Building information modeling (BIM):

Measurement of design progress on

large capital projects
Authors: Jia Liu and Giselle Chanona-Pierre
Contents
01 Introduction
02 The concept
04 The approach
Set up to enable progress tracking
08 The approach
Leverage data analytics to analyze and measure progress
10 Further concepts to explore
11 Conclusion
12 Appendix

2 | Building information modeling (BIM): Measurement of design progress on large capital projects
 Introduction
This white paper was developed with the
assumption that its readers have intermediate
to advanced knowledge of BIM and hands-on
experience in managing BIM during design
and construction.

The adoption and use of BIM (building information modeling) adopters and then gradually rippled through the industry as
or EIM (engineering integration management) has moved evidence of success that is part scientific and part anecdotal.
from bleeding edge to mainstream in the North American One of the key challenges faced by practitioners is the
construction industry since the early 2000s. In the past 14 measurement of design progress in a BIM model. Unlike 2-D
years, BIM efforts have made leaps and bounds in terms of or hand-drawn information, BIM models require an alternative
software, hardware, talent buildup, processes, established way to track design progress, as the model tends to evolve
industry practices and policies. rather than progress in a linear fashion. In order to discuss
Yet BIM is still exhibiting varying states of maturity among how to improve the maturity and adoption of BIM among
its participants. Analogous to the concepts of lean startup practitioners, we are proposing an analytical approach focused
found in The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs on the measurement of progress and productivity of BIM
Use Continuous Innovation to Create Radically Successful during the design phase, by leveraging hands-on experiences
Businesses by Eric Ries, BIM adoption has mostly stumbled in BIM management on large capital projects as well as
upon the early-stage version of the minimum viable product industry leading practices in business analytics. The approach
(MVP) approach, where new concepts and practices are is also complemented by a sample set of actionable metrics
pioneered, continuously deployed and validated by the early derived from a combination of authors’ hands-on experiences,
existing industry BIM standards and business intelligence
measurements practiced by various business functions.

BIM is still exhibiting varying states of maturity

among its participants.

Building information modeling (BIM): Measurement of design progress on large capital projects | 1
 The concept

The challenge in brief

Accurate measurement of BIM design over the life cycle of
a design model is an essential success enabler in the design
and construction of large capital projects across industries.
Without such capability, owners are exposed to risks in terms
of schedule delays, budget overruns and quality deficiencies.
Attempts by owners to better the situation have mostly been
technical and human resources fixes rather than through
business analytics and process re-engineering.

2 | Building information modeling (BIM): Measurement of design progress on large capital projects
Figure 1: The solution in brief

Objective Inputs Approach Intent Sample Sample

enablers outputs
• Increase • Contracts • Establish level • Enable • AIA E202- • Hours spent per
transparency and • Design intent of development structuring of 2008, “Building LOD percentage
improve maturity (LOD) definitions model elements Information complete
of design BIM • Specifications/ based on LOD Modeling Protocol
building codes • Create layering • Hours spent per
monitoring and of model definitions Exhibit”
category per
control • Design and elements • Structure • AIA G202–2013, LOD percentage

Data analytics
• Explore business engineering model elements “Project Building complete
calculations • Schedule,
performance categorize and for progress Information
• BIM efficiency
metrics and • Architect and link activities to measurement Modeling Protocol
ratios
data analytics engineering model elements • Create linkage
Form”
for design BIM Revit models • BIM weighted-
• Track inputs of between • AIA E203–2013,
average-
measurement and/or AutoCAD schedule and “Building
drawings productivity efficiency ratio
• Brainstorm model elements Information
additional • Vendor materials • Perform data Modeling and • Design schedule
analytics against • Track real-world of values used
concepts and catalog productivity
Digital Data
areas of established Exhibit” to confirm
• Design activities metrics (aka labor) design progress
value-add • BIMForum,
and milestones • Link real-world and progress
schedule “2013 Level of
productivity to payments
Development
• Design schedule virtual-world
Specification”
of values productivity
• CSI MasterFormat
• Identify areas
of improvement • WBS structure
based on • Scheduling
productivity data software
• Spreadsheet
software

Further concepts to explore

Organizational Advanced Regression analysis
RACI
alignment technology platform and benchmarking

Source: EY Chart captures the essence of progress measurement during BIM design phase by leveraging business metrics and data analytics.

Building information modeling (BIM): Measurement of design progress on large capital projects | 3
 The approach
Set up to enable progress tracking

LOD definitions
As best explained by BIMForum in its 2013 Level of terms of size, shape, location, quantity and orientation
Development Specification, “Level of Development (LOD) with detailing, fabrication, assembly and installation
is a reference that enables practitioners in the architecture information. Non-graphic information may also be attached
engineering and construction (AEC) industry to specify to the model element.
and articulate with a high level of clarity the content and • LOD 500: model element is a field-verified representation
reliability of BIM [elements] at various stages in the design in terms of size, shape, location, quantity and orientation.
and construction process.” The proposed approach begins Non-graphic information may also be attached to the model
with the definition of LOD. Below is a list of fundamental LOD elements.
definitions abridged from the aforementioned document:
Please refer to the “LOD definitions and graphics” section
• LOD 100: model element may be graphically represented within the Appendix for graphical representation of LOD
in the model with a symbol or other generic representation, 100 through 350. The authors of this white paper suggest
but does not satisfy the requirements for LOD 200. that a customized LOD definition be adopted for efficiency
• LOD 200: model element is graphically represented in BIM integration and coordination. As suggested in
within the model as a generic system, object or assembly BIMForum’s publication, the following are two key reasons for
with approximate quantities, size, shape, location and customizations:
orientation. Non-graphic information may also be attached 1. The establishment of LOD 350 to enable sufficient
to the model element. coordination between disciplines
• LOD 300: model element is graphically represented within 2. The exclusion of LOD 400 and 500, where such levels of
the model as a specific system, object or assembly in detail have greater implication for prefabrication and field
terms of quantity, size, shape, location and orientation. verification rather than design coordination
Non-graphic information may also be attached to the
This customized LOD definition is to be accompanied with the
model element.
use of the model progression table (MPT), as suggested in New
• LOD 350: model element is graphically represented within York City (NYC) School Construction Authority (SCA) Building
the model as a specific system, object or assembly in terms Information Modeling Guidelines and Standards for Architects
of quantity, size, shape, orientation and interfaces with and Engineers, where element LOD specifications, phases of
other building systems. Non-graphic information may also design and ownership are clearly defined and communicated.
be attached to the model element. Additionally, general notes following the CSI MasterFormat
• LOD 400: model element is graphically represented within included in this publication contain specifics per discipline and
the model as a specific system, object or assembly in element. See Figure 2 for a sample MPT.

4 | Building information modeling (BIM): Measurement of design progress on large capital projects
Figure 2: Example of customary unit measure per element per

Architectural
Model progression table
Description of building elements to be modeled Level of detail
Category/building element LOD100 LOD200 LOD300 LOD350
Sitework
00000 – Site plans
02200 – Earthwork
02200A – Earthwork (flow-through turf AF)
02200B – Earthwork (float drain turf on natural grass AF)
02215 – Controlled low strength material
02511 – Asphaltic concrete paving
02515 – Unit pavers
02516 – Exposed porous asphalt paving and aggregate base
02531 – Resilient surfacing
02532 – Resilient surfacing – porous base Elements not shown in the model
02533 – Colored athletic wearing surface
02541 – Synthetic turf – TPE infill
02580 – Track/court/playground markings Elements not shown in the model
02711 – Wall subdrainage systems
02721 – Trench drains
02722 – Precast concrete basins and manholes
02723 – Storm drainage systems
02724 – Underdrain system for porous asphalt paving
02725 – Underdrain system for skinned areas
02831 – Chain link fences and gates
02860 – Early childhood playground equipment
02862 – Outdoor game equipment
02870 – Site and street furnishings
02900 – Landscaping
10350 – Flagpole (site)
16420 – Transformer vaults

Source: New York City (NYC) School Construction Authority (SCA), Building Information Modeling Guidelines and Standards for Architects and Engineers,
28 April 2014.

Building information modeling (BIM): Measurement of design progress on large capital projects | 5
In addition to leveraging customized LOD definitions would be a simple rectangular mass that can be used in early
aggregated in an MPT shown in figure 2, we also suggest phase design. As design progresses into LOD 200 and 300,
adding a customary unit measurement per element per LOD extrusion of a specific steel section would take its place on
(see Figure 3 below). For instance, for structural steel columns separate LOD 200 and LOD 300 layers. As it enters LOD
from LOD 100 to LOD 350, the count of completed columns 350 toward the later phase of the design, base plate and
per LOD definition as a percentage of the total number of anchor bolts would be present, perhaps with fireproofing.
columns per LOD would be the measurement of percentage These LOD 350 elements would be kept on LOD 350 layers.
completion. In the case of concrete, volumetric automatic The final structural steel column assembly design would be a
take-off within a modeling platform would provide the amount combination of the extruded steel section from the LOD 300
of concrete modeled. This modeled volume divided by total layer and associated LOD 350 elements, such as the base
concrete volume take-off from an estimate can establish the plate and anchor bolts, from the LOD 350 layer.
baseline for measurement of percentage completion during
LOD 100. As the design refines and the model matures Schedule, categorize and link activities to
from LOD 100 to LOD 350, total estimate and percentage model elements
completion may be modified, but mostly within reasonable BIM design and coordination typically follow a modeling and
tolerance levels that can also be established with a control coordination schedule that is often broken down by areas,
parameter. buildings, floors, systems and subsystems. Each activity has
its own unique duration and work breakdown structure (WBS)
Grouping and layering of model elements code. The authors of this white paper suggest adding the BIM
In addition to the traditional naming and definition of layers categorical property to each activity, by indicating whether
and objects used in a model for the purpose of design and the activity would be for design/engineering, modeling,
coordination, elements should be separated with their coordination, revision, re-coordination, etc. This information
respective LODs by layers. See Figure 4 for graphic illustration would be the perfect complement to MPT by attaching each
of grouping and layering of model elements. For instance, for model element at the various LODs with a specific WBS
a structural steel column, the initial LOD 100 development code, linking it to the activity in schedule and its associated
schedule properties.

Figure 3: Example of customary unit measure per element per LOD

Base count

% complete

% complete

% complete

% complete
complete
Overall %

LOD 100

LOD 100

LOD 200

LOD 200

LOD 300

LOD 300

LOD 350

LOD 350
CSI code

modeled

modeled

modeled

modeled
element
Model
WBS

Unit

1.2.09 15200 Piping 550 ft 58% 550 100% 450 82% 350 64% 250 45%

1.2.11 5100 Structural 100 unit 43% 85 85% 75 75% 40 40% 15 15%
metal
framing

Source: EY

6 | Building information modeling (BIM): Measurement of design progress on large capital projects
The result of this linkage creates a living data set of elements the same activity categories via established WBS codes and as
by LODs, ownerships and schedule properties. The data suggested earlier.
can then be pivoted by any one or multiple properties in The beauty of this effort is that most, if not all, architects,
preparation for progress monitoring and analysis. This engineers and consultants would be already practicing time
assumes that both the MPT and the schedule would be tracking to a varying degree. The emphasis in this case is on
updated throughout the design so that the latest status the consistent definition of categories, roles and linking of
information is linked for meaningful progress measurement. WBS codes.
Some potential downsides to relying on input hours as part
Track inputs of productivity of the measurement of productivity could include inaccurate
Corresponding to the tracking of the outputs of design tracking and/or categorization of hours, incorrect linking
modeling through definition of LOD linked by WBS codes to of WBS codes, and artificial inflation/deflation of hours.
their respective schedule properties, the inputs of productivity Such downsides can be mitigated via various management
should also be tracked in a similar fashion. Participating practices and technology platforms that are outside the scope
architects, engineers and consultants of BIM should log and of this paper.
track hours spent and roles involved on time sheets linked to

Figure 4: Graphic showing the layering and grouping of model elements to enable progress tracking
Model elements captured in the
Model file LOD 300 layer

WBS 1.2.11.3
CSI code – 05100
Model element:
Structural metal framing
Element LOD 100 LOD 200 LOD 300 LOD 350
1 Structural steel Wide flange column, Base plate Stiffner plates, splice Connection detail, Model group –
framing members plate, foundation design anchor bolts structural steel
2 Secondary steel Struts Kicker Bolts, special kicker Model group –
configurations secondary steel
WBS 2.2.1.7
CSI code – 50114
Model element:
HVAC – air systems
Element LOD 100 LOD 200 LOD 300 LOD 350
1 Air handler Main (trunk) piping, Secondary piping, Miscellaneous piping, Thermometers, strainer
Model group –
air handler air vents shutoff valves valves
air handler
2 Duct work Main (trunk) ductwork Secondary ductwork, Miscellaneous Insulation Model group –
tees ductwork, damper/grill, duct work
straps, kickers

LOD 100 master file LOD 100 master file LOD 100 master file LOD 100 master file
x-reference L100 layer x-reference L100 layer x-reference L100 layer x-reference L100 layer
Source: EY

Building information modeling (BIM): Measurement of design progress on large capital projects | 7
 The approach
Leverage data analytics to analyze and
measure progress

Data preparation and aggregation 1. Hours spent per LOD percentage completion
To enable progress tracking, the combination of input hours Pivot the overall data set against LOD percentage
tracked in time sheets and the model output tracked by LODs completion (aggregated from individual element
in layers and connected via WBS to the schedule properties percentage completion per LOD level) and input hours
creates a living data set, where pivots can be created to dissect spent per LOD level. This is one of the most basic analyses
this data against one or multiple properties. that can be performed to provide visibility into effort spent
per progress percentage point gained. One can reasonably
To enhance the robustness of this set of data, and to introduce expect that this metric would trend upward as LOD
a predictive component to the review, Monte Carlo analysis can increases to a point where some systems no longer require
be used to simulate the duration range of key activities along a further level of development as it no longer adds value
the critical path. Doing so enables a more accurate projection to the outcome of design or coordination.
of critical path activities, enhancing the precision of individual
activity tracking, while providing a range estimate rather than 2. Hours spent per category per LOD percentage
a point estimate of the expected schedule completion. completion
Expanding on the previous concept by including data
Data analytics on activity/element categories (design, modeling,
coordination, revision, re-coordination, etc.) would expose
Similar to spend analysis that a business would perform to areas where categories of efforts were spent proportional
gain visibility and measure efficiency of its monetary spending, or disproportional to the percentage completion by LOD.
the input hours spent during BIM design and coordination are See Figure 5 for an example of hours spent per category
essential resources spent for the project that would benefit per LOD percentage completion. For instance, this analysis
from insightful analytics. There is a wide range of sophisticated may expose the fact that many hours were spent in
data analytics that are performed in spend analysis. The re-coordination, which would trigger thoughts of whether
authors of this paper intend to illustrate this concept by upstream activities, such as design, initial modeling
sharing brief examples of spend analysis that could be used to and initial coordination, were properly and effectively
track and measure BIM design progress. completed.

Input hours spent during BIM design and

coordination are essential resources spent for the
project that would benefit from insightful analytics.

8 | Building information modeling (BIM): Measurement of design progress on large capital projects
Figure 5: Example of hours spent per category per LOD percentage completion
Modeling hours

Revision hours
Design hours

Coordination

coordination
% Complete
LOD 100
CSI code

Division

hours

hours
WBS

Hr/%

Hr/%

Hr/%

Hr/%

Hr/%
Re-
1.5.03 5 Metals 0.78 40 0.51 20 0.26 40 0.51 10 0.13 5 0.06

1.1.10 15 Unit 0.65 80 1.23 40 0.62 30 0.46 20 0.31 15 0.23

Piping
Mechanical

Source: EY The above table shows that, because Mechanical’s overall efforts are hypothetically twice those of Metals, the hours spent per category for Metals
appears high and worth further investigation.

The concept of spend analysis applied in BIM design Hence, by obtaining hours based on a pivot of the data
measurement enables owners to gain visibility to the design set against initial design, modeling and coordination
progress, pinpoint potential areas of bottleneck, and plan hours and dividing that over the total number of hours
and respond to efforts accordingly. The concept of vertical spent per LOD, the percentage obtained would be an
and horizontal analysis found in financial statement analysis essential measure of efficiency in achieving completion of
enables BIM design to be measured as a function of its total a particular LOD.
output and over time. Below are examples illustrating such 4. Horizontal analysis — the BIM “weighted-average-
metrics in vertical and horizontal analyses. efficiency” ratio
3. Vertical analysis — the BIM “efficiency” ratio As mentioned previously in the concept of MPT, which
One of the key metrics of a business is the profitability blends model elements with scheduled activities through
ratio, which is defined as the delta between net sales and WBS, the data set enables pivoting of a particular phase
cost of goods sold over net sales. This is a key metric of schedule against the LODs. Each phase of the schedule
that defines the success or failure of a business. A similar may have a particular portfolio of LODs. The early phase
approach can be adapted to BIM design to measure of a design will have a higher concentration of LOD
efficiency. In BIM design, hours spent redesigning, 100s, while the later phase of a design will encounter a
remodeling and recoordinating are essentially waste higher concentration of LOD 350s. Expanding on the BIM
in the system. The greater percentage of hours spent “efficiency” ratio per LOD, a weighted-average-efficiency
in initial design, modeling and coordination that led to per phase can be constructed in a similar manner. This
the final completed LOD, the less waste in the system. would provide oversight of efficiency over a particular time
period of the design, as well as offer a trending measure
over the various phases of a design project.

Building information modeling (BIM): Measurement of design progress on large capital projects | 9
 Further concepts
to explore

Use of RACI to allocate tasks to individuals Linking element/activity to schedule of values

Project-specific roles and activities for each participant in the One of the challenges faced by owners and architects/
form of a responsible, accountable, consulted and informed engineers on a monthly basis is agreeing to the monthly
(RACI) matrix can be developed. Such a RACI matrix can payments based on actual modeling progress made and
then be used to perform vertical and horizontal RACI analysis validated against the agreed-upon schedule of values. To
against each individual assigned across each activity to spot date, such effort is a combination of estimates mixed with
overlaps and gaps of RACI. Performing this analysis early an art of negotiation from both sides. However, having a
on enhances clarity of individual responsibilities. The RACI granular schedule of values defined per activity based on the
attributes linked to each individual and activity also enable data actual schedule enables tracking and measurement of model
analytics (discussed later) to be performed during progress elements directly against scheduled values, or ultimately
measurement. the budget. While establishing this may be a substantial
undertaking at the inception of the project, the initial efforts
Regression analysis and benchmarking could potentially generate dividends throughout the design
Sample concepts thus far have applied to per-project basis, cycle by enabling accurate monthly progress payments.
leveraging established industry definitions and tools and
paralleling business concepts. However, the value of BIM design Advanced technology platform
measurement does not stop at the individual project level. The While many commercial and custom BIM solutions exist today,
data collected and analytics performed on individual projects most of these are focused on one of the following categories:
would form the basis of single and multivariable regression design modeling, design coordination, energy and rendering
analysis. Applied at the owner level, such statistics and simulation, asset management tracking, mobile and field
regression analysis can be leveraged as part of the decision management, or basic earned valued analysis. The authors
criteria during source selection of architects and engineers on of this paper hypothesize a solution that would enable BIM
future projects. Applied at the architect and engineer level, design management, in its entirety, with the creation of a
the information and insights can help optimize its BIM design BIM intelligence dashboard where data can be automatically
delivery process on a continued basis. siphoned from the latest models and schedules and analytics
can be performed on a real-time basis. Whether the design
model follows the single BIM or parallel BIM approach, the way
to track, measure and manage the successful outcome of BIM
Applied at the owner level, such statistics and design would be the same.
regression analysis can be leveraged as part of
the decision criteria during source selection of
architects and engineers on future projects.

10 | Measure BIM during the design phase by leveraging business analytics and processes
 Conclusion
The concepts, approaches and metrics
illustrated in this paper present a set of
tactical steps that describe a journey of
BIM design measurement through the
establishment, aggregation and analytics
of inputs and outputs. The authors also
Organizational alignment suggested areas of further undertakings
The most common form of team structure on a large capital in terms of benchmarking and technology
project is a functional matrix structure involving horizontal enablement.
process flow owners (i.e., design managers and project
managers) intersecting with vertical functional owners (i.e., But more important is having the
schedulers and cost engineers). This crisscrossing of processes
understanding and conviction of why
and functions has traditionally been met with restrictive
processes and policies to control the flow of information. effective BIM design measurement is a
BIM was conceived as a potential technology solution that strategic value-add to the overall capital
enables information aggregation, storage, transportation and project delivery process. By leveraging and
dissection to break away from the confines of the organization
structure and liberate the flow of information in a nonlinear adapting the concept of product value chain
fashion. Most leading literature suggests accomplishing the (as illustrated in The Innovator’s Solution:
integration of BIM technology with project management
Creating and Sustaining Successful Growth
processes using a BIM implementation maturity model by
identifying where the organization is currently in terms of BIM by Clayton Christensen), a company can best
use (point A), the maturity level the organization would like to focus its efforts on identifying the greatest
target (point B), and how to move from point A to point B.
cost savings within the overall capital project
Such an approach neglects the fact that BIM implementation,
similar to any large technology-enabled business delivery process. In this case, the ability to
transformation effort, is predominantly a business/project effectively manage efficiency, quality, cost
process re-engineering undertaking. Hence, a case-by-case
and schedule during design would lead to
in-depth analysis of both the workflows and processes of a
proposed team structure is required. The analysis results the greatest impact in saving both time
should then be compared to the workflows and processes and money while improving quality. BIM
required by the complement of BIM tools used to identify
implementation gaps and solutions to best align the two. A
design measurement implemented with the
systematic study of the above-proposed approach would be approach as suggested in this paper could
worth further investigation. be one of the first solutions in addressing
such a strategic need among owners and
architects/engineers of capital projects
across industries.

| 11
 Appendix

References
Common BIM resources such as the following are referenced
throughout the paper.

“AIA E202-2008, Building Information Management Protocol

Exhibit,” The American Institute of Architects (AIA), 2008.
a. Level of development (LOD)
b. Model element table (MEA)

Brad Hardin, LEED AP, AIA, BIM and Construction

Management: Proven Tools, Methods, and Workflows.
(Sybex, 2009).
a. Model coordination plan (MCP)
b. Information exchange plan (IEP)

Eric Ries, The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs

Use Continuous Innovation to Create Radically Successful
Businesses (Crown Business, 2011).

“2013 Level of Development Specification,” BIMForum, 22

August 2013.

“Building Information Modeling Guidelines and Standards

for Architects and Engineers,” New York City (NYC) School
Construction Authority (SCA), 28 April 2014.
a. Model progression table (MPT)

“Building Information Modeling Planning Guide for Facility

Owners, Version 1.0,” The Pennsylvania State University
Computer Integrated Construction Research Program,
April 2012.

Clayton Christensen, The Innovator’s Solution: Creating and

Sustaining Successful Growth, (Harvard Business School
Press, 2013).

12 | Building information modeling (BIM): Measurement of design progress on large capital projects
Figure 6: LOD definitions and graphics

LOD Definition Graphics

100 • Model element may be graphically represented in the model with a

symbol or other generic block placeholder representation.
• This is the conceptual design of the model and would consist of
overall building mass and form optimization.

200 • Model element is graphically represented within the model as a

generic system, object or assembly with approximate quantities,
size, shape, location and orientation.
• Non-graphic information may also be attached to the model element.
• Detail appropriate for the schematic design or design development
stage.

300 • Model element is graphically represented within the model as a x

specific system, object or assembly in terms of quantity, size, shape,

location and orientation. x

• Non-graphic information may also be attached to the model element.

• Detail appropriate for construction documents.

350 • Model element is graphically represented within the model as x x

a specific system, object or assembly in terms of size, shape, x

location, quantity and orientation with sufficient detailing for
x
coordination purposes.

Source: BIMForum

Building information modeling (BIM): Measurement of design progress on large capital projects | 13
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About the authors

Jia Liu is a manager at Ernst & Young LLP’s Irvine,
CA, office, where Giselle Chanona-Pierre is a
senior consultant. Mark Gibson is a construction
advisory services leader.
The authors would like to acknowledge input
from Mark Gibson, partner at Ernst & Young
LLP’s Irvine office; John Wescott, senior manager
from the same office; Jay Purdy, senior from
the New York, New York, office; and all leading
practitioners interviewed.

Mark Gibson
mark.gibson@ey.com

Jia Liu
jia.liu@ey.com

Giselle Chanona-Pierre
giselle.pierre@ey.com