11/3/23, 7:31 PM ROTC Student Module 1 (ver2020)

This material was adapted from the module provided by

NCRRCDG. Minor revisions were done to fit Mapua’s ROTC
orientation. Majority of the contents remain as is.
This module is not for sale.

WELCOME TO YOUR MILITARY LIFE . . .

The Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) is a component under the
National Service Training Program (NSTP) Law of MAPUA UNIVERSITY, Muralla
Street Intramuros, Manila City. ROTC is designed to provide military training to
tertiary level students in order to motivate, train, organize and mobilize them for
national defense preparedness. This also aims to prepare students for
commissioning as officers in the Active Army and Army Reserve force.
This module is intended for college students who chose to take ROTC as their
NSTP. This module is designed to cover the Military Science - 1 course which
tackles more about the fundamentals of being an individual soldier. From the
concepts of how the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) was organized into
Military Science Module - 1 major services, to the establishment of AFP from the Spanish era up until to date.
This module also provides the proper and standard core values, courtesy and
discipline of every soldier must uphold either in time of peace or war.
National Service Training Program This module aims to aid students in developing the abilities and attitudes that
Reserve Officer Training Corps will make them academically successful and to develop well educated junior
reservist. To understand the story behind ROTC as well as how every cadet should
act while enjoying every training that ROTC has to offer. Also, to have the
fundamental knowledge in order to acquire new skills to respond during national
Mapúa University emergency.
Department of Military Science and Tactics At the end of this module, every cadet is expected to learn every lessons
provided. To understand the history of ROTC, the benefits of each cadet enrolled
and how the system works under the supervision of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines. In this module, we expect that you will acquire and practice the basic
knowledge, attitude and discipline of being a soldier. Also, the unit is expecting to
produce an independent and knowledgeable product to become a reservist after
the time you will be trained.

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It is our hope that this module serves as a stepping stone toward building self- CONTENTS
esteem as a leader and mostly towards patriotism. May you utilize what you will LESSON 1: PHYSICAL ORGANIZATION OF THE MU ROTC UNIT
learn in this program as you become part of the AFP reserve force, and 1.2 The Department of Military Science and Tactics
ultimately in the endeavors of your desired career. 1.3 The Corps of Cadets
Thank you for choosing ROTC as your NSTP here at MAPUA UNIVERSITY, you LESSON 2: MILITARY ORIENTATION
have decided to join the few but brave students who chose to be a part of the
2.1 Legal Basis of ROTC Program
ROTC program. We gladly welcome you in this journey as we persevere towards
discipline, leadership and academic and military excellence. Good luck and God 2.2 AFP Organization
bless to you! 2.3 Philippine Military History
I. Background
II. The Home-ground Informal Military Aspects of the Uprising against
Spain
III. Filipinos in Spanish Military Arm Service
IV. The First Formal Truly Filipino Military Organization
V. The Commonwealth Army (1935-1945)
VI. The Army of the Third Republic (1946-1972)
VII. The Martial Law Years and the Fourth Republic (1972-1986)
VIII. The Fifth Republic (1986 – Present)
IX. Conclusion
2.4 AFP Core Values
I. Introduction
II. AFP Core Values
III. Conclusion
2.5 Military Courtesy and Discipline
I. Correct Use of Titles
II .Military Salute
III. Courtesies Rendered by juniors to seniors
IV. Courtesies to the National Flag and to the National Anthem
V. General Courtesy and Discipline
VI. Taboos in the Service
VII. The AFP Stand on Basic Issues
VIII. Military Professionalism
2.6 Military Justice
Introduction
Persons Subject to Military Law
Sources of Military Law
Classification of Courts Martial
Components of Military Justice
Punitive Articles of War

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Administrative Cases Sight Adjustment

Other Offenses (AW 105) Grouping
Rights of the Respondents Zeroing
Classes of Discharge Range Safety Precaution
2.7 Military Leadership LESSON 4: PUBLIC INFORMATION
Definition of terms 4.1 Threats to the National Security
Factors of Leadership Definition of terms
Types of Leadership Types of Threats
Roles of a leader Insurgency, Counter-insurgency and Peacekeeping Assessment
Responsibilities of a Leader Definition of Terms
Leadership Styles Insurgency
Leadership Techniques Conduct of Counter-insurgency Operations
Leadership Indications LESSON 5: DRILLS AND CEREMONIES
Leadership Principles 5.1 Drills
Leadership Traits Definition of terms
LESSON 3: COMBAT TRAINING OF INDIVIDUAL SOLDIER The Command
3.1 Basic Map Reading and Land Navigation Individual Movements not Under Arms
Definition of terms Manual of Arms
Purpose 5.2 Ceremonies
Marginal Information Review
Orientation of Maps Parade
Types of Map REFERENCES
Types of Map according to Scale
Scale
Base Direction
Use and determination of Azimuth
Determining Direction and Location
Methods of Determining one’s Position and Location
Grid
3.2 Basic Weapons
M16
Cal .45
Cardinal Rules for Safety Measure
3.3 Preliminary Marksmanship Training
Clearing
Cycle of Functioning
4 Basic Fundamentals of Marksmanship
Dry Fire

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LESSON 1: Physical Organization of the MU Reserve Officers’ Training Commandant a. Perform such duties allied to and not incompatible with his
Corps Unit (MU ROTCU) duties as ROTC Commandant/Department Head as may
be assigned to him by the Group Commander/Head of the
OVERVIEW Instruction.
Any program involves management and organization. There are proficient and b. Conduct ROTC instruction and appraise those concerned
experienced officials designated who will take responsibility in management and of the pertinent provisions of the law and AFP regulation
operations. In this lesson, you will learn how ROTC Program is being established affecting the ROTC Unit in the institution concerned and/or
and the persons behind the program as well as the importance of accomplishing those placed under his jurisdiction.
each responsibilities. c. Sit as a member of institutional committees affecting the
ROTC Unit or any board deliberating on candidates for
LEARNING OUTCOMES ROTC graduation.
At the end of this lesson you should be able to:
d. Responsible to the Group Commander in the
 Determine who are involved in the management of ROTC Program.
promulgation of rules and regulations related to the
 Explain the relationship of National Service Training Program, organization, operations and training of the members of
Department of Military Science and Tactics and Corps of Cadets in ROTC Units in his jurisdiction.
Reserve Officers’ Training Corps Unit e. Recommend to the Group Commander the appointment,
 Infer the effects if one of the departments would be absent in the promotion, reduction of ranks, transfer or separation of
management and organization of ROTC. military personnel detailed with ROTC Unit.
f. Ensure proper implementation of the NSTP together with
COURSE MATERIALS
the NSTP Director or other designated school officials.
g. Responsible in the information drive on the existence of
1.1. The National Service Training Program ROTC Complaint Center and conduct periodic survey on
matters related to ROTC program.
Republic Act 9163 which is also known as the National Service Training
Program Act of 2001 is a program that consists of three (3) components: Reserve h. Perform other duties as the Higher Headquarters may
Officers Training Corps (ROTC), Literacy Training Service (LTS) and Civic Welfare direct.
Training Service (CTWS). Any of these components can be selected and should a. Acts as Officer-in-Charge in the absence of the
be completed for a period of one (1) year or two (2) semesters. ROTC Units in all Commandant and is the principal adviser in matters
Assistant
colleges and universities in the Philippines that are organized by the DMST are pertaining to training, administration and operation of
Commandant
under the supervision of the NSTP school administration and Department of policies of the unit.
National Defense. b. Perform other duties as the Commandant may direct.
The principal assistant of the Commandant in the execution
1.2 The Department of Military Science and Tactics of school functions affecting and efficient operation of the
All activated ROTC units and the Department of Military Science and Tactics administrative section. The specific duties are responsible
(DMST) shall be restructured to suit the requirements of the new ROTC Program. for the personnel administration of the school.
The ROTC Commandant as Head of DMST of the school is entitled to defined a. Maintains records and files of all personnel.
Administrative
responsibilities and sanctions under the policies of the institution. The DMST shall b. Implements all policies and regulations for the effective
Officer
be treated as department established and maintained by the school or university maintenance of morale, welfare and discipline of
under the National Service Training Program Office or its equivalent. At the same personnel.
time, it shall serve as the office of the Commandant of the ROTC unit established c. Responsible for the internal management of office to
and maintained by the Army Reserve Command (ARESCOM) through the include supply, logistics, individual duty and other
Regional Community Defense Groups (RCDG). activities of the school.

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d. Keep the Commandant informed on morale, discipline, 1.3. The Corps of Cadets
welfare and esprit de corps of personnel. Cadets undergoing or completing the required course of training are
e. Prepare timely write-up of awards and commendations appointed with the suitable rank and position. They handle and train cadets who
and other recurring reports. undergo the ROTC Course.
f. Acts on all routine administrative matters.
g. Assist the commandant in the maintenance, filing and Cadet Commissioned Officers
safekeeping of all supply records. a. The highest officer in the Corps of Cadets. He gives
h. Assist the Commandant in the preparation and orders, directs and manages the work of his
requisitions of logistical requirements of the Unit. subordinates. He is responsible for all that is happening
i. Perform other duties as the Commandant may direct. to the Corps of Cadets, what one does and fails to do.
Corps
a. To assist the Commandant on administrative and operational Commander
b. He is directly responsible for all cadets’ related concern.
matters pertaining to ROTC Training. c. Supervise Corps of Cadets during the conduct of training,
b. To prepare all communications for final approval of the rehearsals and preparation of the unit.
Chief Clerk Commandant. d. Perform other duties and functions as the Commandant
c. To maintain all records of the cadets. may direct.
d. To receive all incoming and outgoing communications.
e. To perform other duties as the Commandant may direct. a. He is second in command to Corps Commander. He
Corps takes the responsibilities of the Corps Commander
Intelligence
a. Responsible to the Commandant regarding the Executive whenever he is not around and acts as his representative
intelligence matters of the unit.
NCO Officer when authorized. He makes sure that all the orders given
b. Perform other duties as the Commandant may direct. by the Corps Commander are accomplished.
f. Assist the Operations and Training Officer on matters
a. The administrative and personnel officer is responsible in
pertaining to the operation and training of the unit.
g. Assist the Operations and Training Officer in the preparation keeping the strength needed of the unit’s reports, records
of the reports to be submitted to higher headquarters and correspondents that are needed in all activities being
Operations/ Corps conducted.
pertaining operation and training.
Training NCO Personnel/Adjut b. Issue necessary orders for the members of the Corps of
h. Assist the Operations and Training Officer in the preparation
of training schedules, after training reports and other related ant Officer Cadets.
subjects. (Corps G1) c. In-charge on the preparation on administration matters
i. Perform other duties as the Commandant may direct. (Bulletin Boards, publication, etc.)
Senior a. Act as the Senior Adviser of the Commandant pertaining to the d. Perform other duties and functions as the Commandant
Tactical ROTC Administration, Operation and Training. may direct.
Officer b. Perform other duties as the Commandant may direct. a. The “Eye of the Corps” the intelligence names of cadets
a. To assist the Asst. Commandant for Administration in participants who will recommend for
Asst. Admin
maintaining the records and files of the cadets. Commendations/officer is the own who gives the
NCO
b. Perform other duties as the Commandant may direct. Corps necessary information that may affect any situation in the
Tactical a. To assist the Commandant on ROTC instructions/lectures Intelligence Corps of Cadets.
Officers during Sunday Training of the Cadets Officer (Corps b. Conduct overt and covert operations for the security of
NCO’s b. Perform other duties as the Commandant may direct. G2) the cadets and military personnel during the training.
c. Coordinates with the nearest local police, barangay
officials and military units in the area for security in the
conduct training.

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d. Mobilize SAG members for the intensive monitoring e. Perform other duties and function as the Commandant
before, during and after the activity. Submit report ASAP may direct.
in case of eventually.
e. Perform other duties and functions as the Commandant
may direct.
a. The “Brain of the Corps” who is responsible for HQ and HQS  Responsible for maintaining order and cleanliness of the
Implementing Plan (IMPLAN) before any activity so as to Svc unit’s area.
be able to accomplish systematically, orderly and Commander
properly. . Battalion  He manages, supervises and gives security to his
a. Responsible for the training conducted to the Corps of Commander battalion.
Cadets and provides the training schedule and other
Corps matters pertaining to the movements and other activities  The Company Commander manages, handles and train
Company
Operations of the organization. basic cadets. The performance of their companies
Commander
Officer (Corps b. OPR for the Operation and Training. depends on how they train their unit.
G3) c. Prepare necessary requirements needed in the conduct
of training. Cadet Non-Commissioned Officer
d. Responsible for organizing other Specialized Units and b.1. Non-Commissioned Officer - Were trained in a shorter period of time
organization for the Implementation of modified concept than the Commissioned Officers. They have less privileges and less
of training. authority.
b. Perform other duties and functions as a Commandant b.2. Military Police - In charge with the security measures with the
may direct. companies. He safeguards the welfare of his company. Must know and
a. Provides necessary logistical requirements in the conduct understand all general Orders of the sentinel.
of training. b.3. Medical Corps - They are specialized unit trained to give first aid to any
Corps patient of the Corps.
b. Proposes fund requirements to be used for the training.
Logistics
c. Prepare letters relating to the procurement of equipment,
Officer (Corps
which is intended for the training.
G4)
d. Perform other duties and functions as the Commandant
may direct.
a. Ensures that the discipline and orders is maintained in the
Corps of Cadets and gives sanction and disciplinary
action when needed.
. Provost b. Assist the Corps G2 in conducting security measures in
Marshall the campus during the training.
c. Mobilize Military Police in conducting security measures.
d. Performs duties and functions as the Commandant may
direct.
a. He performs the external affairs of the Corps of Cadets
Corps Civil b. Provides necessary photo/video coverage for activity
Military conducted.
Operations c. Utilize the cadets in performing tasks outside the unit.
Officer (G7) d. Cooperate with the Corps Operations with regards to
conducting activities.

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LESSON 2: Military Orientation The National Service Training Program (NSTP) now being implemented offers
three (3) components namely: Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC), Literacy
OVERVIEW Training Service (LTS) and Civic Welfare Training Service (CTWS) for a period of
Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) as one of the components of NSTP, one (1) year or two (2) semesters. Effective on the 1st Semester of Academic Year
is always regarded as a program that involves tiring and rigid training but it is not 2002-2003, all freshmen male and female students in the tertiary level are
always like that in view of the fact that the program also involves classroom mandated to finish within one (1) year any one of the three (3) components as a
instructions. In this situation, the military instructor gives discussion on different prerequisite for graduation from any baccalaureate degree course or from any two
military subjects that every cadets should learn. In this subjects, cadets will learn (2) year technical/vocational course
how ROTC has occurred and managed, how to act as a cadet, and improve their
leadership skills. Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC)
ROTC aims to provide military education and training for students to mobilize
LEARNING OUTCOMES them for national defense preparedness. Its specific objectives include preparation
At the end of this lesson you should be able to: for college students for service in the Armed Forces of the Philippines in the event
 Discuss how ROTC program had changed overtime. of an emergency and their training to become reservists and potential
 Infer how students would benefit in taking up ROTC as their NSTP. commissioned officers of the AFP.
 Inculcate the importance of having values and good leadership.
The ROTC Program Objectives
COURSE MATERIALS a. To prepare the college students for possible service in the defense
2.1. Legal Basis of ROTC Program establishment in the event of emergency;
1935 – Commonwealth Act No.1 was implemented by President Manuel L Quezon b. To train and develop the ROTC cadets as future enlisted reservist for the
through the Executive Order No. 207 requiring the compulsory military training Reserve Component of the Armed Forces of the Philippines;
for all college students. c. To inculcate in the youth the spirit of patriotism and nationalism;
1980 – It was amended in 1980 by National Service Law and offered three (3) d. To develop and promote the physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual and
components of the National Service Program: Military Service (MS), Civil social well-being of the youth;
Welfare Service (CWS), and Law Enforcement Service (LES). Only the e. To train and develop the youth as potential community leaders; and
Military Service was prepared to be implemented by the concerned agency f. To develop civic consciousness and good citizenship among the youth.
for the colleges and universities.
1991 - RA 7077, otherwise known as the AFP Reservist Act was enforced 2.2 AFP Organization
prescribing for a 2-year ROTC Program as a requirement for graduation to all
tertiary level students. I. Legal Basis of AFP Organization
1994 - A tripartite committee was formed among DND, CHED & DILG The following are the legal basis of the AFP Organization:
representatives modifying the 2-year ROTC program into an expanded ROTC
program which provided for a mandatory military training for the first
a. Constitution – The defense of the State is the AFP’s primary duty. All
citizens, as required by law, are mandated to render military service.
curriculum year an option to pursue either MS, CWS or LES on the second
year.
b. Commonwealth Act No.1 – otherwise known as the National Defense Act
which was approved on 21 December 1935.
2000 - In SY 2000-2001, the ardent clamor by some sectors to abolish the ROTC
Program resulted to the amending of RA 7077 or Armed Forces of the c. Executive Order No. 11 – issued by Pres. Manuel L. Quezon on 11 January
Philippines Reservist Act of 1991 and PD 1706 or National Service Law of 1936 that effected the organization of Headquarters, Philippine Army, as a
regular component of the AFP.
1980.
12002 – On January 23, 2002, RA 9163 also known as the National Service d. Commonwealth Act No. 88 – approved by Pres. Manuel L. Quezon on 26
Training Program Act of 2001 was passed by Congress, signed by President January 1936 that provide for the creation of the state police force, which
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and was promulgated on 23 March 2002. nationalized the police force into a separate organization. The constabulary

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was relieved of its national police power and remained as the integral part c. The three (3) Major Service commands (PHILIPPINE ARMY, NAVY
of the Philippine army. AND AIRFORCE) are likewise under the CSAFP, to provide administrative
e. Commonwealth Act no. 343 – approved on 23 June 1938 and implemented and logistical support to and supervision of their respective elements under
by Executive Order no 15 issued the same day which effected the operational control of the Area Commands.
separation of the Philippine Constabulary from the Philippine Army.
V. AFP Organization
II. AFP Mission: To defend the Republic of the Philippines, safeguards its To accomplish its mission, AFP is organized as follows:
national security, and to assist government agencies in the 1. General Headquarters (GHQ)
socio-economic development of the country. 2. Major Service Commands: (Philippine Army (PA), Philippine Air Force
(PAF), Philippine Navy (PN))
AFP Functions: In consonance with national objectives, the AFP performs 3. Area Commands
the following: 4. AFP Wide Support and Separate Units (AFPWSSUs)
a. Uphold the sovereignty, support the Constitution and defend the territory of
the country. The General Headquarters (GHQ)
b. Promote and advance the national aims, goals, interests and policies. To provide direction and control to the Armed Forces of the Philippines,
c. Plan, organize, maintain, develop and deploy its regular and citizen reserve formulate the plans and programs for the guidance of three (3) Major Services and
forces for National Security. other units of the AFP and to provide the AFP-wide support to include admin,
d. Assist and support the National government in its task of nation building. intelligence, training, logistics, technical and special services.
Performs other functions as the President may direct. The Joint Staff
a. Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for PERSONNEL (J-1)
III. Command Authority b. Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for INTELLIGENCE (J-2)
PRESIDENT – As the Commander-in-Chief of the AFP, he exercises strategic c. Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for OPERATION (J-3)
direction of the AFP through the Secretary of National Defense (SND). He d. Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for LOGISTICS (J-4)
likewise exercises command of the AFP through the Chief of Staff, AFP. e. Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for PLANS (J-5)
SECRETARY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE – serves as the Civilian Adviser of the f. Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for COMMUNICATION ELETRONICS
President on matters concerning defense and security of the state. He is tasked AND INFORMATION SYSTEM (J-6)
with the duty of supervising the national defense program of the country g. Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for CMO (J-7)
and has executive supervision over the AFP. h. Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for EDUCATION AND TRAINING (J-
CHIEF OF STAFF, AFP – is the highest military officer of the AFP, commands the 8)
AFP, principal military adviser of the President, and executes the President’s i. Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for RESERVIST AFFAIRS (J-9)
command functions. Through him, the President issues orders to all AFP The Members of the Personal Staff
Commanders.
a. Office of the Strategic and Special Studies, AFP (OSS)
b. Public Affairs Office (PAO)
c. Liaison Office for Legislative Affairs (Lola)
IV. Command Organization d. Office of the Inspector General (OTIG)
a. The Commander in Chief exercises command and control over AFP e. Office of the Ethical Standards and Public Accountability (OESPA)
through the Chief of Staff, AFP (CSAFP). f. Office of the AFP Sergeant Major (AFPSM)
b. Directly under the CSAFP are six (6) are commands, namely Northern The Members of the Special Technical Staff
Luzon Command (NOLCOM), Southern Luzon Command (SOLCOM), a. Office of the Provost Marshall General (OTPMG)
Central Command (CENTCOM), Western Command (WESCOM), Eastern b. Office of the Adjutant General (OTAG)
Mindanao Command (EASTMINCOM), and Western Mindanao Command c. Office of the Judge Advocate General (OTJAG)
(WESTMINCOM).

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d. AFP Headquarters Service Command (AFPHSC) In-charge with 1. To organize, train and equip army forces for the conduct of prompt
e. Office of the Chief Chaplain Service (OTCCHS) the and sustain land combat operation.
f. The Office for Historical and Cultural Activities (OHCA) development 2. To develop tactics, doctrine, procedures, techniques and
g. AFP Commissioned Officers Club (AFPCOC) Philippine
and services equipment needed by the army for field operation.
h. AFP Housing Administration (AFPHA) Army
of the ground 3. To train, organize and equip all army serve units and make them
i. Office of the Chief of Engineers (OTCE) forces of the mobilized in lesser span of time
j. Office of the Chief Ordnance and Chemical Services (OTCOCS) AFP 4. To perform such other function as higher authorities may direct.
k. Office the Quartermaster General (OTQMG) 1. To organize, train, equip, maintain and operate naval force and
l. The Office of the Surgeon General (OTSG) naval aircraft including naval reserve, and assistance required by
m. Office of the Chief Dental Service, AFP (OTCDS) the other components of the AFP in accomplishments of its mission.
n. Office of the Chief Nurse, AFP (OTCN) In-charge with 2. To assist government agencies in the enforcement of laws and
AFP Wide Service Support Units (AFPWSSU
the regulations pertaining to navigation, emigration, customs, revenue,
1. AFP Logistics Command (AFLC) development opium, quarantine fishing and neutrality in the territorial and
2. Intelligence Service AFP (ISAFP) Philippine
and services continuous water of the Philippine archipelago.
3. AFP Medical Center (AFPMC) Navy
of the naval 3. To develop doctrines, procedures, and naval equipment of join
4. Philippine Military Academy (PMA) forces of the operation and the doctrine and procedures for amphibious
5. AFP Command and General Staff College (AFPCGSC) AFP operation.
6. Communications Electronics and Information Systems Service, AFP 4. To be responsible for the naval phases of the reconnaissance,
(CEISSAFP) anti-submarine to warfare and the protection of shipping.
7. AFP Finance Center (AFPFC) 5. To perform such other duties the higher authorities may direct.
8. AFP Dental Service (AFPDS)
1. To organize, train and equip air forces prompt and sustained
9. Commissary and Exchange Service (AFPCES) In-charge with
operation in the air.
10. AFP Mapping Center (AFPMC) the
2. To organize, train and equip air forces clos support of ground
11. Civil Relations Service, AFP (CRSAFP) development
Philippine forces.
12. AFP Reserve Command (AFPRESCOM) and services
Air Force 3. To develop, doctrines, procedures, tactics, techniques and
13. Presidential Security Group (PSG) of the air
equipment for join operation peculiar to the air force.
14. Office of Ethical Standard and Public Accountabilities (OESPA) forces of the
4. To furnish aerial photograph for cartographic purposes.
AFP
5. To perform such other functions as higher authorize may direct.
VI. AFP Components
The AFP has two (2) major components, namely: the REGULAR
2.3. Philippine Military History
and the RESERVE components.
1. REGULAR components shall consist of all standing forces as directed by I. Background
the President. The President may attach to the standing forces or may assigned
Filipinos have never been known as militaristic although many historians noted
to duty with any component of the standing forces such members of the reserves
the fact that the early Filipinos were described as warlike. But being warlike is
officers and trainees as he may deem necessary.
different from being militaristic. In any event, Filipinos, by nature, are non-
2. RESERVE components shall consist of the reserve units in the Major
conformist individuals who are likely to resist regimentation.
Services and of the AFP Wide-Support and Separate Units and Affiliated Reserve
The first recorded-armed encounter involving Filipinos happened in the Battle
Units as the President may authorized.
of Mactan on March 16, 1521 when the Spaniards first came to the Philippines and
VII. The Major Services tried to establish dominion over our ancestors. Mactan Chieftain Lapu-Lapu, with
his warriors numbering 1,500, defeated the Spaniards that was led by Magellan
Major Primary together with his 60 Spanish fusiliers supported by mortar fire, shipborne cannon
Mission
Services Responsibility fire.

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The Spaniards were forced to leave the island but they came back in February 2. The return of Aguinaldo to the proclamation of Philippine Independence of
1570 and employed the proven policy of divide and conquer rule by recruiting June 12, 1898.
warriors from a tribe to subdue other tribes. Ironically, the enlistment of native Admittedly, the military organization of the second phase is much more formal
Filipinos for Spanish service was the first formal military service rendered by and much better than those of the first phase.
Filipinos. In between these phases, there was a power struggle between the
Magdiwang faction of Bonifacio and the Magdalo faction of Aguinaldo.This was
II. The Home-ground Informal Military Aspects of the Uprising against Spain resolved with the execution of Bonifacio on trumped up charges filed by some
The various uprising against Spain necessitated the formation of military units. misguided supporters of Aguinaldo.
Villages involved in formed units of their own commanded by the village leaders or In the Tejeros convention of 1897, the revolutionary government was
other appointed or elected leaders. For the most part, they have little training, organized. Among the agreed appointments is the designation on March 22, 1897
poorly armed and poorly lacking in tactical leadership and logistical support. The of General Artemio Ricarte as the first Captain (Commanding General) of the
only thing they had was abundant of courage. Because of this shortcoming, the revolution (Philippine) Army with General Antonio Luna as Minister of War and
superior arms of the Spaniards and the inability of the different tribes to unite, these Director of Operations. Provision were made for the formalization of various arms
uprising failed. One of the few exceptions is the Dagohoy rebellion in Bohol, which of the army such as the Artillery, Cavalry, Ordnance, Commissary, Quartermaster,
lasted for 85 years from 1744 to 1829. Signal, Medical and Dental Services as well as the local Sandatahan (Militia).
Dagohoy rose up against Spaniards when Spanish Jesuit priest refused church The infant Philippine Army had its baptism of fire as the army of an
burial to his brother who died in the service of the Church. Rallying 3,000 independent republic during the war against America on February 4, 1899. The
Boholanos, he defeated every expedition that the Spanish authorities in Manila army about 30,000 men whom 16,000 were fully armed except 26,000 poorly
sent against him. Bohol at that time existed as a virtually independent state. Even armed militia. The Americans at first had about 26,000 men in two divisions. Better
long after he died, the Boholanos continued the successful resistance against armed, trained organized and supplied. The Americans pushed back the Filipinos
Spain. In this event, we can surmise that we have one of the first institution- switched to guerilla warfare when the regular army disintegrated. Eventually, the
oriented military organizations in our history. Americans grouped down the revolutionary forces, which was hastened by the
capture of President Aguinaldo in 1901. The Americans considered the surrender
of General Miguel Malvar of Batangas as the end of Philippine campaign. Other
III. Filipinos in Spanish Military Arm Service
leaders emerged, usually from the local origins, which marked the 1901 to 1910
Filipinos accounted for the larger components of Spanish expeditions. At
as COLORUM movements.
the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution, Spain had 1,500 Spanish troops in the
There were nationalist movements who sought to continue the revolution
Philippines augmented by 6,000 native soldiers.
in a religious fashion.The term COLORUM is a corruption of the part of a prayer
“DEO SECULA SECULURUM)” attracting thousands of followers who never
IV. The First Formal Truly Filipino Military Organization
accepted the Americans as their new masters. After 1910, serious armed
After 323 years of Spanish rule, the KATAAS-TAASAN KAGALANG-
resistance surely declined. The Philippine Army had ceased to exist as coherent
GALANGAN KATIPUNAN NG ANAK NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN (KKK) was
fighting force even before that time.
founded by Andres Bonifacio. Its members were Filipino people composed of
native Indo-Malays, Chinese immigrants and Spanish creoles and other half-
breeds. This sense of national unity gave this army the strength but of proportion V. The Commonwealth Army (1935-1945)
to its members for actual combat power. With the passing of the Tydings-McDuffle Law in 1934, the Commonwealth
As the revolution progressed, the need for a more formally military of the Philippine was inaugurated in 1935. The first law passed by this government
organization came to the force and the first units were formed according to was the Commonwealth (National Defense) Act Nr 1 CIRCA 1935. This act
provinces with the educated members as the leaders. The revolution is provides for the establishment of the National Defense Forces.
acknowledged to have 2 phases. Consequently, the Philippine Army of the Commonwealth was reactivated
1. The peasant-initiated revolution spearheaded by the Katipunan up to the on Jan 11, 1936 pursuant to Executive Order Number 11 with Philippine
time of the Biak-na-Bato Pack. Constabulary elements as its nucleus.Retired American General Douglas
McArthur acted as the adviser of the reconstituted Philippine Army. Gen. McArthur

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originally envisioned an aggressive defense to carry out on the landing beaches “TABAK” Division), and three (3) independent brigades (2nd, 4th and 5th) as well as
with air and naval forces interdicting the invading enemy forces then hitting him supporting Anti-Tank, Artillery and independent Armor company size units.
with strong land forces when he landed on the beach.
With the lack of funds from the Commonwealth and support from the U.S VII. The Martial Law Years and the Fourth Republic (1972-1986)
Congress, the Philippine Defense program stagnated. Marcos expanded the Army from 29,000 in 1972 to 65,000 in 1986 and
World War II strengthened the 3 independent brigades to full divisions. During this time, several
WW II broke-out in the Philippines on December 8, 1941. Japanese 14th units were activated to enable the Armed Forces. The Philippine Army Light Armor
Army under General Homma landed in Lingayen, Pangasinan on December 10. Regiment (PALAR, later renamed as a Brigade hence PALAB) was organized and
Filipino-American forces tried to halt their advance but were unsuccessful. the First Scout Ranger Regiment (FSRR) was reactivated. The military lost much
McArthur implemented an old Naval Defense Plan Orange –3, which call for the of its professionalism when it fell to the control of political General whose primary
concentration of main defense forces to Bataan. As a consequence, Manila was qualification was loyalty to the administration.
declared an Open City and the Japanese occupied the city on January 2, 1942. Everything took a nose-dive when the Chief oppositionist to Marcos, former
The Japanese launched their final assault on the Fil-Am forces and forced the Senator Benigno Aquino, was assassinated on the Tarmac of the Manila
American commander Maj. Gen. Edward P King to surrender on April 9. Lt. Gen. International Airport on August 21, 1983. The tarnished image of the military during
Jonathan Wainwright surrendered the Corregidor Garrison on May 6 1942, About this period took time to heal. Even now, the AFP is still haunted by Human Rights
70,000 Filipino and 15,000 American troops were taken prisoner in Bataan and issues. The NPA more than regained its lost strength and grew by leaps and
made to undergo the now-infamous death march while another 16,000 Americans bounds reaching its zenith in 1986 with 25,000 guerillas from only 3,000 in 1979.
and 2,000 Filipinos were captured in Corregidor. In surrendering the Corregidor It was at this time that professional, technical and ethical standards of the Army
Garrison, Wainwright also directed the surrender of the Fil-Am Forces in the fell drastically with casualties excising 1,000 a year for several years while killing
Visayas and Mindanao. only half as many communist guerillas. This is primarily because several
commanders were promoted and designated to their positions on the basis of their
VI. The Army of the Third Republic (1946-1972) loyalty and not their qualifications. Resentment within the military grew and, in such
After the war, the Philippine Army was in a semi-chaotic state with a variety environment, the reform the AFP movement (RAM) began. Headed by Defense
of units and agencies headed by officers with limited qualifications and armed with Minister Juan Ponce Enrile’s security Chief Colonel Gregorio “Gringo” Honasan, it
weapons and equipment either captured from the Japanese or given by the actively sought the discontinuation of corrupt practices in the AFP although for
Americans. To restore some order, these disparate units were merged into five most part, these reforms are questionable on their own.
divisions and the general and special staffs as well as the air corps and offshore After 7 years as legitimate President, 9 years as dictator and over 4 years
patrol were organized. as authoritarian President, Marcos bowed to international and public pressure and
On October 4, 1947, the Army was renamed the Armed Forces of the called for “SNAP” election on Feb 7, 1986 if only to consolidate this rule. The
Philippines and its Headquarters called the National Defense Forces. On May 6, opposition rallied behind Senator Aquino’s widow Mrs. Corazon C. Aquino. The
1948, 4 military areas were activated. On the same date, the military training bloody election resulted into chaos and its result was questioned. In any case,
command, the off-shore patrol and the air corps were elevated to major commands whether the actual results may have been were overtaken by event when Defense
designated respectively as the Philippine Ground Force, The Philippine Naval Minister Juan Ponce Enrile tried to mount a coup d’ etat against Marcos using the
Patrol and the Philippine Air Force. 49th IB under then Major Brillantes. The plan failed when counter-intelligence units
In 1950, the four major services in the AFP, namely: PHILIPPINE ARMY, then AFP Chief Of staff General Favian C Ver uncovered the plot and these 2
PHILIPPINE CONSTABULARY, PHILIPPINE NAVY and PHILIPPINE AIRFORCE officers and a few others were arrested on Feb 22, 1986. Unformed by
were created. sympathizers that an arrest order has been issued against him, Enrile barricaded
On July 1, 1957, HPA was organized with BGen Leoncio Tan as himself in the Defense Ministry Building in Camp Aguinaldo and sought the support
Commanding General. In the late 1960’s the Army was also utilized as a National of then AFP Vice Chief of Staff and PC/INP Chief Lt. Gen. Fidel V Ramos.
Defense Force and as nation-builder. Subsequently, the Army Corps of Engineers Dissatisfied with state affairs in the AFP, Lt. Gen. Ramos joined Enrile also
was organized by the early 1970’s, the Army have one Regular Division (1st barricaded himself inside Camp Crame across EDSA from Camp Aguinaldo. The
two leaders announced their withdrawal of support from Marcos and proclaimed

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Corazon C. Aquino as the rightful President. These two only had less than 700 Chief Colonel Honasan hatched a plan to take over the Government and
men behind them. reduce President Aquino to mere figure with Minister Enrile as the real power.
Oppositionist Agapito Aquino, brother of the slain Senator and Manila AFP Chief of Staff Fidel V Ramos prevented this and the attempt was never
Archbishop Jaime Cardinal Sin joined the fray when they publicly urged the people made.
to surround the Camps in order to protect the Enrile and Ramos forces from Channel 4 incident (January 1987) – Colonel Canlas of the PAF tried to mount a
Marcos troops using their bodies. Thus, what later came to be known as the EDSA coup and occupied the Government Channel 4 Station. Thousands of pro-
PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION. The commander of what later came to be called Ramos civilians including some movie stars like Miss Elizabeth Oropesa rallied
as Marcos loyalist forces was BGen Artemio Tadiar of the Philippine Marines. As Col. Canlas in the hope that AFP will defect to them but after 2 days of
his marines advanced, they were blocked by masses of civilian and Gen. Tadiar stalemate, the actions fizzled out and the participants surrendered to the
found it impossible either to advance or fire over the heads of the people. Other government forces.
forces moving into positions were similarly blocked. Meanwhile, small groups of August 28, 1987 Coup – This daylong rebellion was planned and carried out by
officers and soldiers were making their way to Camp Crame in order to defect to Colonel Honasan and supported by RAM troops and elements of the Army
the Enrile-Ramos forces (by this time, the Enrile-Ramos troops consolidated at the Scout Rangers and other AFP Units. The rebel’s soldiers occupied the GHQ
PC/INP Headquarters). A planeload of PC/INP personnel flew to the Manila Building and parts of Camp Aguinaldo. Government Forces attacked and
Domestic Airport to join Gen. Ramos was surrounded and disarmed. The tide recaptured the Camp but GHQ building was destroyed by F-5 jets and Trojan
turned on February 24, 1986 when a fight of several Sikorsky Gunships who are (Tora-Tora) attack aircraft. About 90 people were killed and twice as many
ordered to fire at Camp Crame landed on the said camp and defected instead. wounded in this attempted coup. By the late afternoon, it was all over.
Military support for Marcos eroded swiftly and accepted the U. S. offer to fly him December 1- 9, 1989 COUP – This is the bloodiest and most serious challenge
out of Malacanang Palace. He was eventually forced into exile in Hawaii where he ever faced by the government from discontented military elements.
died in 1989. It was the most bloodless “REVOLUTION” in history. Participation by AFP personnel and units was widespread and action broke-
out simultaneously in different locations all over the country with more serious
VIII. The Fifth Republic (1986 – Present) ones in Metro Manila and Mactan Air Base in Cebu. Involved were several
The period following the departure of Marcos and Gen. Ver were Scout Ranger, Infantry and Armor Units, Marines, Airforce Pilots and Planes
the most confusing in the AFP History. The people Power Revolution of 1986 and Navy Units. Several active Generals and Flag Officers were also involved.
restored great degree of the faith of FILIPINO PEOPLE in the AFP, but most of the Malacanang Palace itself was bombed 11:00 a.m. RAM-SFP (Reform the
members of the AFP, although they refused to obey Marcos order to attack and Armed Forces Movement later renamed Rebulosyonaryong Alyansang
shed the People’s blood, nevertheless found it extremely difficult to accept Mrs. Makabayan-Soldiers of the Filipino People) air assets controlled the air over
Aquino as President and Commander-In-Chief matters were made worse by Metro Manila and Y. O. U. (Young Officers Union) Officer leading the coup sent
agitators elements, many of them identified with Marcos loyalist, who stoked fires an ultimatum to President Aquino to surrender but the President refused. At
of discontent. The military is in state of painful transition and wracked by internal 2:00 p.m., U. S. Air Force F4 Phantom Jets made several "persuasion flights"
wrangling. The war against NPA is being lost and casualties continued to mount. thereby discouraging RAM-SFP planes from flying missions over the capital.
Top it all, elements of the AFP were involved in Anti-Government actions and The PAF F-5 pilots loyal to the government who were unable to take action
between February 25, 1986 to the end of Mrs. Aquino term on June 30, 1992, no against their former comrades now tool the air and destroyed the RAM-SFP
less than five (5) attempted coups and three (3) rebellions had to be suppressed. planes on the ground at Sangley Point while these were being refueled and re-
Attempted Coups armed. Control of the air reverted back to the government forces.
Manila Hotel incident (July 7, 1986) – Active and former military personnel led by Nevertheless, the fighting continued as government and rebel forces
BGen Jose Maria Carlos Zumel and Marcos running-mate Arturo Tolentino, battled across Metro Manila. Defeated in their attempts to take Camp Aguinaldo
supported by Pro-Marcos civilians occupied Manila Hotel and tried to stage a and Malacanang, 700 rebel soldiers under LTC Canlas fell back to the Makati
people power revolution of their own but failed only after a few days. financial district after over 300 rebel Marines surrendered earlier. Negotiations
GOD SAVE THE QUEEN incident (November 1986) – Defense Minister Enrile is initiated by then PMA Superintendent BGen Arturo Enrile led to the Scout Rangers
grossly dissatisfied with the way President Aquino is managing the country "March Back" to barracks with their arms on December 7, Two days later, the
particularly her reported “Coddling” of communist sympathizers. His security leader of the coup in Cebu BGen Edgardo Abenina surreptitiously left the rebel

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positions in Mactan and went into hiding. The remaining rebel forces surrendered. the Army. It was the beginning of the end for the NPA as its combat strength
Over 600 persons died and more than a thousand wounded in this misadventure. sharply declined from 25,000 in 1987 to 6,000 in 1995 and the number of
Pocket Rebellion by Military Elements barangays influenced by them fell drastically.
1. Black Forest Incidents (April 1987) - Former military personnel 4. The Establishment of the PNP - The 1987 constitution mandated
hijacked a fire truck and rammed the Army detention center near gate 1 of Ft further changes in the structure of the Armed Forces. The existing militia, the
Bonifacio and set some of their comrades free. Later they occupied HPA and took civilian Home Defense force, was ordered disbanded and was replaced beginning
several officers and EP as hostages. Refusing to surrender, The Commanding in 1988 with new auxiliary force under the direct control of military regulars. More
General, Phil Army Maj. Gen. Rodolfo Canieso ordered the 4th Scout Ranger Coy significantly, the 1987 constitution calls for the government "to establish and
to storm HPA and recapture it, which they did with minimal casualties on both maintain one police force, which shall be national in scope and civilian in
sides. Only one Black Forest soldier was killed and a few men wounded. character." Pursuant to that mandate, Aquino signed a law directing that the
2. Aguinaldo Caper (March 4, 1990) - Former PC colonel and incumbent Philippine Constabulary, one of the four military services, be combined with the
and Cagayan Valley governor at the time of the incident, Rodolfo Aguinaldo civilian Integrated National Police to form the Philippine National Police. The
declared his non-recognition of Pres Aquino’s government as legitimate process of integrating the two organizations under a newly created Department of
government of the country. This is in reaction to the moves of the government to Interior and Local Government began on January 1 1991.
mount legal action against him for his alleged involvement in the December coup. At present, the Army is facing a potentially renewed threat of secessionism
Supported by active and former military personnel, native tribesmen and CAFGU in the south. It is brought about by greater belligerence being displayed by the
militiamen loyal to him, he surrounded the hotel occupied by the AFP J-7 BGen Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), a breakaway group from the Moro National
Oscar Florendo and his party who came to Tuguegarao to mediate with him. BGen Liberation Front (MNLF), the fundamentalist ABU SAYYAF group and the
Florendo was negotiating with Aquino's representative at the ground floor of the subsequent counter-actions by Christian vigilante groups out to protect themselves
hotel when a firefight broke out between the rebel elements and the members of from any outbreak of fighting. At the same time, the entire AFP is undertaking a
Florendo's party under Col. Emiliano Templo who were occupying the second modernization program that will upgrade the country's external defense capability.
floor. Florendo's was killed and the government launched a massive mopping up The signing of Peace agreement between Nur Misuari of the MNLF and the
operation in Cagayan using the marines brought over from Manila. The rebel Government of President Ramos is a positive development although it faces
forces disintegrated with minimal bloodshed and rebellion ended. considerable opposition especially from the Christian Communities in Mindanao.
3. Noble Uprising (Oct 1990) - The last of the military destabilizing
adventures, then Col. Alexander Noble escaped from detention, made his way to IX. Conclusion
Mindanao and won over several elements of the 402nd Infantry Brigade including Ten years after the EDSA revolution, the AFP has regained prestige and
elements of the 23IB 2LABn, and others. The rebel forces occupied part of Camp credibility in the eyes of the people and government. The rebellions and the Human
Evangelista in Cagayan De Oro City. BGen Enrile again mediated and the crisis Rights issues were slowly being resolved. The AFP surely, is still faced with
was resolved with Noble volunteering to be placed in the custody of the SND. Many serious problems such as organization, equipment, pay and allowances, facilities,
of the rebel soldiers, however, went AWOL and it was several months before they training and more effective leadership especially at the tactical level. But with
can be convinced to return to military control. After the Noble uprising, the AFP greater awareness and a higher sense of duty among the military, the AFP is
entered a period of relative stability. The strange thing is, while all these were confident that they are on the right path towards the achievement of modern,
happening, the Army found a way to finally stop and turn back the communist effective, professional and truly popular Armed Forces of the people.
insurgency. Major Alex B Cogmon collated the different successful approaches by
the different Army units against the CPP/NPA and made it into a doctrine called
Special Operation Team (SOT) concept. In this concept, Cogmon proposed to
reverse the military approach to the insurgency problem by destroying the political 2.4. AFP CORE VALUES
structure first to be followed by destroying the military capability of the insurgents
instead of the other way around. First implemented in 4ID by an initially skeptical I. Introduction
BGen Mariano Adalem, it was a resounding success. When Adalem became CG,
The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) focuses on values that are the
PA he institutionalized the SOT Concept and implemented the doctrine throughout
basis of every soldier s daily existence. It is the foundation of all his acts and deeds.

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