cd= 0.5 and density of
air = 1.25 kg/m³.
16. A liquid of specific gravity 0.8 is flowing upwards at the rate of 0.08 m³/s, through a vertical
venturimeter with an inlet diameter of 200 mm and throat diameter of 100 mm. The Cd=0.98 and
the vertical distance between pressure tappings is 300 mm. Find:
(i) the difference in readings of the two pressure gauges, which are connected to the two
pressure tappings, and (ii) the difference in the level of the mercury columns of the differential
manometer which is connected to the tappings, in place of pressure gauges.
17. A sub-marine moves horizontally in sea and has its axis 20 m below the surface of water. A pitot-
static tube placed in front of sub-marine and along its axis, is connected to the two limbs of a U-
tube containing mercury. The difference of mercury level is found to be 20 cm. Find the speed of
sub-marine. Take sp. gr. of mercury 13.6 and of sea-water 1.026.
18. Find the velocity of flow of an oil through a pipe, when the difference of mercury level in a
differential U-tube manometer connected to the two tappings of the pitot-tube is 15 cm. Take sp.
gr. of oil = 0.8 and co-efficient of pitot-tube as 0.98.
19. Discuss 'end contraction of a weir.
20. A collar bearing having external and internal diameters 20 cm and 10 cm respectively is used to
take the thrust of a shaft. An oil film of thickness 0.03 cm is maintained between the collar surface
and the bearing. Find the power lost in overcoming the viscous resistance when the shaft rotates
at 250 r.p.m. Take µ = 0.9 poise.
21. A smooth pipe of diameter 300 mm and length 600 m carries water at rate of 0.04 m²/s.
Determine the head lost due to friction, wall shear stress, centre-line velocity and thickness of
laminar sub-layer. Take the kinematic viscosity of water as 0.018 stokes.
22. Find the frictional drag on one side of the plate 200 mm wide and 500 mm long placed
longitudinally in a steam of crude oil (specific gravity= 0.925, kinematic viscosity = 0.9 stoke)
flowing with undisturbed velocity of 5 m/s. Also find the thickness of boundary layer and the shear
stress at the trailing edge of the plate.
23. Experiments were conducted in a wind tunnel with a wind speed of 50 km/hour on a flat plate of
size 2 m long and 1 m wide. The density of air is 1.15 kg/m³. The plate is kept at such an angle
that co-efficients of lift and drag are 0.75 and 0.15 respectively. Determine: (i) lift force, (ii), drag
force, (iii) resultant force, (iv) its direction, and (v) power exerted by the air stream on the plate.
24. Explain in brief the working of a pitot-tube. Calculate the velocity of flow of water in a pipe of
diameter 300 mm at a point, where the stagnation pressure head is 5 m and static pressure head
is 4 m. Co-efficient of pitot-tube is 0.97.
25. Derive Euler's equation of motion along a stream line for an ideal fluid stating clearly the
assumptions. Explain how this is integrated to get Bernoulli's equation along a stream-line.
26. The water is flowing through a tapered pipe of length 50 m having diameters 40 cm at the upper
end and 20 cm at the lower end, at the rate of 60 litres/s. The pipe has a slope of 1 in 40. Find the
pressure at the lower end if the pressure at the higher level is 24.525 N/cm².
27. A horizontal venturimeter with inlet and throat diameters 30 cm and 15 cm respectively is used to
measure the flow of water. The reading of differential manometer connected to inlet and throat is
10 cm of mercury. Determine the rate of flow. Take Cd = 0.98.
28. (a) A broad-crested weir of length 40 m, has 400 mm height of water above its crest. Find the
maximum discharge. Take Cd=0.6. Neglect velocity of approach.
(b) If the velocity of approach is to be taken into consideration, find the maximum discharge when
the channel has a cross-sectional area of 40 m² on the upstream side.
29. Water is flowing between two large parallel plates which are 2.0 mm apart. Determine: (a)
maximum velocity. (b) the pressure drop per unit length and (c) the shear stress at walls of the
plate if the average velocity is 0.4 m/s. Take viscosity of water as 0.01 poise.
30. Derive an expression for Prandtl's universal velocity distribution for turbulent flow in pipes. Why
this velocity distribution is called universal?
31. Air is flowing over a smooth plate with a velocity of 8 m/s. The length of the plate is 1.5 m and
width 1 m. If the laminar boundary exists upto a value of Reynold number = 5 x 10^5, find the
maximum distance from the leading edge upto which laminar boundary layer exists. Find the
maximum thickness of laminar boundary layer if the velocity profile is given by u/U=(y/δ) -
(y/δ)².Take v for air = 0.15 stokes.
32. A flat plate 2 m x 2 m moves at 40 km/hour in stationary air of density 1.25 kg/m³. If the co-
efficient of drag and lift are 0.2 and 0.8 respectively, find: (i) the lift force, (ii) the drag force, (iii)
the resultant force, and (iv) the power required to keep the plate in motion.
33. Water is flowing through a pipe of 100 mm diameter under a pressure of 19.62 N/cm² (gauge)
and with mean velocity of 3.0 m/s. Find the total head of the water at a cross-section, which is 8m
above the datum line.
34. The water is flowing through a pipe of diameter 30 cm. The pipe is inclined and a venturimeter is
inserted in the pipe. The diameter of venturimeter at throat is 15 cm. The difference of pressure
between the inlet and throat of the venturimeter is measured by a liquid of sp. gr. 0.8 in an
inverted U-tube which gives a reading of 40 cm. The loss of head between the inlet and throat is
0.3 times the kinetic head of the pipe. Find the discharge.
35. The pressure difference measured by the two tappings of a pitot-static tube, one tapping pointing
upstream and other perpendicular to the flow, placed in the centre of a pipe line of diameter 40
cm is 10 cm of water. The mean velocity in the pipe is 0.75 times the central velocity. Find the
discharge through the pipe. Take co-efficient of pitot-tube as 0.98.
36. A discharge of 1500 m³/s is to pass over a rectangular weir. The weir is divided into a number of
openings each of span 7.5 m. If the velocity of approach is 3 m/s, find the number of openings
needed in order the head of water over the crest is not to exceed 1.8.
37. Water is flowing through a 150 mm diameter pipe with a co-efficient of friction f= .05. The shear
stress at a point 40 mm from the pipe wall is 0.01962 N/cm². Calculate the shear stress at the
pipe wall.
38. What do you mean by separation of boundary layer? What is the effect of pressure gradient on
boundary layer separation ?
39. What is Magnus effect? Why is it known as Magnus effect?
40. Calculate: (a) the pressure gradient along the flow, (b) the average velocity, and (c) the discharge
for an oil of viscosity 0.02 Ns/m² flowing between two stationary parallel plates 1 m wide
maintained 10 mm apart. The velocity midway between the plates is 2.5 m/s.
41. Water is flowing over a thin smooth plate of length 4.5 m and width 2.5 m at a velocity of 0.9 m/s.
If the boundary layer flow changes from laminar to turbulent at a Reynold number 5 x 10^5, find
(i) the distance from leading edge upto, which boundary layer is laminar, (ii) thickness of the
boundary layer at the transition point, and (iii) the drag force on-one side of the plate. Take
viscosity of water as 0.01 poise.
42. A 20 x 10 cm venturimeter is provided in a vertical pipe line carrying oil of sp. gr. 0.8, the flow
being upwards. The difference in elevation of the throat section and entrance section of the
venturimeter is 50 cm. The differential U-tube mercury manometer shows a gauge deflection of
40 cm. Calculate: (i) the discharge of oil, and (ii) the pressure difference between the entrance
section and the throat section. Take Cd = 0.98 and sp. gr. of mercury as 13.6.
43. An orifice meter with orifice diameter 15 cm is inserted in a pipe of 30 cm diameter. The pressure
gauges fitted upstream and downstream of the orifice meter give readings of 14.715 N/cm² and
9.81 N/cm² respectively. Find the rate of flow of water through the pipe in litres/s. Take Cd=0.6.
44. Water is flowing in a rectangular channel of 1.2 m wide and 0.8 m deep. Find the discharge over
a rectan-gular weir of crest length 70 cm if the head of water over the crest of weir is 25 cm and
water from channel flows over the weir. Take Cd=0.60. Neglect end contractions but consider
velocity of approach.
45. A fluid of viscosity 0.5 poise and specific gravity 1.20 is flowing through a circular pipe of diameter
100 mm. The maximum shear stress at the pipe wall is given as 147.15 N/m², find: (a) the
pressure gradient, b) the average velocity, and c) the Reynolds number of the flow.
46. Determine the average height of the roughness for a rough pipe of diameter 10.0 cm when the
velocity at a point 4 cm from wall is 40% more than the velocity at a point 1 cm from pipe wall.
47. A thin plate is moving in still atmospheric air at a velocity of 4 m/s. The length of the plate is 0.5 m
and width 0.4 m. Calculate the (i) thickness of the boundary layer at the end of the plate and (ii)
drag force on one side of the plate. Take density of air as 1.25 kg/m³ and kinematic viscosity 0.15
stokes.
48. Differentiate between (i) stream-lines body and bluff body, (ii) Friction drag and pressure drag.
49. A pipe line carrying oil of specific gravity 0.8, changes in diameter from 300 mm at a position A to
500 mm diameter to a position B which is 5 m at a higher level. If the pressures at A and B are
19.62 N/cm² and 14.91 N/cm² respectively, and the discharge is 150 litres/s, determine the loss of
head and direction of flow.
50. An oil of sp. gr. 0.9 is flowing through a venturimeter having inlet diameter 20 cm and throat
diameter 10 cm. The oil-mercury differential manometer shows a reading of 20 cm. Calculate the
discharge of oil through the horizontal venturimeter. Take Cd = 0.98.
51. A right-angled V-notch is used for measuring a discharge of 30 litres/s. An error of 2 mm was
made in measuring the head over the notch. Calculate the percentage error in the discharge.
Take Cd = 0.62.
52. Prove that the loss of pressure head for the viscous flow through a circular pipe is given by hf =
32µūL/pgd²,where ū = Average velocity, w Specific weight.
53. A viscous flow is taking place in a pipe of diameter 100 mm. The maximum velocity is 2 m/s. Find
the mean velocity and the radius at which this occurs. Also calculate the velocity at 30 mm from
the wall of the pipe.
54. Show that velocity distribution for turbulent flow through rough pipe is given by u/u* = 5.75 log10
(y/k) + 8.5 where u*= shear velocity, y = distance from pipe wall, k= roughness factor.
55. Water is flowing through a rough pipe of diameter 40 cm and length 3000 m at the rate of 0.4
m³/s. Find the power required to maintain this flow. Take the average height of roughness as K =
0.3 mm.
56. How will you determine whether a boundary layer flow is attached flow, detached flow or on the
verge of separation ?
57. A jet plane which weighs 19620 N has a wing area of 25 m². It is flying at a speed of 200 km per
hour. When the engine develops 588.6 kW, 70% of this power is used to overcome the drag
resistance of the wing. Calculate the co-efficient of lift and co-efficient of drag for the wing. Taken
density of air as 1.25 kg/m³.
58. Water is flowing through a pipe having diameters 30 cm and 15 cm at the bottom and upper end
respectively. The intensity of pressure at the bottom end is 29.43 N/cm² and the pressure at the
upper end is 14.715 N/cm². Determine the difference in datum head if the rate of flow through the
pipe is 50 lit/s.
59. A horizontal venturimeter with inlet diameter 20 cm and throat diameter 10 cm is used to measure
the flow of water. The pressure at inlet is 14.715 N/cm² and vacuum pressure at the throat is 40
cm of mercury. Find the discharge of water through venturimeter.
60. A 30 cm x 15 cm venturimeter is inserted in a vertical pipe carrying an oil of sp. gr. 0.8, flowing in
the upward direction. A differential mercury manometer connected to the inlet and throat gives a
reading of 30 cm. The difference in the elevation of the throat section and inlet section is 50 cm.
Find the rate of flow of oil.
61. A shaft is rotating in a journal bearing. The clearance between the shaft and the bearing is filled
with a viscous oil. Find an expression for the power absorbed in overcoming viscous resistance.
62. (a) Derive an expression for the loss of head due to friction in pipes. (b) Derive Darcy-Weisbach
equation.
63. The velocities of water through a pipe of diameter 10 cm, are 4 m/s and 3.5 m/s at the centre of
the pipe and 2 cm from the pipe centre respectively. Determine the wall shearing stress in the
pipe for turbulent flow.
64. Define displacement thickness. Derive an expression for the displacement thickness.