Purposive Communication

Communication Process, 2. Receiver

Principles and, Ethics - The person to whom a
message is directed is called the
The Term Communication Process receiver or the interpreter.
- refers to the exchange of information - In order to comprehend the
between two or more people. information from the sender, the
- For communication to succeed, both receiver must first be able to
participants must be able to exchange receive the sender's information
information and understand each other. and then decode or interpret it.
- If the flow of information is blocked 3. Message
for some reason or the parties cannot -The message or content is the
make themselves understood, then information that the sender
communication fails. wants to relay to the receiver.
- It is relayed between the
If you have texted your friend or given parties. Put all three together
an oral presentation in class, then you and you have the
have engaged in communication. Any communication process as its
time two or more people get together to most basic.
exchange messages, they are engaging 4. Medium.
in this basic process. Although it seems - Also called the channel
simple, communication is actually quite - the medium is the means by
complex, with a number of components which a message is transmitted.
(Nordquist, 2018). -Text messages, for example,
are transmitted through the
A. COMPONENTS OF medium of cell phones.
COMMUNICATION 5. Feedback
- The communication process
Nordquist (2018) describes the reaches its final point when the
components of communication as message has been successfully
follows: transmitted, received, and
understood.
1. Sender -The receiver, in turn, responds
- The communication process to the sender, indicating
begins with the sender, who is comprehension.
also called the communicator or - Feedback may be direct, such
source. as a written or verbal response,
- The sender has some kind of or it may take the form of an act
information- a command, or deed in response.
request, or idea - that he or she
wants to share with others. The communication process is not
- In order for that message to be always simple or smooth, of course.
received, the sender must first Two other elements may affect how the
encode the message in a form message is transmitted, received, and
that can be understood and then interpreted:
transmit it.
 Purposive Communication
1. Noise Developing a message is known as
- This can be any sort of encoding. Interpreting the message is
interference that affects the referred to as decoding.
message being sent, received, or
understood. It can be as literal For example,
as static over a phone line or
esoteric as misinterpreting a Emilia wants to remind her
local custom. husband, Ramir, to stop by the grocery
2. Context after work and buy milk for dinner. She
- This is the setting and forgot to ask him in the morning, so
situation in which Emilia texts the reminder to Ramir. He
communication takes place. texts back and then shows up at home
with a gallon of milk under his arm.
*Like noise, context can have an But something's amiss: Ramir bought
impact on the successful exchange chocolate milk, and Emilia wanted
of information. It may have a regular milk (adapted from Nordquist,
physical, social, or cultural aspect 2018).
to it. These contexts will be further
discussed in Principles of In this example, the sender is
Communication on p. Emilia. The receiver is Ramir. The
medium is a text message, an electronic
B. THE COMMUNICATION medium. The code is the English
PROCESS language they are using. And the
message itself: Remember the milk! In
According to this case, the feedback is both direct
https://www.cliffsnotes.com, the goal and indirect. Ramir texts a photo of
of communication is to convey milk at the store [direct] and then come
information-and the understanding of home with it [indirect]. However,
that information-from one person or Emilia did not see the photo of the milk
group to another person or group. As because the message did not transmit
already discussed, this communication [noise), and Ramir did not think to ask
process is divided into three basic what kind of milk [context] (adapted
components: A sender transmits a from Nordquist, 2018).
message through a channel to the
receiver. The other important feature in
the communication process, then, is the
The sender feedback cycle. When two people
- first develops an idea, which is interact, communication is rarely one-
composed into a message and then way only. When a person receives a
transmitted to the other party, who message, she responds to it by giving a
interprets the message and receives reply. The feedback cycle is the same
meaning. Information theorists have as the sender-receiver feedback noted
added somewhat more complicated in Figure 1. Otherwise, the sender can't
language. know whether the other parties
 Purposive Communication
properly interpreted the message or communication include noise and other
how they reacted to it. physical distractions, language
problems, and failure to recognize
The critical factor in measuring nonverbal signals.
the effectiveness of communication is
common understanding. Understanding Sometimes communication is
exists when all parties involved have a effective, but not efficient. A work
mutual agreement as to not only the team leader visiting each team member
information, but also the meaning of individually to explain a new change in
the information. Effective procedures may guarantee that
communication, therefore, occurs when everyone truly understands the change,
the intended message of the sender and but this method may be very costly on
the interpreted message of the receiver the leader's time. A team meeting
are one and the same. Although this would be more efficient. In these and
should be the goal in any other ways, potential tradeoffs between
communication, it is not always effectiveness and efficiency occur.
achieved.
C. PRINCIPLES OF
The most efficient COMMUNICATION
communication occurs at a minimum
cost in terms of resources expended. In http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com,
Time, in particular, is an important the following principles about the
resource in the communication process. nature of communication are discussed.
For example, it would be virtually These principles if assimilated will
impossible for a teacher to take the facilitate communication and render it
time to communicate individually with effective:
each student in a class about every
specific topic covered. Even if it were 1. Communication is an
possible, it would be costly. This is interaction situation wherein the
why managers often leave voice mail participants are affected by each
messages and interact by e-mail rather one's behavior. Every message
than visit their subordinates personally. is simultaneously a stimulus to
new behavior and a response to
However, efficient time-saving prior behavior of the receiver.
communications are not always No message should be isolated
effective. A low-cost approach such as from what has occurred before
an e-mail note to a distribution list may between the communicants if
save time, but it does not always result we really want to understand
in everyone getting the same meaning the message. It should be
from the message. Without understood in the totality of the
opportunities to ask questions and situation.
clarify the message, erroneous 2. One does communicate. We do
interpretations are possible. In addition communicate even when we are
to a poor choice of communication ignoring the message of another
method, other barriers to effective or maintaining complete
 Purposive Communication
silence. An easy way to cues, we are also telling the
understand this would be to other person how we see our
think what you would do if relationship with him, how we
someone, you did not want to see ourselves, and how he
interact with, passed a smile to should interpret our messages.
you. Even by ignoring him, you
would still be communicating, I This second level of communication is
do not want to relate to you. called meta-communication and refers
Silence, posture and all non- to any communication about
verbal behaviors are the ways communication or any verbal or non-
we communicate even when we verbal cues about the literal content of
wish to deny doing so. the message sent. For example, I may
3. The message received is not say to another person, I'm very happy
necessarily the message sent. with you, and be serious indicating that
We usually relate to others as if I do not mean what I say. I may also
there was only one reality the verbally meta-communicate by
way we perceive the world.We adding, / was only joking, which tells
all live as separate individuals the receiver how he should interpret my
with different experiences and original statement.
different views of reality. How
we interpret verbal and non- The context in which communication
verbal messages may be quite occurs is another important component
different from the meaning of meta-communication. If a man slaps
intended by the speaker his wife while travelling in the bus, he
(communicator).Even when would be telling the world something
several people are viewing the quite different than if he were to do the
same behavior, each interprets it same thing in his own house.
differently. While talking or
writing we are describing only Meanwhile, according
those experiences that occur http://www.pstcc.edu, there are four
inside us and they may not be basic principles of interpersonal
the same for others because communication. These principles
every person, because of his underlie the workings in real life of
different background, is unique. interpersonal communication. They are
4. Communication occurs basic to communication, thus, we can't
simultaneously at more than one ignore them:
level. We communicate on the
level of the literal content of the 1. Interpersonal communication
information being conveyed as is inescapable.
well as on the relationship level. - We can not communicate. The
In other words, we do not very attempt not to
convey information to the communicate communicates
receiver verbally only. By the something. Through not only
context, in which the words, but through tone of
communication occurs, and by voice and through gesture,
various verbal and non-verbal
 Purposive Communication
posture, facial expression, etc., no two people use the same
we constantly communicate to word exactly alike.Osmo Wiio
those around us. Through these gives us some communication
channels, we constantly receive maxims similar to Murphy's law
communication from others. (Welin-Goos, 1978; in
Even when you sleep, you http://www.pstcc.edu):
communicate. Remember a
basic principle of A. If communication can fail, it will.
communication in general:
People are not mind readers. B. If a message can be understood in
Another way to put this is: different ways, it will be understood in
People judge you by your just that way which does the most
behavior, not your intent. harm.
2. Interpersonal communication
is irreversible. C. There is always somebody who
- You can not really take back knows better than you what you meant
something once it has been said. by your message.
The effect must inevitably
remain. A Russian proverb says, D. The more communication there is,
Once a word goes out of your the more difficult it is for
mouth, you can never swallow communication to succeed.
it again.
3. Interpersonal communication These tongue-in-cheek maxims are not
is complicated. real principles; they simply humorously
- No form of communication is remind us of the difficulty of accurate
simple. Because of the number communication.
of variables involved, even
simple requests are extremely 4. Interpersonal communication
complex. Theorists note that is contextual. In other words,
whenever we communicate communication does not happen
there are really at least six in isolation. There is:
people involved: a) who you
think you are; b) who you think a. Psychological context
the other person is; c) who you - which is who you are and what you
think the other person thinks bring to the interaction. Your needs,
you are; d) who the other person desires, values, personality, etc., all
thinks /she is; e) who the other form the psychological context (You
person thinks you are; and f) here refers to both participants in the
who the other person thinks you interaction.);
think s/he is. We do not actually
swap ideas, we swap symbols b. Relational context
that stand for ideas. This also - which concerns your reactions to the
complicates communication. other person
Words (symbols) do not have - the mix;
inherent meaning; we simply
use them in certain ways, and
 Purposive Communication
c. Situational context The questions that need to be asked are
- which deals with the psycho-social the following: What do ethics have to
where you are communicating. An do with communication? How can
interaction that takes place in a ethics (the consideration of right and
classroom will be very different from wrong) help us in crafting our
one that takes place in a bar; communications? It is possible to be an
effective communicator and yet not an
d. Environmental context ethical communicator?
- which deals with the physical where
you are communicating. Furniture, Emphasizing the importance of ethics
location, noise level, temperature, in communication, the credo of the
season, time of day, all are examples of National Communication Association
factors in the environmental context; (in http://communication.atwork-
and network. com) provides:

e. Cultural context Questions of right and wrong arise

- which includes all the learned whenever people communicate.
behaviors and rules that affect the
interaction. If you come from a culture Ethical communication is
(foreign or within your own country) fundamental to responsible thinking,
where it is considered rude to make decision making, and the
long, direct eye contact, you will out of development of relationships and
politeness avoid eye contact. If the communities within and across
other person comes from a culture contexts, cultures, channels, and
where long, direct eye contact signals media. Moreover, ethical
trustworthiness, then we have in the communication enhances human
cultural context a basis for worth and dignity by fostering
misunderstanding. truthfulness, fairness, responsibility,
personal integrity, and respect for
D. ETHICS OF self and others.
COMMUNICATION
Let us take the charismatic, but
Communication ethics is the notion immoral, leader as a classic example.
that an individual's or group's He understands how to persuade his
behavior are governed by their morals followers with dazzling rhetoric that
which in turn affects communication. appeals to their emotions. Is he an
Generally speaking communication, ethical communicator?
ethics deals with the moral good
present in any form of human Communication ethics concerns not
communication. This includes only the individual, but is of great
interpersonal communication, mass concern to businesses, corporations,
mediated communication, and digital and professional entities. A business
communication with unethical communication practices
(https://en.wikipedia.org). is not as effective as one with ethical
communication practices. For example,
 Purposive Communication
a business with unethical by universalizing your opinions,
communication practices may withhold beliefs, values, and conclusions,
evidence that it is harming the assuming everyone shares them.
environment or breaking a law through 7. Manage your own personal
a lack of transparence; while a business boundaries. Share only what
with ethical communication practices you are comfortable sharing.
will immediately press a release to the 8. Respect the personal boundaries
affected parties. In this example, of others.
transparency makes the business more 9. Avoid interrupting and side
effective because it notifies its clients, conversations.
prospective or established, 10. Make sure that everyone has
providers/suppliers, or other affiliates time to speak, that all members
of the potential environmental hazard have relatively equal air time if
or law violation. In other words, in this they want it.
example, transparency will encourage
trust and good faith, that the effective Chapter 2
business will not conceal what is in the
interest of its audience Communication and
(https://en.wikipedia.org).
Globalization
Johnson (2015) developed the Ten
While the term communication has
Basics of Ethical Communication
been in existence since time
using principles learned in Straight
immemorial, the term globalization is
Talk and Nonviolent Communication
relatively new in our vocabularies.
as well as best practices for small
Also, while the term communication is
group work in general, with a little
generally understood by most if not all,
common sense added in:
globalization is not. What, then, is
globalization?
1. Seek to elicit the best in
communications and
A. WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
interactions with other group
members.
According to
2. Listen when others speak.
http://www.globalization101.org,
3. Speak non-judgmentally.
4. Speak from your own
Globalization
experience and perspective,
-is a process of interaction and
expressing your own thoughts,
integration among the people,
needs, and feelings.
companies, and governments of
5. Seek to understand others
different nations, a process driven by
(rather than to be right or more
international trade and investment and
ethical than thou).
aided by information technology.
6. Avoid speaking for others, for
-This process has effects on the
example by characterizing what
environment, on culture, on political
others have said without
systems, on economic development and
checking your understanding, or
prosperity, and on human physical
 Purposive Communication
well-being in societies around the countries. In fact, many of the features
world. of the current wave of globalization are
similar to those prevailing before the
Heywood (2013) describes outbreak of the First World War in
globalization as a slippery and elusive 1914.
concept.
But policy and technological
Despite intensifying interest in the developments of the past few decades
phenomenon of globalization since the have spurred increases in cross-border
1980s, the term is still used to refer, trade, investment, and migration so
variously, to a process, a policy, a large that many observers believe the
marketing strategy, a predicament, or world has entered a qualitatively new
even an ideology: The problem with phase in its economic development.
globalization is that it is not so much an Since 1950, for example, the volume of
it as a them: it is not a singe process but world trade has increased by 20 times,
a complex of processes, sometimes and from just 1997 to 1999 flows of
overlapping and interlocking processes foreign investment nearly doubled,
but also, at times, contradictory and from $468 billion to $827 billion.
oppositional ones. It is difficult Distinguishing this current wave of
therefore to reduce globalization to globalization from earlier ones, author
single theme. Perhaps the best attempt Thomas Friedman has said that today
to do this was in Kenchi Ohmae's globalization is farther, faster, cheaper,
(1989) idea of a borderless world. This and deeper
not only refers to the tendency of (http://www.globalization101.org).
traditional political borders, based on
national and state boundaries, to This current wave of globalization has
become permeable; it also implies that been driven by policies that have
divisions between people previously opened economies domestically and
separated by time and space have internationally. In the years since the
become less significant and are Second World War, and especially
sometimes entirely irrelevant... during the past two decades, many
governments have adopted free-market
Globalization is not really new, though. economic systems, vastly increasing
The globe has been globalized even their own productive potential and
before men coined the term creating myriad new opportunities for
globalization. For example, for international trade and investment.
thousands of years people -and, later, Governments also have negotiated
corporations— have been buying from dramatic reductions in barriers to
and selling to each other in lands at commerce and have established
great distances, such as through the international agreements to promote
famed Silk Road across Central Asia trade in goods, services, and
that connected China and Europe investment. Taking advantage of new
during the Middle Ages. Likewise, for opportunities in foreign markets,
centuries, people and corporations have corporations have built foreign
invested in enterprises in other factories and established production
 Purposive Communication
and marketing arrangements with language, and how to use technology to
foreign partners. A defining feature of communicate with people on the other
globalization, therefore, is an side of the globe:
international industrial and financial
business structure (http:// 1. Virtual Interactions
www.globalization101.org). - Globalization has introduced
virtual communication and
Technology has been the other collaboration as a major part of
principal driver of globalization. academic and workplace
Advances in information technology, in dynamics. We need to
particular, have dramatically understand the strengths and
transformed economic life. Information limitations of different
technologies have given all sorts of communications media, and
individual economic actors— how to use each medium to
consumers, investors, businesses- maximum effect. For example,
valuable new tools for identifying and communicating via email to
pursuing economic opportunities, distant team members requires a
including faster and more informed certain etiquette and nuance not
analyses of economic trends around the necessarily required in face-to-
world, easy transfers of assets, and face interactions. Holding
collaboration with far-flung partners virtual meetings requires a
(http://www.globalization101.org). similar change in approach, and
people who are unaccustomed
B. IMPACTS OF to communicating in groups in
GLOBALIZATION ON virtual settings can find
COMMUNICATION themselves lost, confused or
unable to share their input. This
In an article entitled The Impact of is why in schools, language
Globalization on Communication Skills courses try to address the
Development, David Ingram said that challenges of virtual
[c]ommunication skills development interactions.
has always been an important factor of 2. Cultural Awareness in
success in business, but the influence of Speech.
globalization and cross-cultural - The need for cultural
interaction in recent decades has awareness is a major impact of
impacted the types of communication globalization on the required
skills needed in dramatic ways. No skillset of effective
longer can entrepreneurs afford to communicators, resulting in the
simply communicate well within their evolution of communication
own homogenous cultures. skills development programs. In
the workplace and schools, for
Thus, today, people need to understand example, we need the ability to
the dynamics of long-distance catch subtle nuances of people's
collaboration, the impact of culture on manner of speech when
manners of speaking and body communicating across
 Purposive Communication
cultures.Even when two people people across several time
are speaking the same language, zones. When people collaborate
cultural differences can affect with others on the other side of
vocabulary, colloquial the globe, their counterparts are
expressions, voice tone and usually at home asleep while
taboo topics.In Japanese they themselves are at work.
business culture, for example, it This is why schools teach
can be considered rude to ask students to address the nuances
personal questions in an initial of overcoming this challenge by
business meeting. In the U.S., teaching them to understand the
on the other hand, asking information needs of their
personal questions and sharing colleagues, according to the
personal information can communication styles of
display warmth and openness. different countries or cultures.
American and Japanese Being able to effectively share
businesspeople who understand information between shifts can
this about each other can make or break the productivity
communicate in ways that of a geographically dispersed
resonate more effectively with team, making this an important
each other. issue for many companies. This
3. Cultural Awareness in Body skill is particularly needed in
Language. Awareness of call centers catering clients
cultural differences in body from countries of different time.
language can be just as
important as the nuances of IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION
speech. This is why in schools, ON GLOBAL COMMUNICATION
students are taught to
understand acceptable speaking According to Danev (2017), [t]he
distances, conflict styles, eye process of globalization has widely
contact and posture in different increased the availability of
cultures, accepting that the information for people across the
physical expressions of their world. By the use of Internet and
own culture are not universally advanced mobile services, people are
accepted.Students are also able to discuss business plans and
taught how to address these proposals on an international level as
differences to prepare them for well as exchange private data securely.
face-to-face meetings with Global communication services have
foreign suppliers, customers or also contributed to the enlightenment
team members when they and development of the political
become professionals. process in a number of states.
4. Time Differences.
-The advent of global Danev (2017) also enumerates the
collaboration introduces another three major impacts of globalization
new dynamic to communication on global communication and
skills - the need to communicate
and share information with
 Purposive Communication
identifies the major problem, as international organizations to
follows: take faster and more adequate
decisions in accordance with the
1. Availability of Information. changes in economic, political
-The availability of information or social setting in a particular
is a major effect of the process region. For example, as
of globalization. The World described by Boonlert
Health Organization, in its Supadhiloke, a professor of
works focused on the cultural communication in Bangkok
dimensions of globalization, has University, Thai-based
expressed the view that with the international technology
spread of businesses delivering corporations use advanced
Internet, satellite TV and communications to respond to
mobile services, the costs of the growing demand for Thai-
such information technologies made products.
drop. The decreased price 3. Social Awareness.
makes it easier for people - The availability of
across the world to make use of information, which is a direct
the World Wide Web and the effect of the development of
resources available. global communication systems,
2. Business Conduct. has led to increased social
- Globalization has influenced awareness of people across the
global communication by world. Information technology
implementing new techniques and networks enable them to
for business conduct among share opinions, views, work on
workers at international projects and research different
corporations. Long-distance areas. These are among the
travels are no longer necessary main reasons why the process
for business peopleshould they of globalization is creating a
require a meetingwith a partner sense of a global society. For
overseas. Internet technology example, through the use of
makes it possible to exchange communication, many students
business information and from the developing countries
conduct video conferences. enroll in university degrees in
Additionally, enhanced the developed world. Education
communication allows is only a single sector of the
businesses to promote their social awareness. Other effects,
products more efficiently in the like social determination, have
international market. This also occurred - the political
significantly changed the unrest in Tunisia in the
business world.In his works on beginning of 2011 had been
the matter, U.S. economist John inspired by opinions and
Thompson concludes that the political considerations shared
advanced means of over the social networks
communication have enabled available on the web.
 Purposive Communication
4. The Problem.
- Despite its quick spread and
continuous development, global
communication has not reached
the majority of people on all
continents.The World Health
Organization indicates that at
least 70 percent of all people in
Africa will never make a single
phone call or use Internet. This
points out the need of a more
extensive application of
communication technologies as
part of the process of
globalization.