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The document provides a history of computers from ancient calculating devices like the abacus to modern computers. It discusses the five generations of computers from the first generation vacuum tube computers to the current fifth generation of artificial intelligence. It also defines key computer components like input, output, processing, and storage devices as well as different types of computers such as supercomputers, mainframes, and microcomputers. Finally, it provides guidelines for proper internet etiquette or "netiquette".

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Eena Viamae Pinpin
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53 views3 pages

Ict Reviewer

The document provides a history of computers from ancient calculating devices like the abacus to modern computers. It discusses the five generations of computers from the first generation vacuum tube computers to the current fifth generation of artificial intelligence. It also defines key computer components like input, output, processing, and storage devices as well as different types of computers such as supercomputers, mainframes, and microcomputers. Finally, it provides guidelines for proper internet etiquette or "netiquette".

Uploaded by

Eena Viamae Pinpin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reviewer in Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

History of Computers

Computer
- its uses grew rapidly and widely throughout the world
- used to deal with many tasks due to its various potentials.
-Helps to resolve problems human life encounters in daily life
-things are made easier because of these of theses smart machines.

The Abacus
-its name was derived Latin word abakos means “calculating table”
-first computer

Napier’s Bones
-developed by John Napier, A Scottish mathematician in 1617
-it had rows and columns of boxes; both the boxes on the first row and first column were
numbers 0 to 9.

The Slide Rule


-it is a computing device developed by William Oughtred, an English mathematician in 1622
-looked like a ruler with lines and numbers.
- also called slip stic because it looked like a long flat stick
-popular until 1970’s

The Pascal Calculator


-also called the Pascaline invented by Blaise Pascal, a french mathematician and philosopher, in 1642.
- considered as the first calculator made for sale in the market

The Leibniz Calculator


- also called Stepped reckoner; invented by Gottfried Leibniz, a German mathematician in 1673.
-bar-shaped and had a drum that rotated with crank, a handle used for changing motion or movement.
-first calculator to perform the four operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division

The Jacquard Weaving Loom


- Invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard of Lyon, France in 1804.
- it made the textile-making process easier that it was before
-it could weave patterned silk automatically using punched holes; each corresponded to row of the
design of the textile.

The Generations of Computers


-can be classified into five generations.
-each generations lasted for certain period of time and each gave us either a new and improved
computer.

First Generation: Vacuum Tube (1940--1956)


-the first large electronic computer was made 1946 by a team lead by Eckert and Mauchly at the
University of Pennsylvania the USA.
- it is called Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator( ENIAC) -
- its uses high-speed vacuum tubes switching devices.
-John Von Neumann proposed the concept of a stored program in 1946.
-to store machine instructions in the memory of the computer along with the data.
- Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) (1949) is the first computer to use this
principle was designed by the Cambridge University, UK to use mercury delay lines for storage.
-Vacuum tubes use filaments as electron sources, their lifespan is limited, each tube consumes about
a half watt of power typically used about ten thousand tubes.
Second Generation: Transistor (1956-1963)
-small device called transistor made of semiconductor materials.
-invented by John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain, all American Scientist, in
1947.
-smaller, faster, more affordable, more energy efficient, and more reliable than the vacuum tube
computers.
-could store data punched cards used to put information
-heat was still it’s biggest problem

Third Generation: Integrated Circuit (1964-1971)


-also called IC, chip or microchip was invented by Jack St. Clair Kilby, an American physicist.
-his invention marked the start of the third generation of computers.
-greatly reduced the size and cost of computers
-it made the computers perform faster and more efficiently.

Fourth Generation: Microprocessor (1971-present)


-invented by Marcian “Ted” Joff, an American engineer
- it is a chip the size of a pencil eraser
-it could perform all computations and work of a computer
-originally made for computers.
-puts together most of all of the uses of a central processing unit (CPU)

Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence (1980-present and beyond)


-also called Al
-branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans.
-it aims to create intelligent machines that can think like a human brain.
- it can solve problems, classify objects, and even respond to voice commands.

Computer Devices
Input Devices- is a piece of computer hardware used to provide data to a computer used for
interactions and control. It allows input of raw data to the computer for processing.
Example: Keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera, microphone, game pad.

Processing Devices- refers to a computer hardware that is used to process data and instructions to
produce information. It includes the central processing unit (CPU), the memory, and the
motherboard.
EXAMPLE: memory, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), processor,
motherboard, central processing unit (CPU)

Output devices- is a computer hardware that produces or shows the output or result. The most
common devices are the monitor, printer and speakers.

Storage device- saves data that you access when you use a computer.
Example: hard disk drives, flash drives, compact disk drives, compact disk, dvd’s

Hardware- refers to the physical parts of a computer that you can see, feel, and touch. These parts
enable a computer to do certain tasks. Includes the system unit which is also called central processing
unit or CPU.

Software- refers to the programs installed in a computer. They enable computer devices to do their
tasks. Without a software, a computer will not work properly.

Kinds of Computer

Super Computer- it performs at or near the currently highest operational rate for computers. They
have been used for scientific and engineering applications that must handle very large databases or
do a great amount of computation.
Mainframe- a computer that is generally known for its large size, amount of storage, processing
power and high level of reliability. Mainframes are designed to handle very high volume input and
output and emphasize throughout computing.

Minicomputer- a computer that is smaller, less expensive, and less powerful than a mainframe or
supercomputer, but more expensive and more powerful that a personal computer. Used for scientific
and engineering computations, file handling, etc.

Microcomputer- is an electronic device with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU).
used for applications including data and word processing, electronic spreadsheets.

Netiquette
-is a short for “Internet Etiquette”.
-Etiquette is a code of polite behavior in society while netiquette is a code of good behavior on the
internet

1. Think before you type.


2. Keep personal info private.
3. Be kind.
4. Consider your audience n group chats.
5. Respect others wishes.
6. Talk only to people you know.
7. Don’t ghost friends

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