Course Title: Fabric Manufacturing Machinery & Maintenance

Course code: MDM 405

Assignment Topic: Study on textile based five research papers
Department: Textile Machinery Design and Maintenance

Submitted by ─ Submitted to ─
Ariful Haque Ashik
Name: Tanvir Mahmud
Assistant Professor
ID : 2019-1-8-037
DoTMDM
The sample analysis process
The normal instrumental process is as follows:

1. The source: Infrared energy is emitted from a glowing black-body source. This beam passes through an aperture that controls
the amount of energy presented to the sample (and, ultimately, to the detector).

2. The interferometer: The beam enters the interferometer where the “spectral encoding” takes place. The resulting
interferogram signal then exits the interferometer. The interferometer uses a reference laser for precise wavelength calibration,
mirror position control, and data acquisition timing.

3. The sample: The beam enters the sample compartment, where it is transmitted through or reflected off of the surface of
the sample, depending on the type of analysis being accomplished. This is where specific frequencies of energy, which are
uniquely characteristic of the sample, are absorbed.

4. The detector: The beam finally passes to the detector for final measurement. The detectors used are specially designed to
measure the special interferogram signal.

5. The computer: The measured signal is digitized and sent to the computer where the Fourier transformation takes place. The
final infrared spectrum is then presented to the user for interpretation and any further manipulation.

Because there needs to be a relative scale for the absorption intensity, a background spectrum must also be measured. This is
normally a measurement with no sample in the beam. This can be compared to the measurement with the sample in the beam
to determine the “percent transmittance.” This technique results in a spectrum which has all of the instrumental characteristics
removed. Thus, all spectral features which are present are strictly due to the sample. A single background measurement can be
used for many sample measurements because this spectrum is characteristic of the instrument itself.
A simple spectrometer layout
Advantages of FTIR
Some of the major advantages of FTIR over the dispersive technique include:

• Speed: Because all of the frequencies are measure simultaneously, most FTIR measurements are made in seconds rather than
several minutes.

• Sensitivity: Sensitivity is dramatically improved with FTIR for many reasons. The detectors employed are much more sensitive,
the optical throughput is much higher (referred to as the Jacquinot Advantage) which results in much lower noise levels, and
the fast scans enable the co-addition of several scans in order to reduce the random measurement noise to any desired level
(referred to as signal averaging).

• Mechanical simplicity: The moving mirror in the interferometer is the only continuously moving part in the instrument. Thus,
there is very little possibility of mechanical breakdown.

• Internally calibrated: These instruments employ a HeNe reference laser as an internal wavelength calibration standard
(referred to as the Connes Advantage). These instruments are self-calibrating and never need to be calibrated by the user.

These advantages, along with several others, make measurements made by FTIR extremely accurate and reproducible. Thus, it is
a very reliable technique for the positive identification of virtually any sample. The sensitivity benefits enable identification of even
the smallest of contaminants. This makes FTIR an invaluable tool for quality control or quality assurance applications whether it be
batch-to-batch comparisons to quality standards or analysis of an unknown contaminant. In addition, the sensitivity and accuracy
of FTIR detectors, along with a wide variety of software algorithms, have dramatically increased the practical use of infrared for
quantitative analysis. Quantitative methods can be easily developed, calibrated, and can be incorporate into simple procedures for
routine analysis.

Thus, the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) technique has brought significant practical advantages to infrared spectroscopy. It has
made possible the development of many new sampling techniques which were designed to tackle challenging problems that were
impossible by older technology. It has made the use of infrared analysis virtually limitless.
FTIR instruments
Whether you’re discovering new materials, solving analytical problems, or assuring product quality, our powerful Thermo
Scientific™ Nicolet™ FTIR solutions enable you to deliver the definitive answers you’re looking for.

iS50 Spectrometer
• Complete spectroscopy workstation for advanced chemical analysis
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• High resolution
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iS20 Spectrometer
• Precise sample verification in minutes
• Maximize laboratory productivity and quickly collect high-quality
spectral data
• The standard FTIR instrument with its optical engine and modern
industrial design

Summit™ FTIR Spectrometer

• Small, rugged, and lightweight for any environment
• Compact and powerful tool specifically designed to increase productivity in multi-user labs
• Reduces the number of steps to take measurements, automate workflows, and generate reports
with Thermo Scientific™ OMNIC™ Paradigm Software

iN10 Infrared Microscope

• Automated FTIR microspectroscopy for busy labs
• Confidently perform microspectroscopic analyses without an
external spectrometer
• Intuitive, FTIR microscope that collects sample IR spectra down to
10 microns
• Identify mixtures and pure compounds fast with integrated OMNIC
Spectra Software

RaptIR™ Microscope
• See it fast. Identify it faster.
• Designed to provide precision and agility with absolute simplicity of operation
• Diffraction-limited objectives provide outstanding visual and infrared performance
• Thermo Scientific OMNIC Paradigm Software enables users of any skill level to obtain quality results

Sample compartment accessories

• Samples as small as 50 μm using ATR
• Fibers, pellets, paper, powdered samples
• Plug and play design for quick analysis

Learn more at thermofisher.com/ftir

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