Week 1 Complex Numbers

Exponential
𝑖 = −1 𝑖 = −1 Basic Polar form Cartesian form
Form
Quadratic Formula
−𝑏 ± 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 𝑦 = 𝐼𝑚(𝑧) 𝑧 = 𝑟∠𝜃
𝑥=
2𝑎 (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑟 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑟 = 𝑧 = 𝑥 +𝑦
E. g. 𝑧 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1
𝜃 𝑥 = 𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
−(−1) ± −1 − 4(4)(1)
𝑥= arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡
2(4)
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖 Quadrant 2 Quadrant 1 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
1 ± −15
= 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒
8 𝑦 𝑦
1 ± 15 −1 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 = 𝑦 𝜃 = 𝜋 − tan 𝜃 = tan 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
=
𝑥 𝑥
8
1 15 𝑖
= ± Quadrant 3 Quadrant 4
8 8
1 15 𝑦 𝑦
𝑅𝑒 𝑧 = ; 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 = 𝒛𝟏 = 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒚𝟏 𝒊 𝜃 = 𝜋 + tan 𝜃 = −tan
8 8 𝑥 𝑥
𝒛𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒊
(-ve value)
𝑧 +𝑧 = 𝑥 +𝑥 + 𝑦 +𝑦 𝑖
Addition - - -
Conjugate: 𝑧 + 𝑧 ∗ = 2𝑥
𝑧 −𝑧 = 𝑥 −𝑥 + 𝑦 −𝑦 𝑖
Subtraction - - -
Conjugate: 𝑧 − 𝑧 ∗ = 2𝑦 𝑖
𝑧 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑥 −𝑦 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 +𝑥 𝑦 𝑖
𝑧 𝑧
Conjugate:
Multiplication 𝑧 𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑟 ∠(𝜃 + 𝜃 ) = 𝑟 𝑟 [cos 𝜃 + 𝜃 -
𝑧 𝑧∗ = 𝑥 + 𝑦
+ 𝑖 sin 𝜃 + 𝜃 ]
∗ ∗ ∗
Conjugate of 𝑧 𝑧 = 𝑧 𝑧 =𝑧 𝑧
𝑧 𝑟
𝑧 𝑥 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 −𝑥 𝑦 𝑖 𝑧 𝑟 = [cos 𝜃 − 𝜃
= = ∠(𝜃 − 𝜃 ) 𝑧 𝑟
Division 𝑧 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑧 𝑟 -
+ 𝑖 sin 𝜃 − 𝜃 ]

Dr. Ho Jiahui
 Week 1 Complex Numbers

Exponential
𝑖 = −1 𝑖 = −1 Basic Polar form Cartesian form
Form
Quadratic Formula
−𝑏 ± 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 𝑦 = 𝐼𝑚(𝑧) 𝑧 = 𝑟∠𝜃
𝑥=
2𝑎 (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑟 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑟 = 𝑧 = 𝑥 +𝑦
E. g. 𝑧 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1
𝜃 𝑥 = 𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
−(−1) ± −1 − 4(4)(1)
𝑥= arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡
2(4)
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖 Quadrant 2 Quadrant 1 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
1 ± −15
= 𝑅𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒
8 𝑦 𝑦
𝐼𝑚 𝑧 = 𝑦 𝜃 = 𝜋 − tan 𝜃 = tan 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
1 ± 15 −1 𝑥 𝑥
=
8
1 −15 𝑖
= ± Quadrant 3 Quadrant 4
8 8
1 −15 𝑦 𝑦
𝑅𝑒 𝑧 = ; 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 = 𝒛𝟏 = 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒚𝟏 𝒊 𝜃 = 𝜋 + tan 𝜃 = tan
8 8 𝑥 𝑥
𝒛𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒊 (-ve value)

De Moivre’s 𝑧 ( )
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖 𝑧 = 𝑟 ∠𝑛𝜃 𝑧 =𝑟 𝑒
Theorem = 𝑟 cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃

De Moivre’s Theorem Examples

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏: 𝑧 = 2 + 𝑖
𝑧 raised to power 4 → 4 roots (𝑧 , 𝑧 , 𝑧 , 𝑧 ) :
Change to polar Quadrant 1: 𝑧 = 2 + 𝑖 = 𝑟∠𝜃 = 2 + 1 ∠ tan = 5∠0.464
𝑘 = 0: 𝑧 = 5 ∠ 0.116 + 0.5𝜋 0 = 5 ∠0.116
𝑧 = 5 ∠ 4 × 0.464 = 25∠1.856
𝑘 = 1: 𝑧 = 5 ∠ 0.116 + 0.5𝜋 1 = 5 ∠1.687
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐: 𝑧 = 2 + 𝑖 → 𝑧 = 2 + 𝑖
𝑘 = 2: 𝑧 = 5 ∠ 0.116 + 0.5𝜋 2 = 5 ∠3.258
Change to polar Quadrant 1: 2 + 𝑖 = 𝑟∠𝜃 = 2 + 1 ∠ tan = 5∠ 0.464 + 2𝜋𝑘 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
𝑘 = 3: 𝑧 = 5 ∠ 0.116 + 0.5𝜋 3 = 5 ∠4.828
1
𝑧= 5 ∠ 0.464 + 2𝜋𝑘 = 5 ∠ 0.116 + 0.5𝜋𝑘
4
Dr. Ho Jiahui