Conduction

Objectives of conduction analysis

 To determine the temperature field, T(x,y,z,t), in a body (i.e.
how temperature varies with position within the body)

 T(x,y,z,t) depends on:

 boundary conditions
 initial condition
 material properties (k, cp , r …)
 geometry of the body (shape, size)

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 Objectives of conduction analysis
 Why we need T(x,y,z,t) ?
 to compute heat flux
at any location (using Fourier’s eqn.)
 compute thermal stresses, expansion, deflection du
e to temp. etc.
 design insulation thickness
 chip temperature calculation
 heat treatment of metals

Conduction
Transfer of heat through solids or stationary fluids

In solids
Atoms are bound to each other by series of bonds analogous to
spring.

 When there is a temperature difference in the solid.

 The hot side of the solid experiences more vibration.
 The vibrations are transmitted through the springs to the cooler side.
 Eventually, they reach an equilibrium

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Conduction in Walls

Q  T
AT
Q  A Q 
x
1
Q  Q  - k
AT
x x

dT
Q  - kA ( x  0)
dx

Fourier’s law of conduction

Heat Conduction
dT
Mathematical Modeling : Q  - kA
dx

k = Thermal Conductivity
-ive sign shows that heat is conducted
in the direction of decreasing
temperature.

ΔT becomes negative, so heat transfer

is + ive.

A is ┴ to the heat transfer

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Heat Conduction
 Heat conduction through different
configurations
 Conduction through plane wall
 Conduction through circular pipes
 Conduction through hollow sphere

Heat Conduction
Thermal Resistance Concept :
Electrical Circuit: Thermal Circuit:

Potential Difference T
A T Q  -
Q  -k
V1  V2 x x kA
I
Re
T T
Current Flow Q  1 2
Rt
Electric Resistance
Thermal Resistance

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Heat Conduction
Thermal Resistance Concept :

A T
Q  -k
Temperature Difference x

T
Q  -
x kA
Thermal Resistance
T T
Q  1 2
Rt
Heat Flow

Heat Conduction
Multiwall Heat Conduction: Walls in Series
T T T T
Q1  1 2 Q 2  2 3
R1 R2

As steady state conditions and no

heat generation
Q1  Q 2  Q

T T ∆x1 ∆x2
Q  1 3
R1  R2

Δx1 Δx 2
R1  R2 
k1 A k2 A

Q 
T over all
 Rt

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Heat Conduction
Multiwall Heat Conduction: Walls in Parallel
T T T T
Q1  1 2 Q 2  1 2
R1 R2

Q1  Q 2

Δx Δx
R1  R2 
k1 A k2 A

1
R t 
1 1

R1 R2

Example
Consider a 3-m-high, 5-m-wide, and 0.3-m-thick wall
whose thermal conductivity is k 0.9 W/m · °C (Fig.). On a
certain day, the temperatures of the inner and the outer
surfaces of the wall are measured to be 16°C and 2°C,
respectively. Determine the rate of heat loss through the
wall on that day.

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Solution
 The two surfaces of a wall are maintained at specified
temperatures. The rate of heat loss through the wall is
to be determined.
 Assumptions
 Heat transfer through the wall is steady since the surface
temperatures remain constant at the specified values.
 Heat transfer is one dimensional since any significant
temperature gradients will exist in the direction from the
indoors to the outdoors.
 Thermal conductivity is constant.
 The thermal conductivity is given to be k=0.9 W/m ·
°C.

Solution
 Analysis
 Noting that the heat transfer through the wall is by
conduction and the area of the wall is A =3 m x 5 m
=15 m2, the steady rate of heat transfer through the
wall can be determined from

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Conduction in Circular Pipes

d=2r

For Pipes l>>>r

Conduction in Circular Pipes

Radial Heat Transfer

l>>>r
Heat Transfer along the pipe length is neglected

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Conduction in Circular Pipes
Q

T2

ri T1
Q Q
Q
ro

Radial Heat Transfer

Q

Conduction in Circular Pipes

Conduction in walls

T2

ri T1

Q
dT ro
Q  -kA
dx

Fourier’s Law

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Conduction in Circular Pipes
Fourier’s Law
dT
Q  -kA
dx
ri
For walls T1 Q T2

ro r
dT
Q  -kA
dr
For pipes

Conduction in Circular Pipes

d=2r

A=2πrl

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 Conduction in Circular Pipes
Area is Constant Area is Variable

l A ri

ro

A=lxb A=2πrl
dT dT
Q  -kA
Dr. S. Kamran

dx Q  -kA
dr

Conduction in Circular Pipes

dT
Q  -kA
dr
dT T1 T2
Q  -k 2 r l ri
dr
r Q
dr
Q  -k 2ldT ro
r
A=2πrl
How
T T ?
Q  2 k l 1 2
ln ro ri 

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 Conduction in Circular Pipes
r0 T2
dr r T2
Q   -k 2l  dT Q r r0  -k 2 l T T1
ri
r T1
i

Q ln(r o )  ln( ri )   -k 2 l T2  T1 

T  T2 
Q  k 2 l 1
r
ln( o )
ri Boundary conditions
1. At 𝑟 = 𝑟 , T = 𝑇
T T
Q  2 k l 1 2 2. At 𝑟 = 𝑟 , T = 𝑇
ln ro ri 

Conduction in Circular Pipes

Thermal Resistance Concept :
ri T1 T2
T T
Q  2 k l 1 2
ln ro ri  Q
r
T T
Q  1 2 ro
Rt

Thermal T1  T2 A=2πrl
Q 
Resistance ln ro ri 
in Pipes 2 k l
ln ro ri 
Rt  pipe 
2 k l

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Conduction in Multilayer Pipes
Pipe

ri

ro

Insulations

Conduction in Multilayer Pipes

Thermal
Circuit

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 Conduction in Multilayer Pipes

Rt = R1 + R2 + R3

T T
Q  1 4
 Rt

Conduction in Hollow Sphere

Thermal Resistance Concept :
Sphere

T1 T2
ri

r Q
ro
A= 4πr2

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 Conduction in Hollow Sphere
dT
Q  -kA
dr
T1 T2
dT ri
Q  -k 4 π r 2
dr r Q

Q dr  -k 4r 2 dT ro

dr
Q 2  -k 4dT A= 4πr2
r
T1  T2
Q 
ro  ri How
4  ro ri k
?

Conduction in Hollow Sphere

r0 r0
dr
T2
1 T2
Q  2  -k 4  dT Q   -k 4 T
ri
r T1
r ri
T1

1 1  T1  T2 
Q     -k 4 T2  T1  Q  k 4 r  r

 ri r0  0 i
r0 ri
T  T
Q  1 2
T T
Thermal ro  ri Q  1 2
Resistance Rt Boundary conditions
in Sphere 4 ro ri k
1. At 𝑟 = 𝑟 , T = 𝑇
ro  ri 2. At 𝑟 = 𝑟 , T = 𝑇
Rt sphere 
4 ro ri k

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 Convection

In this mode heat is transfer due to the movement of

the fluids

Convection
Mathematical Modeling : Convective heat
transfer Coefficient
(Nature of the fluid)
Q  T Q  A s T
Q  A Q  hA s T
Newton’s law of cooling

where; ΔT = (Ts -T∞)

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Convection
Convective heat transfer Coefficient (‘h’)
Rate of Heat transfer b/w solid surface and a fluid per
unit surface area per unit temperature difference
Units :  Q
h
A s T

‘h’ : (W/m2/°C)

Convection
Thermal Resistance Concept :
In conduction
T
Q 
Rth cond
x
Rth cond 
kA

In convection

Q  hA s T

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Convection
Thermal Resistance Concept :

Q  hA s T

or T
Q 
1 hA s 
but T
Q 
Rth conv
so,
1
Rth conv 
hAs

Heat Conduction/Convection
Over All Heat Transfer Coefficient
1 x 1
 Rth  h A  kA  h A Over all Heat Transfer
1 2
Coefficient (U)
T
Q 
 Rth

Q  UAs ΔT

1
R th 
UAs

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Example
A steam pipe of 0.12 m outside diameter is insulated with
a 20-mm-thick layer of calcium silicate. If the inner and
outer surfaces of the insulation are at temperatures of
Ts,1=800 K and Ts,2=490 K, respectively, what is the heat
loss per unit length of the pipe?

Solution
 Known: Thickness and surface temperature of calcium
silicate insulation on a steam pipe.
 Find: heat loss per unit pipe length.

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  Assumptions: (steady state conditions, (2) one-
dimensional conduction, (3) constant properties.
 Properties: calcium silicate (T=645K): k=0.089W/m.K
 Analysis: The heat per unit length is

 Comments: heat transferred to the outer surface is

dissipated to the surroundings by convection and
radiation.

Conduction in Multilayer Pipes

Steam at 320°C flows in a stainless steel pipe (k 15 W/m ·
°C) whose inner and outer diameters are 5 cm and 5.5 cm,
respectively. The pipe is covered with 3-cm-thick glass wool
insulation (k=0.038 W/m · °C). Heat is lost to the surroundings
at 5°C by natural convection and radiation, with a combined
natural convection and radiation heat transfer coefficient of 15
W/m2 · °C. Taking the heat transfer coefficient inside the pipe
to be 80 W/m2 · °C, determine the rate of heat loss from the
steam per unit length of the pipe. Also determine the
temperature drops across the pipe shell and the insulation.

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Example
Consider a 0.8-m-high and 1.5-m-wide glass window with
a thickness of 8 mm and a thermal conductivity of k =0.78
W/m · °C. Determine the steady rate of heat transfer
through this glass window and the temperature of its inner
surface for a day during which the room is maintained at
20°C while the temperature of the outdoors is 10°C. Take
the heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer
surfaces of the window to be h1=10 W/m2 · °C and
h2=40 W/m2 · °C, which includes the effects of radiation.

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 Solution
 Heat loss through a window glass is considered. The
rate of heat transfer through the window and the inner
surface temperature are to be determined.
 Assumptions
 Heat transfer through the window is steady since the surface
temperatures remain constant at the specified values.
 Heat transfer through the wall is one-dimensional since any
significant temperature gradients will exist in the direction
from the indoors to the outdoors.
 Thermal conductivity is constant.
 Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k =
0.78 W/m · °C.

Solution
This problem involves conduction
through the glass window and
convection at its surfaces, and can best
be handled by making use of the
thermal resistance concept and drawing
the thermal resistance network, as
shown in Fig. 3–12. Noting that the area
of the window is A=0.8 m x 1.5 m = 1.2
m2, the individual resistances are
evaluated from their definitions to be

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 Solution

Discussion: Note that the inner

surface temperature of the window
glass will be -2.2°C even though
the temperature of the air in the
room is maintained at 20°C. Such
low surface temperatures are
highly undesirable since they
cause the formation of fog or even
frost on the inner surfaces of the
glass when the humidity in the
room is high.

Composite wall
A 3-m-high and 5-m-wide wall consists of long 16-cm x
22-cm cross section horizontal bricks (k = 0.72 W/m · °C)
separated by 3-cm-thick plaster layers (k = 0.22 W/m ·
°C). There are also 2-cm-thick plaster layers on each
side of the brick and a 3-cm-thick rigid foam (k = 0.026
W/m · °C) on the inner side of the wall, as shown in Fig.
The indoor and the outdoor temperatures are 20°C and -
10°C, and the convection heat transfer coefficients on the
inner and the outer sides are h1 = 10 W/m2 · °C and h2
= 25 W/m2 · °C, respectively. Assuming one-dimensional
heat transfer and disregarding radiation, determine the
rate of heat transfer through the wall.

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24
Discussion
In the above solution, we assumed the temperature at any
cross section of the wall normal to the x-direction to be
isothermal. We could also solve this problem by going to the
other extreme and assuming the surfaces parallel to the x-
direction to be adiabatic. The thermal resistance network in
this case will be as shown in Fig. 3–22. By following the
approach outlined above, the total thermal resistance in this
case is determined to be Rtotal = 6.97°C/W, which is very
close to the value 6.85°C/W obtained before. Thus either
approach would give roughly the same result in this case.
This example demonstrates that either approach can be used
in practice to obtain satisfactory results.

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Problem
A 4-m-high and 6-m-wide wall consists of a long 18-
cm 30-cm cross section of horizontal bricks (k=0.72
W/m ·°C) separated by 3-cm-thick plaster layers
(k=0.22 W/m · °C). There are also 2-cm-thick plaster
layers on each side of the wall, and a 2-cm-thick
rigid foam (k=0.026 W/m ·°C) on the inner side of the
wall. The indoor and the outdoor temperatures are
22°C and -4°C, and the convection heat transfer
coefficients on the inner and the outer sides are
h1=10 W/m2 · °C and h2=20 W/m2 · °C,
respectively. Assuming one-dimensional heat
transfer and disregarding radiation, determine the
rate of heat transfer through the wall.

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Problem
A 12-m-long and 5-m-high wall is constructed of two layers of
1-cm-thick sheetrock (k=0.17 W/m · °C) spaced 12 cm by
wood studs (k=0.11 W/m · °C) whose cross section is 12 cm 5
cm. The studs are placed vertically 60 cm apart, and the space
between them is filled with fiberglass insulation (k= 0.034 W/m
· °C). The house is maintained at 20°C and the ambient
temperature outside is -5°C. Taking the heat transfer
coefficients at the inner and outer surfaces of the house to be
8.3 and 34 W/m2 · °C, respectively, determine (a) the thermal
resistance of the wall considering a representative section of it
and (b) the rate of heat transfer through the wall.

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Heat Generation
A medium through which heat is conducted may involve
the conversion of electrical, nuclear, or chemical energy
into heat (or thermal) energy. In heat conduction analysis,
such conversion processes are characterized as heat
generation.

Heat is generated in the heating coils

of an electric range as a result of the
conversion of electrical energy to heat.

Heat Generation
 Heat generation is a volumetric phenomenon. That is,
it occurs throughout the body of a medium. Therefore,
the rate of heat generation in a medium is usually
specified per unit volume and is denoted by 𝑔̇ , whose
unit is W/m3 or Btu/h ft3.
 The rate of heat generation in a medium may vary
with time as well as position within the medium. When
the variation of heat generation with position is known,
the total rate of heat generation in a medium of
volume V can be determined from

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