First Law Applied to Flow Processes fino R = Pot (1) 77, The above two equations show the temperature and pressure of the gas in the vessel as functions of time. @ IfM)=0, T= 77), i.e. the temperature inside the vessel becomes independent of time and is equal to 7, throughout the charging process. (i) The charging process will stop when pressure inside the vessel reaches that of the main. The charging time can be found by setting p = p, in the pressure relation mo RYT, moR -g Pi-po= men "YT, By rearrangement, gor__tno RYT (aV) my RYT, (™ArA)-(n, - Po) . ro talt-(o- rr | my RYT, 4 Summary The first law may be applied to flow processes. A control surface is the boundary of a control volume which is a fixed region in space upon which attention is concentrated in the analysis of a problem. A steady flow process is a process in which all conditions within the control volume remain constant with time. For a simple steady flow process involving one mass stream entering and one mass stream leaving the control volume, the following equations hold: Mass balance or continuity equation = AK _ Ah A) 02 w Energy balance or steady flow energy equation (SFEE) written on a unit mass basis ve 4O v3 a uy tpiryt + Zig + =u pia B+ 97,+ 2 or on time basis Ye ¢Q A aw, +492, |+—= = +24 gZ, |+—= 4d | (J 2 & ] nt W, | hy 2 842 ataa ; Engineering Thermodynamics up by means of a For variable flow problems energy equations may be set system technique or control volume technique. In these cases account must he control surface be taken not only of mass and energy quantities crossing tl but also of accumulations within the control volume. ar & Review Questions 5.1 Explain the system approach and the control volume approach in the analysis of a flow process. 5.2 What is a steady flow process? . 5.3 Write the steady flow energy equation for a Sl single stream leaving a control vehi and explai 5.4 Give the differential form of the S.FF.™ t gy 55 Ur what conditions does the S.FE.E. reduce (0 Euler’s equation? ons does, with S.FE.E.? 5 ee eee wlio compare withovzle, ifthe velocity of Approach 7. What will be fa fluid leaving 41! is very small? 5.8 Show that the enthalpy of tling. ingle stream entering and a ‘in the various terms in it. a fluid before throttling is equal to that after throt- Write the general energy €4! ation for a variable flow ‘ocess. 59 ation for able flow pr the general energ: 5 Sena eae 5.10 What is the system technique in a DO” n 5.11 Explain the control volume technique in a variable flow process. & Problems 5.1 A blower handles 1 kg/s of air at 20°C and consumes a power of Is kw. The inlet and outlet velocities of air are 100 m/s and 150 m/s respectively. Find the exit air temperature, assuming adiabatic conditions. Take c, of air is 1.005 kJ/kg-K. Ans. 28.38°C 52 A turbine operates un lowing state: pressure 1.2 MPa, temperature 188° 33.3 m/s and elevation 3 m. The steam leaves the turbine at the following state: pressure 20 kPa, enthalpy 2512 kJ/kg, velocity 100 m/s, and elevation 0 m. Heat is lost to the surroundings at the rate of 0.29 kJ/s. If the rate of steam flow through the turbine is 0.42 kg/s, what is the power output of the turbine in kW? Ans, 112.51 kW 53 A nozzle is a device for increasing the velocity of a steadily flowing stream. At the inlet to a certain nozzle, the enthalpy of the fluid passing is 3000 kI/kg and the velocity is 60 m/s. At the discharge end, the enthalpy is 2762 kJ/kg. The nozzle is horizontal and there is negligible heat loss from it. (a) Find the veloc- ity at exict from the nozzle. (b) If the inlet area is 0.1 m? and the specific volume at inlet is 0.187 m?/kg, find the mass flow rate. (c) If the specific volume at the nozzle exit is 0.498 m’/kg, find the exit area of the nozzle. ‘Ans. (a) 692.5 m/s, (b) 32.08 kg/s (c) 0.023 o ions, receiving steam at the fol- der steady flow conditi °C, enthalpy 2785 kJ/kg, velocity eeFirst Law Applied to Flow Pro: 54 In an oil cooler, oil flows steadily through a bundle of metal tubes submerged in a steady stream of cooling water. Under steady flow conditions, the oil enters at 90°C and leaves at 30°C, while the water enters at 25°C and leaves at 70°C. The enthalpy of oil at °C is given by h = 1.68 t+ 10.5 x 104? kikg What is the cooling water flow required for cooling 2.78 kg/s of oil? Ans. 1.47 kg/s 5.5 A thermoelectric generator consists of a series of semiconductor elements (Fig. 5.22), heated on one side and cooled on the other. Electric current flow is produced as a result of energy transfer as heat. In a particular experiment the current was measured to be 0.5 amp and the electrostatic potential at (1) was 0.8 volt above that at (2). Energy transfer as heat to the hot side of the genera- tor was taking place at a rate of 5.5 watts. Determine the rate of energy transfer as heat from the cold side and the energy conversion efficiency. b ON EE L KK ald THREE LiLLLL, Y SHH Fig, 5.22 Ans. Q, = 5.1 watts, 7 = 0.073 5.6 A turbo compressor delivers 2.33 m?/s at 0.276 MPa, 43°C which is heated at this pressure to 430°C and finally expanded in a turbine which delivers 1860 kW. During the expansion, there is a heat transfer of 0.09 MJ/s to the surroundings. Calculate the turbine exhaust temperature if changes in kinetic and potential energy are negligible. Ans. 157°C 5.7 A reciprocating air compressor takes in 2 m°/min at 0.11 MPa, 20°C which it delivers at 1.5 MPa, 111°C to an aftercooler where the air is cooled at constant Pressure to 25°C, The power absorbed by the compressor is 4.15 kW. Deter- mine the heat transfer in (a) the compressor, and (b) the cooler. State your assumptions. Ans. — 0.17 kJ/s, — 3.76 kJ/s 5.8 In a water cooling tower air enters at a height of 1 m above the ground level and leaves at a height of 7 m. The inlet and outlet velocities are 20 m/s and 30 m/s respectively, Water enters at a height of 8 m and leaves at a height of 0.8 m. The velocity of water at entry and exit are 3 m/s and 1 m/s respectively. Water temperatures are 80°C and 50°C at the entry and exit respectively.en: RRR awenre Merron ry and exit respectively, Air temperatures are 30°C and 70°C at the ent : cooling tower is well insulated and a ca of 2.25 ey ky the ai through t c " ir per second require ow. ‘ooler, Find the amount of aif Pp 1.005 and 4.187 kJ/kg K respectively, Th Ans. 3.16 values of c, of air and water are as turbine power plant at a Velocity | 0°C is taken into ag 1 vel pening of 0.15 m cross-sectional area. The air is com ded through 4 turbine, and exhausted at 0.18 |p 150°C through an opening of 0.10 m? cross-sectional area. The power Out is 375 kW. Calculate the net amount of heat added to the air in kJ/kg. Assun, that air obeys the law p? ~. 0.287 (t + 273), where p is the pressure in kPa, di the specific volume in m°/kg, and ¢ is the temperature in °C. Take G 1.005 kJ/kg K. Ans. 150.23 kjq, 5.10 A gas flows steadily through a rotary compressor. The gas enters 4 compressor at a temperature of 16°C, a pressure of 100 kPa, and an enthalpy P 391.2 kJ/kg. The gas leaves the compressor at a temperature of 245°C, a prey There is no heat transfer to 7 sure of 0.6 MPa, and an enthalpy of 534.5 kJ/kg. from the gas as it flows through the compressor. (a) Evaluate the external wor, done per unit mass 0} gas velocities at entry and exit to }, f gas assuming the i negligible. (b) Evaluate k done per unit mass of gas when the the external worl gas velocity at entry is 5.9 Air at 101.325 kPa, 2 140 m/s through an | pressed heated, expan 80 m/s and that at exit is 160 m/s. Ans. 143.3 kJ/kg, 152.9 Ky 5.11 The steam supply to an engine comprises two streams which mix before enter. ing the engine. One stream is supplied at the rate of 0.01 kg/s with an enthalpy of 2952 kJ/kg and a velocity of 20 m/s. The other stream is supplied at the rate of 0.1 kg/s with an enthalpy of 2569 kJ/kg and a velocity of 120 m/s. At the exit from the engine the fluid leaves as two streams, one of water at the rate of 0.001 kg/s with an enthalpy of 420 kJ/kg and the other of steam; the fluid velocities at the exit are negligible. The engine develops a shaft power of 25 kW. The heat transfer is negligible. Evaluate the enthalpy of the second exit stream. Ans. 2402 Kit in the ratio of 14 : 1 by mass, entersa C and leaves as combustion products a specific fuel consumption of he fuel-air stream to the jacket 5.12 The stream of air and gasoline vapour, gasoline engine at a temperature of 30° at a temperature of 790°C. The engine has 0.3 kg/kWh. The net heat transfer rate from tl cooling water and to the surroundings is 35 kW. The shaft power delivered by the engine is 26 kW. Compute the increase in the specific enthalpy of the fuel- air stream, assuming the changes in kinetic energy and in elevation to be negligible. Ans. — 1877 kJ/kg mixture art of an aircraft refrigerating plant. Air at a pressure °C flows steadily into the turbine with 8 the turbine at a pressure of 115 kPa, @ 50 m/s. The shaft work delivered by the mine the magai- 5.13. An air turbine forms pi of 295 kPa and a temperature of 5: velocity of 45 m/s. The air leaves temperature of 2°C, and a velocity of 1 turbine is 54 kJ/kg of air. Neglecting changes in elevation, dete: tude and sign of the heat transfer per unit mass of air flowing. For air, take ¢ Ans, + 7.96 ki = 1,005 kJ/kg K and the enthalpy A = ¢, t. oSFirst Law Applied to Flow Processes ndling an incompressible fluid’ with a density of ions of the fluid at the rotor entry and exit are as given 5.14 In a turbomachine ha 1000 kg/m’ the conditi below Inlet Exit Pressure 1.15 MPa 0.05 MPa Velocity 30 m/s 15.5 m/s Height above datum 10m 2m If the volume flow rate of the fluid is 40 m°/s, estimate the net energy trans- fer from the fluid as work. Ans. 60.3 MW 5.15 A room for four persons has two fans, each consuming 0.18 kW power, and three 100 W lamps. Ventilation air at the rate of 80 kg/h enters with an enthalpy of 84 kJ/kg and leaves with an enthalpy of 59 kJ/kg. If each person puts out heat at the rate of 630 kJ/h determine the rate at which heat is to be removed by a room cooler, so that a steady state is maintained in the room. Ans. 1,92 kW 5.16 Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.4 kg/s through an air compressor, entering at 6 m/s with a pressure of | bar and a specific volume of 0.85 m*/kg, and leaving at 4.5 m/s with a pressure of 6.9 bar and a specific volume of 0.16 m*/kg. The internal energy of the air leaving is 88 kJ/kg greater than that of the air entering. Cooling water in a jacket surrounding the cylinder absorbs heat from the air at the rate of 59 W. Calculate the power required to drive the compressor and the inlet and outlet cross-sectional areas. Ans. 45.4 kW, 0.057 m?, 0.0142 m? 5.17 Two streams of air, one at 1 bar, 27°C and velocity of 30 m/s and the other at 5 bar, 227°C and 50 m/s velocity, mix in equal proportion in a chamber from which heat at the rate of 100 kJ/kg is removed. The mixture is then passed through an adiabatic nozzle. Find the velocity of the stream issuing out of the nozzle. The temperature of air leaving the nozzle is 27°C, and its c, = 005 kI/kgK. ted ak Ans. 51.96 m/s 5.18 Steam flowing in a pipeline is at a steady state represented by pp, tp, Up, Up, hy and V,. A small amount of the total flow is led through a small tube to an evacuated chamber which is allowed to fill slowly until the pressure is equal to the pipeline pressure. If there is no heat transfer, derive an expression for the final specific internal energy in the chamber, in terms of the properties in the pipeline. 4 5.19 The internal energy of air is given, at ordinary temperatures, by u =uy + 0.718 ¢ where w is in kJ/kg, uy is any arbitrary value of u at 0°C, kJ/kg, and tis tempera- ture in °C. Also for air, pv = 0.287 ¢ +273) where p is in kPa and v is in m’/kg. ie th (a) An evacuated bottle is fitted with a valve through which air from the °C, i flow slowly to fill the societal ena ne isa bottle, what will its ‘ the air in bottle. If no heat is transferred to or from tl 760 mm Hg? temperature be when the pressure in the bottle reaches Ans. 144.2°CCSE Engineering Thermodynamics . . Peer 0.03 m? of air at 400 mm Hg Cw wien the pressure in the bottle reaches 769 hay Ans, Text Hg? A i ure Po and te tains air at pressure Po ‘emperat, inder of volume ¥ contains | Bd Ur 5.20 A Fresno d from a compressed ait line maintained at constant Pressy, Tp. It is to be fille t the temperature of the air in the C¥lindg, T d temperature 7). Show that re of tht ther i is boon charged to the pressure of the line is given by (b) If the bottle initially co will the temperature be Po 41) I+ A (ri 5.21 A small reciprocating vacuum pump having the rate of volume displacemey, V,, is used to evacuate a large vessel of volume V. The air in the vesse} if maintained at a constant temperature T by energy transfer as heat. If the initia) and final pressures are p, and p2 respectively, find the time taken for the pressure drop and the necessary energy transfer as heat during evacuation ‘Assume that for air, pV = mRT, where m is the mass and R is a constant, ang 4 is a function of T only. Vis py ait tis [am 7; In x Q=(~1 ~ pr.) [Hint: dm = — p(Vq- dt)(RT) = V dp(RT)). 5.22 A tank containing 45 kg of water initially at 45°C has one inlet and one exit with equal mass flow rates. Liquid water enters at 45°C and a mass flow rate of 270 kg/h. A cooling coil immersed in the water removes energy at the ate of 7.6 kW. The water is well mixed by a paddle wheel with a power input of 0.6 kW. The pressures at inlet and exit are equal. Ignoring changes in KE ang PE, find the variation of water temperature with time. Ans, T= 318 - 22 [1 ~ exp (64) 5.23 Arigid tank of volume 0.5 mis initially evacuated. A tiny hole develops in the wall, and air from the surroundings at 1 bar, 21°C leaks in. Eventually, the pressure in the tank reaches 1 bar. The process occurs slowly enough that heat transfer between the tank and the surroundings keeps the temperature of the air inside the tank constant at 21°C. Determine the amount of heat transfer, Ans. 50 kJ 5.24 A well-insulated rigid tank with a volume of 10 m? is connected to a large steam line through which steam flows at 15 bar and 280°C. The tank is initially evacuated. Steam is allowed to flow into the tank until the pressure inside is 15 bar. Calculate the amount of mass that flows into the tank. Ans. 47.4 kg