INDEX

Sr.No. Practicals Signature

1 Simulation of the CPU scheduling algorithms a) FCFS b) SJF c)

Priority d) Round Robin

2 Program for paging techniques of memory management.

3 Program for page replacement algorithms

4 Simulation of Bankers Deadlock Avoidance and Prevention

algorithms.

5 Program for Implementation of System Calls.

6 Program for File Permissions

7 Program for File Operations.

8 Program for File Copy and Move.

9 Program for Dining Philosophers Problem.

10 Program For Producer – Consumer Problem concept.

11 Program for disk scheduling algorithms.

12 Write a program for First Fit memory allocation

13 Write a program for Worst Fit memory allocation

14 Write a program for Best Fit memory allocation

 Practical - 1
(A)Write a program to implement FCFS CPU scheduling algorithm
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int AT[10],BT[10],WT[10],TT[10],n;
int burst=0,cmpl_T;
float Avg_WT,Avg_TT,Total=0;
printf("Enter number of the process\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter Arrival time and Burst time of the process\n");
printf("AT\tBT\n");
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d%d",&AT[i],&BT[i]);
}

// Logic for calculating Waiting time

for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(i==0)
WT[i]=AT[i];
else
WT[i]=burst-AT[i];
burst+=BT[i];
Total+=WT[i];
}
Avg_WT=Total/n;

// Logic for calculating Turn around time

 cmpl_T=0;
Total=0;
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
cmpl_T+=BT[i];
TT[i]=cmpl_T-AT[i];
Total+=TT[i];
}
Avg_TT=Total/n;

// printing of outputs

printf("Process ,Waiting_time ,TurnA_time\n");

for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\n",i+1,WT[i],TT[i]);
}
printf("Average waiting time is : %f\n",Avg_WT);
printf("Average turn around time is : %f\n",Avg_TT);
return 0;
}
Output:
(B)Write a program to implement SJF CPU scheduling algorithm
#include<stdio.h>
struct process
{
int id,WT,AT,BT,TAT;
};
struct process a[10];

// function for swapping

void swap(int *b,int *c)
{
int tem;
tem=*c;
*c=*b;
*b=tem;
}

//Driver function
int main()
{
int n,check_ar=0;
int Cmp_time=0;
float Total_WT=0,Total_TAT=0,Avg_WT,Avg_TAT;
printf("Enter the number of process \n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the Arrival time and Burst time of the process\n");
printf("AT BT\n");
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d%d",&a[i].AT,&a[i].BT);
 a[i].id=i+1;
// here we are checking that arrival time
// of the process are same or different
if(i==0)
check_ar=a[i].AT;

if(check_ar!=a[i].AT )
check_ar=1;

}
// if process are arrived at the different time
// then sort the process on the basis of AT
if(check_ar!=0)
{
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<n-i-1;j++)
{
if(a[j].AT>a[j+1].AT)
{
swap(&a[j].id,&a[j+1].id);
swap(&a[j].AT,&a[j+1].AT);
swap(&a[j].BT,&a[j+1].BT);
}
}
}
}

// logic of SJF non preemptive algo

// if all the process are arrived at different time
if(check_ar!=0)
{
a[0].WT=a[0].AT;
a[0].TAT=a[0].BT-a[0].AT;
Cmp_time=a[0].TAT;
Total_WT=Total_WT+a[0].WT;
Total_TAT=Total_TAT+a[0].TAT;
for(int i=1;i<n;i++)
{
int min=a[i].BT;
for(int j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{
if(min>a[j].BT && a[j].AT<=Cmp_time)
{
min=a[j].BT;
swap(&a[i].id,&a[j].id);
swap(&a[i].AT,&a[j].AT);
swap(&a[i].BT,&a[j].BT);
}

}
a[i].WT=Cmp_time-a[i].AT;
Total_WT=Total_WT+a[i].WT;
// completion time of the process
Cmp_time=Cmp_time+a[i].BT;

// Turn Around Time of the process

// compl-Arival
a[i].TAT=Cmp_time-a[i].AT;
Total_TAT=Total_TAT+a[i].TAT;
 }
}

// if all the process are arrived at same time

else
{
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
int min=a[i].BT;
for(int j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{
if(min>a[j].BT && a[j].AT<=Cmp_time)
{
min=a[j].BT;
swap(&a[i].id,&a[j].id);
swap(&a[i].AT,&a[j].AT);
swap(&a[i].BT,&a[j].BT);
}

}
a[i].WT=Cmp_time-a[i].AT;

// completion time of the process

Cmp_time=Cmp_time+a[i].BT;

// Turn Around Time of the process

// compl-Arrival
a[i].TAT=Cmp_time-a[i].AT;
Total_WT=Total_WT+a[i].WT;
 Total_TAT=Total_TAT+a[i].TAT;

Avg_WT=Total_WT/n;
Avg_TAT=Total_TAT/n;

// Printing of the results

printf("The process are\n");
printf("ID WT TAT\n");
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\t%d\t%d\n",a[i].id,a[i].WT,a[i].TAT);
}

printf("Avg waiting time is:- %f\n",Avg_WT);

printf("Avg turn around time is:- %f",Avg_TAT);
return 0;
}
Output:
(C)Write a program to implement Priority CPU scheduling algorithm
#include<stdio.h>
struct process
{
int id,WT,AT,BT,TAT,PR;
};
struct process a[10];

// function for swapping

void swap(int *b,int *c)
{
int tem;
tem=*c;
*c=*b;
*b=tem;
}

//Driver function
int main()
{
int n,check_ar=0;
int Cmp_time=0;
float Total_WT=0,Total_TAT=0,Avg_WT,Avg_TAT;
printf("Enter the number of process \n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the Arrival time , Burst time and priority of the process\n");
printf("AT BT PR\n");
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d%d%d",&a[i].AT,&a[i].BT,&a[i].PR);
 a[i].id=i+1;
// here we are checking that arrival time
// of the process are same or different
if(i==0)
check_ar=a[i].AT;

if(check_ar!=a[i].AT )
check_ar=1;

}
// if process are arrived at the different time
// then sort the process on the basis of AT
if(check_ar!=0)
{
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(int j=0;j<n-i-1;j++)
{
if(a[j].AT>a[j+1].AT)
{
swap(&a[j].id,&a[j+1].id);
swap(&a[j].AT,&a[j+1].AT);
swap(&a[j].BT,&a[j+1].BT);
swap(&a[j].PR,&a[j+1].PR);
}
}
}
}

// logic of Priority scheduling ( non preemptive) algo

// if all the process are arrived at different time
if(check_ar!=0)
{
a[0].WT=a[0].AT;
a[0].TAT=a[0].BT-a[0].AT;
// cmp_time for completion time
Cmp_time=a[0].TAT;
Total_WT=Total_WT+a[0].WT;
Total_TAT=Total_TAT+a[0].TAT;
for(int i=1;i<n;i++)
{
int min=a[i].PR;
for(int j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{
if(min>a[j].PR && a[j].AT<=Cmp_time)
{
min=a[j].PR;
swap(&a[i].id,&a[j].id);
swap(&a[i].AT,&a[j].AT);
swap(&a[i].BT,&a[j].BT);
swap(&a[i].PR,&a[j].PR);

}
a[i].WT=Cmp_time-a[i].AT;
Total_WT=Total_WT+a[i].WT;
// completion time of the process
Cmp_time=Cmp_time+a[i].BT;
 // Turn Around Time of the process
// compl-Arival
a[i].TAT=Cmp_time-a[i].AT;
Total_TAT=Total_TAT+a[i].TAT;

}
}

// if all the process are arrived at same time

else
{
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
int min=a[i].PR;
for(int j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{
if(min>a[j].PR && a[j].AT<=Cmp_time)
{
min=a[j].PR;
swap(&a[i].id,&a[j].id);
swap(&a[i].AT,&a[j].AT);
swap(&a[i].BT,&a[j].BT);
swap(&a[i].PR,&a[j].PR);
}

}
a[i].WT=Cmp_time-a[i].AT;

// completion time of the process

Cmp_time=Cmp_time+a[i].BT;
 // Turn Around Time of the process
// compl-Arrival
a[i].TAT=Cmp_time-a[i].AT;
Total_WT=Total_WT+a[i].WT;
Total_TAT=Total_TAT+a[i].TAT;

Avg_WT=Total_WT/n;
Avg_TAT=Total_TAT/n;

// Printing of the results

printf("The process are\n");
printf("ID WT TAT\n");
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\t%d\t%d\n",a[i].id,a[i].WT,a[i].TAT);
}

printf("Avg waiting time is: %f\n",Avg_WT);

printf("Avg turn around time is: %f",Avg_TAT);
return 0;
}
Output:
(D)Write a program to implement Round Robin CPU Scheduling
#include<stdio.h>
struct process
{
int id,AT,BT,WT,TAT;
};

struct process a[10];

// declaration of the ready queue

int queue[100];
int front=-1;
int rear=-1;

// function for insert the element

// into queue
void insert(int n)
{
if(front==-1)
front=0;
rear=rear+1;
queue[rear]=n;
}

// function for delete the

// element from queue
int delete()
{
int n;
n=queue[front];
 front=front+1;
return n;
}
int main()
{
int n,TQ,p,TIME=0;
int temp[10],exist[10]={0};
float total_wt=0,total_tat=0,Avg_WT,Avg_TAT;
printf("Enter the number of the process\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the arrival time and burst time of the process\n");
printf("AT BT\n");
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d%d",&a[i].AT,&a[i].BT);
a[i].id=i;
temp[i]=a[i].BT;
}
printf("Enter the time quantum\n");
scanf("%d",&TQ);
// logic for round robin scheduling

// insert first process

// into ready queue
insert(0);
exist[0]=1;
// until ready queue is empty
while(front<=rear)
{
p=delete();
if(a[p].BT>=TQ)
{
a[p].BT=a[p].BT-TQ;
TIME=TIME+TQ;
}
else
{
TIME=TIME+a[p].BT;
a[p].BT=0;
}

//if process is not exist

// in the ready queue even a single
// time then insert it if it arrive
// at time 'TIME'
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(exist[i]==0 && a[i].AT<=TIME)
{
insert(i);
exist[i]=1;
}
}
// if process is completed
if(a[p].BT==0)
{
a[p].TAT=TIME-a[p].AT;
a[p].WT=a[p].TAT-temp[p];
total_tat=total_tat+a[p].TAT;
 total_wt=total_wt+a[p].WT;
}
else
{
insert(p);
}
}

Avg_TAT=total_tat/n;
Avg_WT=total_wt/n;

// printing of the answer

printf("ID WT TAT\n");
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d %d %d\n",a[i].id,a[i].WT,a[i].TAT);
}
printf("Average waiting time of the processes is : %f\n",Avg_WT);
printf("Average turn around time of the processes is : %f\n",Avg_TAT);
return 0;
}
Output:
 Practical - 2
(A)Write a Program for paging technique of memory management
#include<stdio.h>
#define MAX 50
int main()
{
int page[MAX],i, n, f, ps, off, pno;
int choice=0;
printf("\nEnter the no of pages in memory: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter page size: ");
scanf("%d",&ps);
printf("\nEnter no of frames: ");
scanf("%d",&f);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
page[i]=-1;
printf("\nEnter the page table\n");
printf("(Enter frame no as -1 if that page is not present in any frame)\n\n");
printf("\npageno\tframeno\n-------\t-------");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\n\n%d\t\t",i);
scanf("%d",&page[i]);
}
do
{
printf("\n\nEnter the logical address(i.e,page no & offset):");
scanf("%d%d",&pno,&off);
if(page[pno]==-1)
printf("\n\nThe required page is not available in any of frames");
 else
printf("\n\nPhysical address(i.e,frame no & offset):%d,%d",page[pno],off);
printf("\nDo you want to continue(1/0)?:");
scanf("%d",&choice);
}while(choice==1);
return 0;
}

Output:
 Practical - 3
Write a C programs to simulate the following page replacement
algorithms:
a) FIFO b) LRU c) LFU

(A) FIFO Page Replacement Algorithm

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int referenceString[10], pageFaults = 0, m, n, s, pages, frames;
printf("\nEnter the number of Pages:\t");
scanf("%d", &pages);
printf("\nEnter reference string values:\n");
for( m = 0; m < pages; m++)
{
printf("Value No. [%d]:\t", m + 1);
scanf("%d", &referenceString[m]);
}
printf("\n What are the total number of frames:\t");
{
scanf("%d", &frames);
}
int temp[frames];
for(m = 0; m < frames; m++)
{
temp[m] = -1;
}
for(m = 0; m < pages; m++)
{
s = 0;
for(n = 0; n < frames; n++)
 {
if(referenceString[m] == temp[n])
{
s++;
pageFaults--;
}
}
pageFaults++;
if((pageFaults <= frames) && (s == 0))
{
temp[m] = referenceString[m];
}
else if(s == 0)
{
temp[(pageFaults - 1) % frames] = referenceString[m];
}
printf("\n");
for(n = 0; n < frames; n++)
{
printf("%d\t", temp[n]);
}
}
printf("\nTotal Page Faults:\t%d\n", pageFaults);
return 0;
}
Output:
(B)Write a Program for LRU Page Replacement Algorithm

#include<stdio.h>
#include<limits.h>

int checkHit(int incomingPage, int queue[], int occupied){

for(int i = 0; i < occupied; i++){

if(incomingPage == queue[i])
return 1;
}

return 0;
}

void printFrame(int queue[], int occupied)

{
for(int i = 0; i < occupied; i++)
printf("%d\t\t\t",queue[i]);
}

int main()
{

// int incomingStream[] = {7, 0, 1, 2, 0, 3, 0, 4, 2, 3, 0, 3, 2, 1};

// int incomingStream[] = {1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 5, 2, 1, 6, 2, 5, 6, 3, 1, 3, 6, 1, 2, 4, 3};
int incomingStream[] = {1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 5, 2, 1, 6, 2, 5, 6, 3, 1, 3};

int n = sizeof(incomingStream)/sizeof(incomingStream[0]);
int frames = 3;
int queue[n];
int distance[n];
int occupied = 0;
int pagefault = 0;

printf("Page\t Frame1 \t Frame2 \t Frame3\n");

for(int i = 0;i < n; i++)

{
printf("%d: \t\t",incomingStream[i]);
// what if currently in frame 7
// next item that appears also 7
// didnt write condition for HIT

if(checkHit(incomingStream[i], queue, occupied)){

printFrame(queue, occupied);
}

// filling when frame(s) is/are empty

else if(occupied < frames){
queue[occupied] = incomingStream[i];
pagefault++;
occupied++;

printFrame(queue, occupied);
}
else{

int max = INT_MIN;

int index;
 // get LRU distance for each item in frame
for (int j = 0; j < frames; j++)
{
distance[j] = 0;
// traverse in reverse direction to find
// at what distance frame item occurred last
for(int k = i - 1; k >= 0; k--)
{
++distance[j];

if(queue[j] == incomingStream[k])
break;
}

// find frame item with max distance for LRU

// also notes the index of frame item in queue
// which appears furthest(max distance)
if(distance[j] > max){
max = distance[j];
index = j;
}
}
queue[index] = incomingStream[i];
printFrame(queue, occupied);
pagefault++;
}

printf("\n");
}
 printf("Page Fault: %d",pagefault);

return 0;
}
Output:
(C)Write a Program for LFU Page Replacement Algorithm

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int f,p;
int pages[50],frame[10],hit=0,count[50],time[50];
int i,j,page,flag,least,minTime,temp;
printf("Enter no of frames : ");
scanf("%d",&f);
printf("Enter no of pages : ");
scanf("%d",&p);
for(i=0;i<f;i++)
{
frame[i]=-1;
}
for(i=0;i<50;i++)
{
count[i]=0;
}
printf("Enter page no : \n");
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&pages[i]);
}
printf("\n");
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
count[pages[i]]++;
time[pages[i]]=i;
flag=1;
least=frame[0];
for(j=0;j<f;j++)
{
if(frame[j]==-1 || frame[j]==pages[i])
{
if(frame[j]!=-1)
{
hit++;
}
flag=0;

frame[j]=pages[i];
break;
}
if(count[least]>count[frame[j]])
{
least=frame[j];
}
}
if(flag)
{
minTime=50;
for(j=0;j<f;j++)
{
if(count[frame[j]]==count[least] && time[frame[j]]<minTime)
{
temp=j;
minTime=time[frame[j]];
}
}
count[frame[temp]]=0;
frame[temp]=pages[i];
}
for(j=0;j<f;j++)
{
printf("%d ",frame[j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
printf("Page hit = %d",hit);
return 0;
}
Output:
 Practical - 4
Write a Program for Bankers Algorithm
//C program for Banker's Algorithm
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
// P0, P1, P2, P3, P4 are the names of Process

int n, r, i, j, k;
n = 5; // Indicates the Number of processes
r = 3; //Indicates the Number of resources
int alloc[5][3] = { { 0, 0, 1 }, // P0 // This is Allocation Matrix
{ 3, 0, 0 }, // P1
{ 1, 0, 1 }, // P2
{ 2, 3, 2 }, // P3
{ 0, 0, 3 } }; // P4

int max[5][3] = { { 7, 6, 3 }, // P0 // MAX Matrix

{ 3, 2, 2 }, // P1
{ 8, 0, 2 }, // P2
{ 2, 1, 2 }, // P3
{ 5, 2, 3 } }; // P4

int avail[3] = { 2, 3, 2 }; // These are Available Resources

int f[n], ans[n], ind = 0;

for (k = 0; k < n; k++) {
f[k] = 0;
}
int need[n][r];
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < r; j++)
need[i][j] = max[i][j] - alloc[i][j];
}
int y = 0;
for (k = 0; k < 5; k++) {
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
if (f[i] == 0) {

int flag = 0;
for (j = 0; j < r; j++) {
if (need[i][j] > avail[j]){
flag = 1;
break;
}
}

if (flag == 0) {
ans[ind++] = i;
for (y = 0; y < r; y++)
avail[y] += alloc[i][y];
f[i] = 1;
}
}
}
}

printf("Th SAFE Sequence is as follows\n");

for (i = 0; i < n - 1; i++)
printf(" P%d ->", ans[i]);
 printf(" P%d", ans[n - 1]);

return (0);

}
Output:
 Practical - 5
Write a program for Fork() system call
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main()
{

// make two process which run same

// program after this instruction
fork();

printf("Hello world!\n");
return 0;
}

Output:
Hello world!
Hello world!
 Practical - 6
Write a Program for changing the file permissions.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
char fileName[16] = "file.txt";
char cmd[32];
int ret = 0;

sprintf(cmd, "chmod 666 %s", fileName);

ret = system(cmd);
if (ret == 0)
printf("Permissions of file changed successfully\n");
else
printf("Unable to change the permissions of file\n");

return 0;
}
Output:
 Practical - 7
Write a Program for file operations
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
FILE* fp;
char ch;
fp-fopen("test1.txt", "r");
if (fp == NULL)
{
printf("Unable to open file ");
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
do
{
ch=getc(fp);
printf("%c",ch);
}
while(ch !=EOF);
fclose(fp);
printf(" ");
system("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
 Practical - 8
Write a Program for file copy and move
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h> // For exit()

int main()
{
FILE *fptr1, *fptr2;
char filename[100], c;

printf("Enter the filename to open for reading \n");

scanf("%s", filename);

// Open one file for reading

fptr1 = fopen(filename, "r");
if (fptr1 == NULL)
{
printf("Cannot open file %s \n", filename);
exit(0);
}

printf("Enter the filename to open for writing \n");

scanf("%s", filename);

// Open another file for writing

fptr2 = fopen(filename, "w");
if (fptr2 == NULL)
{
printf("Cannot open file %s \n", filename);
exit(0);
 }

// Read contents from file

c = fgetc(fptr1);
while (c != EOF)
{
fputc(c, fptr2);
c = fgetc(fptr1);
}

printf("\nContents copied to %s", filename);

fclose(fptr1);
fclose(fptr2);
return 0;
}
Output:
 Practical - 9
Write a Program for Dining Philospher’s Problem
#include <pthread.h>
#include <semaphore.h>
#include <stdio.h>

#define N 5
#define THINKING 2
#define HUNGRY 1
#define EATING 0
#define LEFT (phnum + 4) % N
#define RIGHT (phnum + 1) % N

int state[N];
int phil[N] = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 };

sem_t mutex;
sem_t S[N];

void test(int phnum)

{
if (state[phnum] == HUNGRY
&& state[LEFT] != EATING
&& state[RIGHT] != EATING) {
// state that eating
state[phnum] = EATING;

sleep(2);

printf("Philosopher %d takes fork %d and %d\n",

phnum + 1, LEFT + 1, phnum + 1);

printf("Philosopher %d is Eating\n", phnum + 1);

// sem_post(&S[phnum]) has no effect

// during takefork
// used to wake up hungry philosophers
// during putfork
sem_post(&S[phnum]);
}
}

// take up chopsticks
void take_fork(int phnum)
{
 sem_wait(&mutex);

// state that hungry

state[phnum] = HUNGRY;

printf("Philosopher %d is Hungry\n", phnum + 1);

// eat if neighbours are not eating

test(phnum);

sem_post(&mutex);

// if unable to eat wait to be signalled

sem_wait(&S[phnum]);

sleep(1);
}

// put down chopsticks

void put_fork(int phnum)
{

sem_wait(&mutex);

// state that thinking

state[phnum] = THINKING;

printf("Philosopher %d putting fork %d and %d down\n",

phnum + 1, LEFT + 1, phnum + 1);
printf("Philosopher %d is thinking\n", phnum + 1);

test(LEFT);
test(RIGHT);

sem_post(&mutex);
}

void* philosopher(void* num)

{

while (1) {

int* i = num;

sleep(1);

take_fork(*i);
 sleep(0);

put_fork(*i);
}
}

int main()
{

int i;
pthread_t thread_id[N];

// initialize the semaphores

sem_init(&mutex, 0, 1);

for (i = 0; i < N; i++)

sem_init(&S[i], 0, 0);

for (i = 0; i < N; i++) {

// create philosopher processes

pthread_create(&thread_id[i], NULL,
philosopher, &phil[i]);

printf("Philosopher %d is thinking\n", i + 1);

}

for (i = 0; i < N; i++)

pthread_join(thread_id[i], NULL);
}
Output:
 Practical - 10
Write a Program for producer consumer problem
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

int mutex=1,full=0,empty=3,x=0;

int main()
{
int n;
void producer();
void consumer();
int wait(int);
int signal(int);
printf("\n1.Producer\n2.Consumer\n3.Exit");
while(1)
{
printf("\nEnter your choice:");
scanf("%d",&n);
switch(n)
{
case 1: if((mutex==1)&&(empty!=0))
producer();
else
printf("Buffer is full!!");
break;
case 2: if((mutex==1)&&(full!=0))
consumer();
else
printf("Buffer is empty!!");
 break;
case 3:
exit(0);
break;
}
}

return 0;
}

int wait(int s)
{
return (--s);
}

int signal(int s)
{
return(++s);
}

void producer()
{
mutex=wait(mutex);
full=signal(full);
empty=wait(empty);
x++;
printf("\nProducer produces the item %d",x);
mutex=signal(mutex);
}
void consumer()
{
mutex=wait(mutex);
full=wait(full);
empty=signal(empty);
printf("\nConsumer consumes item %d",x);
x--;
mutex=signal(mutex);
}
Output:
 Practical - 11
(A)Write a Program for FCFS disk scheduling
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int RQ[100],i,n,TotalHeadMoment=0,initial;
printf("Enter the number of Requests\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the Requests sequence\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&RQ[i]);
printf("Enter initial head position\n");
scanf("%d",&initial);

// logic for FCFS disk scheduling

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
TotalHeadMoment=TotalHeadMoment+abs(RQ[i]-initial);
initial=RQ[i];
}

printf("Total head moment is %d",TotalHeadMoment);

return 0;

}
Output:
(B)Write a Program for SSTF disk scheduling
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int RQ[100],i,n,TotalHeadMoment=0,initial,count=0;
printf("Enter the number of Requests\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the Requests sequence\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&RQ[i]);
printf("Enter initial head position\n");
scanf("%d",&initial);

// logic for sstf disk scheduling

/* loop will execute until all process is completed*/

while(count!=n)
{
int min=1000,d,index;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
d=abs(RQ[i]-initial);
if(min>d)
{
min=d;
index=i;
}

}
TotalHeadMoment=TotalHeadMoment+min;
initial=RQ[index];
// 1000 is for max
// you can use any number
RQ[index]=1000;
count++;
}

printf("Total head movement is %d",TotalHeadMoment);

return 0;
}
Output:
(C)Write a Program for SCAN disk scheduling
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int RQ[100],i,j,n,TotalHeadMoment=0,initial,size,move;
printf("Enter the number of Requests\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the Requests sequence\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&RQ[i]);
printf("Enter initial head position\n");
scanf("%d",&initial);
printf("Enter total disk size\n");
scanf("%d",&size);
printf("Enter the head movement direction for high 1 and for low 0\n");
scanf("%d",&move);

// logic for Scan disk scheduling

/*logic for sort the request array */

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n-i-1;j++)
{
if(RQ[j]>RQ[j+1])
{
int temp;
temp=RQ[j];
RQ[j]=RQ[j+1];
RQ[j+1]=temp;
}

}
}

int index;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(initial<RQ[i])
{
index=i;
 break;
}
}

// if movement is towards high value

if(move==1)
{
for(i=index;i<n;i++)
{
TotalHeadMoment=TotalHeadMoment+abs(RQ[i]-initial);
initial=RQ[i];
}
// last movement for max size
TotalHeadMoment=TotalHeadMoment+abs(size-RQ[i-1]-1);
initial = size-1;
for(i=index-1;i>=0;i--)
{
TotalHeadMoment=TotalHeadMoment+abs(RQ[i]-initial);
initial=RQ[i];

}
}
// if movement is towards low value
else
{
for(i=index-1;i>=0;i--)
{
TotalHeadMoment=TotalHeadMoment+abs(RQ[i]-initial);
initial=RQ[i];
}
// last movement for min size
TotalHeadMoment=TotalHeadMoment+abs(RQ[i+1]-0);
initial =0;
for(i=index;i<n;i++)
{
TotalHeadMoment=TotalHeadMoment+abs(RQ[i]-initial);
initial=RQ[i];

}
}

printf("Total head movement is %d",TotalHeadMoment);

return 0;
}
Output:
(D)Write a Program for LOOK disk scheduling

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int RQ[100],i,j,n,TotalHeadMoment=0,initial,size,move;
printf("Enter the number of Requests\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the Requests sequence\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&RQ[i]);
printf("Enter initial head position\n");
scanf("%d",&initial);
printf("Enter total disk size\n");
scanf("%d",&size);
printf("Enter the head movement direction for high 1 and for low 0\n");
scanf("%d",&move);

// logic for look disk scheduling

/*logic for sort the request array */

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n-i-1;j++)
{
if(RQ[j]>RQ[j+1])
{
int temp;
temp=RQ[j];
RQ[j]=RQ[j+1];
RQ[j+1]=temp;
}

}
}

int index;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(initial<RQ[i])
{
index=i;
break;
}
}

// if movement is towards high value

 if(move==1)
{
for(i=index;i<n;i++)
{
TotalHeadMoment=TotalHeadMoment+abs(RQ[i]-initial);
initial=RQ[i];
}

for(i=index-1;i>=0;i--)
{
TotalHeadMoment=TotalHeadMoment+abs(RQ[i]-initial);
initial=RQ[i];

}
}
// if movement is towards low value
else
{
for(i=index-1;i>=0;i--)
{
TotalHeadMoment=TotalHeadMoment+abs(RQ[i]-initial);
initial=RQ[i];
}

for(i=index;i<n;i++)
{
TotalHeadMoment=TotalHeadMoment+abs(RQ[i]-initial);
initial=RQ[i];

}
}

printf("Total head movement is %d",TotalHeadMoment);

return 0;
}
Output:
(E)Write a Program for C-LOOK disk scheduling
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int RQ[100],i,j,n,TotalHeadMoment=0,initial,size,move;
printf("Enter the number of Requests\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the Requests sequence\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&RQ[i]);
printf("Enter initial head position\n");
scanf("%d",&initial);
printf("Enter total disk size\n");
scanf("%d",&size);
printf("Enter the head movement direction for high 1 and for low 0\n");
scanf("%d",&move);

// logic for C-look disk scheduling

/*logic for sort the request array */

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for( j=0;j<n-i-1;j++)
{
if(RQ[j]>RQ[j+1])
{
int temp;
temp=RQ[j];
RQ[j]=RQ[j+1];
 RQ[j+1]=temp;
}

}
}

int index;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(initial<RQ[i])
{
index=i;
break;
}
}

// if movement is towards high value

if(move==1)
{
for(i=index;i<n;i++)
{
TotalHeadMoment=TotalHeadMoment+abs(RQ[i]-initial);
initial=RQ[i];
}

for( i=0;i<index;i++)
{
TotalHeadMoment=TotalHeadMoment+abs(RQ[i]-initial);
initial=RQ[i];
 }
}
// if movement is towards low value
else
{
for(i=index-1;i>=0;i--)
{
TotalHeadMoment=TotalHeadMoment+abs(RQ[i]-initial);
initial=RQ[i];
}

for(i=n-1;i>=index;i--)
{
TotalHeadMoment=TotalHeadMoment+abs(RQ[i]-initial);
initial=RQ[i];

}
}

printf("Total head movement is %d",TotalHeadMoment);

return 0;
}
Output:
(F)Write a Program for C-SCAN disk scheduling
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main()
{
int RQ[100],i,j,n,TotalHeadMoment=0,initial,size,move;
printf("Enter the number of Requests\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the Requests sequence\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&RQ[i]);
printf("Enter initial head position\n");
scanf("%d",&initial);
printf("Enter total disk size\n");
scanf("%d",&size);
printf("Enter the head movement direction for high 1 and for low 0\n");
scanf("%d",&move);

// logic for C-Scan disk scheduling

/*logic for sort the request array */

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for( j=0;j<n-i-1;j++)
{
if(RQ[j]>RQ[j+1])
{
int temp;
temp=RQ[j];
RQ[j]=RQ[j+1];
RQ[j+1]=temp;
}

}
}

int index;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(initial<RQ[i])
{
index=i;
break;
}
}

// if movement is towards high value

if(move==1)
{
 for(i=index;i<n;i++)
{
TotalHeadMoment=TotalHeadMoment+abs(RQ[i]-initial);
initial=RQ[i];
}
// last movement for max size
TotalHeadMoment=TotalHeadMoment+abs(size-RQ[i-1]-1);
/*movement max to min disk */
TotalHeadMoment=TotalHeadMoment+abs(size-1-0);
initial=0;
for( i=0;i<index;i++)
{
TotalHeadMoment=TotalHeadMoment+abs(RQ[i]-initial);
initial=RQ[i];

}
}
// if movement is towards low value
else
{
for(i=index-1;i>=0;i--)
{
TotalHeadMoment=TotalHeadMoment+abs(RQ[i]-initial);
initial=RQ[i];
}
// last movement for min size
TotalHeadMoment=TotalHeadMoment+abs(RQ[i+1]-0);
/*movement min to max disk */
TotalHeadMoment=TotalHeadMoment+abs(size-1-0);
initial =size-1;
for(i=n-1;i>=index;i--)
{
TotalHeadMoment=TotalHeadMoment+abs(RQ[i]-initial);
initial=RQ[i];

}
}

printf("Total head movement is %d",TotalHeadMoment);

return 0;
}
Output:
 Practical - 12
Write a program for First Fit memory allocation
#include<stdio.h>
//#include<conio.h>
#define max 25
void main()
{
int frag[max],b[max],f[max],i,j,nb,nf,temp;
static int bf[max],ff[max];
//clrscr();
printf("\n\tMemory Management Scheme - First Fit");
printf("\nEnter the number of blocks:");
scanf("%d",&nb);
printf("Enter the number of files:");
scanf("%d",&nf);
printf("\nEnter the size of the blocks:-\n");
for(i=1;i<=nb;i++)
{
printf("Block %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&b[i]);
}
printf("Enter the size of the files :-\n");
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
printf("File %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&f[i]);
}
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=nb;j++)
{
if(bf[j]!=1)
{
temp=b[j]-f[i];
if(temp>=0)
{
ff[i]=j;
break;
}
}
}
frag[i]=temp; bf[ff[i]]=1;
}
printf("\nFile_no:\tFile_size :\tBlock_no:\tBlock_size:\tFragement"); for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
printf("\n%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",i,f[i],ff[i],b[ff[i]],frag[i]);
getch();
}
Output:
 Practical - 13
Write a program for Worst Fit memory allocation
#include<stdio.h>
//#include<conio.h>
#define max 25
void main()
{
int frag[max],b[max],f[max],i,j,nb,nf,temp,highest=0;
static int bf[max],ff[max];
//clrscr();
printf("\n\tMemory Management Scheme - Worst Fit");
printf("\nEnter the number of blocks:");
scanf("%d",&nb);
printf("Enter the number of files:");
scanf("%d",&nf);
printf("\nEnter the size of the blocks:-\n");
for(i=1;i<=nb;i++)
{
printf("Block %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&b[i]);
}
printf("Enter the size of the files :-\n");
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
printf("File %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&f[i]);
}
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=nb;j++)
{
if(bf[j]!=1) //if bf[j] is not allocated
{
temp=b[j]-f[i];
if(temp>=0)
if(highest<temp)
{
ff[i]=j;
highest=temp;
}
}
}
frag[i]=highest;
bf[ff[i]]=1;
highest=0;
}
printf("\nFile_no:\tFile_size :\tBlock_no:\tBlock_size:\tFragement");
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
printf("\n%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",i,f[i],ff[i],b[ff[i]],frag[i]);
getch();
}
Output:
Enter the number of blocks: 3
Enter the number of files: 2

Enter the size of the blocks: -

Block 1: 5
Block 2: 2
Block 3: 7

Enter the size of the files: -

File 1: 1
File 2: 4

File No File Size Block No Block Size Fragment

1 1 3 7 6
2 4 1 5 1
 Practical - 14
Program for best Fit memory allocation
#include<stdio.h>
//#include<conio.h>
#define max 25
void main()
{
int frag[max],b[max],f[max],i,j,nb,nf,temp,lowest=10000;
static int bf[max],ff[max];
//clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the number of blocks:");
scanf("%d",&nb);
printf("Enter the number of files:");
scanf("%d",&nf);
printf("\nEnter the size of the blocks:-\n");
for(i=1;i<=nb;i++)
{
printf("Block %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&b[i]);
}
printf("Enter the size of the files :-\n");
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
printf("File %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&f[i]);
}
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=nb;j++)
{
if(bf[j]!=1)
{
temp=b[j]-f[i];
if(temp>=0)
if(lowest>temp)
{
ff[i]=j;

lowest=temp;
}
}
}
frag[i]=lowest;
bf[ff[i]]=1;
lowest=10000;
}
printf("\nFile No\tFile Size \tBlock No\tBlock Size\tFragment");
for(i=1;i<=nf && ff[i]!=0;i++)
printf("\n%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",i,f[i],ff[i],b[ff[i]],frag[i]);
getch();
}
Output:
Enter the number of blocks: 3
Enter the number of files: 2

Enter the size of the blocks: -

Block 1: 5
Block 2: 2
Block 3: 7

Enter the size of the files: -

File 1: 1
File 2: 4

File No File Size Block No Block Size Fragment

1 1 2 2 1
2 4 1 5 1