KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG DASMARIÑAS

Course Module
Integrated Concepts in Chemistry

Prepared by:
Marilyn Cerzo-Napicol
 Institute of Applied Sciences
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MODULE 3
Chemical Quantities in Reactions

Stoichiometry is a section of chemistry that involves using

relationships between reactants and/or products in a chemical
reaction to determine desired quantitative data. In Greek,
“stoikhein” means element and “metron” means measure, so
stoichiometry literally translated means the measure of elements.
In order to use stoichiometry to run calculations about chemical
reactions, it is important to first understand the relationships that
exist between products and reactants and why they exist, which
require understanding how to balance reactions.

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Learning Outcomes
1. Calculate the amount of reactants needed or amount of products
formed in a chemical reaction using mole ratio and mass ratio

2. Calculate percent yield and theoretical yield of a chemical reaction

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OUTLINE OF TOPICS
1. Conservation of Mass
2. Calculations for Chemical Equations and Reactions
3. Percent Yield

LESSON PROPER
Development of the lesson:

Motivation
1. The class is to be divided into groups of 10 members each.
2. Students are given cut-outs of various shapes (square, rectangle, triangle) and colors (red,
blue, yellow). Each color and shape are given the ff. values:
a. Square – 1
b. Rectangle – 2
c. Triangle – 3
d. Red – 1
e. Blue – 2
f. Yellow - 3
3. One member of the group will be asked to draw 6 pieces from the mystery box.
4. The groups will create a “balanced equation” based on the pieces they have. The group
who used the greatest number of pieces in creating the balanced equation will be
declared winner.

TOPIC 1: Conservation of Mass

In any chemical reaction, the total amount of matter in the reactants is equal to the total
amount of matter in the products. Thus, the total mass of all the reactants must be equal to the
total mass of all the products. This is known as the Law of Conservation of Mass, which states that
there is no change in the total mass of the substances reacting in a balanced chemical reaction.
Thus, no material is lost or gained as original substances are changed to new substances. For
example, tarnish (Ag2S) forms when silver reacts with sulfur to form silver sulfide.

2Ag(𝑠) + S (𝑠) → Ag ! S(𝑠)

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In this reaction, the number of silver atoms that reacts is twice the number of sulfur atoms.
When 200 silver atoms react, 100 sulfur atoms are required. However, in the actual chemical
reaction, many more atoms of both silver and sulfur would react. If we are dealing with molar
amounts, then the coefficients in the equation can be interpreted in terms of moles.
Thus, 2 mol of silver reacts with 1 mol of sulfur to produce 1 mol of Ag2S. Because the molar
mass of each can be determined, the moles of Ag, S, and Ag2S can also be stated in terms of mass
in grams of each. Thus, 215.8 g of Ag and 32.1 g of S react to form 247.9 g of Ag2S. The total mass
of the reactants (247.9 g) is equal to the mass of the product (247.9 g). The various ways in which
a chemical equation can be interpreted are seen in Table 1.

Table 1. Information from a Balanced Equation

(Source: Timberlake & Timberlake, 2020, p. 240)

Sample Problem: Conservation of Mass

The combustion of methane (CH4) with oxygen produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy.
Calculate the total mass of the reactants and the products for the following equation when 1 mol
of CH4 reacts:
∆
CH! (𝑔) + 2O" (𝑔) → CO" (𝑔) + 2H" O(𝑔)

Solution:
Interpreting the coefficients in the equation as the number of moles of each substance and
multiplying by its molar mass gives the total mass of reactants and products. The quantities of
moles are exact because the coefficients in the balanced equation are exact.

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Essential Calculate the total mass of the reactants and the products
for each of the following equations:

Question • 4K (s) + O2 (g) ® 2K2O (s)

• HCl (aq) + 2Al (s) ® 3H2 (g) + 2AlCl3 (aq)

TOPIC 2: Calculations for Chemical Equations and Reactions

In any chemical reaction, the total amount of matter in the reactants is equal to the total amount
of matter in the products. Thus, the total mass of all the reactants must be equal to the total mass
of all the products.

Mole Relationships in Chemical Equations

When iron reacts with sulfur, the product is iron(III) sulfide.

2Fe(𝑠) + 3S(𝑠) → Fe" S$ (𝑠)

From the balanced equation, we see that 2 mol of iron reacts with 3 mol of sulfur to form 1
mol of iron(III) sulfide. Actually, any amount of iron or sulfur may be used, but the ratio of iron
reacting with sulfur will always be the same. From the coefficients, we can write mole–mole
factors between reactants and between reactants and products. The coefficients used in the
mole–mole factors are exact numbers; they do not limit the number of significant figures.

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Fe and S: 2 mol Fe and 3 mol S

3 mol S 2 mol Fe
Fe and Fe2S3: 2 mol Fe and 1 mol Fe! S"
1 mol Fe! S" 2 mol Fe
S and Fe2S3: 3 mol S and 1 mol Fe! S"
1 mol Fe! S" 3 mol S

Using Mole-Mole Factors in Calculations

Whenever you prepare a recipe, adjust an engine for the proper mixture of fuel and air, or
prepare medicines in a pharmaceutical laboratory, you need to know the proper amounts of
reactants to use and how much of the product will form. Now that we have written all the possible
conversion factors for the balanced equation 2Fe(s) + 3S(s) ® Fe2S3(s), we will use those mole–
mole factors in a chemical calculation in the following sample problem.

Sample Problem: Calculating Moles of a Reactant

In the chemical reaction of iron and sulfur, how many moles of sulfur are needed to react with
1.42 mol of iron?
2Fe(𝑠) + 3S(𝑠) → Fe" S$ (𝑠)
Solution:

Step 1. State the given and needed quantities (moles).

Step 2. Write a plan to convert the given to the needed quantity (moles).

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Step 3. Use coefficients to write mole–mole factors.

Step 4. Set up the problem to give the needed quantity (moles).

Essential Using the equation in the sample problem, calculate each

of the following:

Question • moles of iron needed to react with 2.75 mol of sulfur

• moles of iron(III) sulfide produced by the reaction of
0.758 mol of sulfur

Sampe Problem: Calculating Moles of a Product

Propane gas (C3H8), a fuel used in camp stoves, soldering torches, and specially equipped
automobiles, reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. How many moles
of CO2 can be produced when 2.25 mol of C3H8 reacts?
∆
𝐶$ 𝐻% (𝑔) + 5𝑂" (𝑔) → 3𝐶𝑂" (𝑔) + 4𝐻" 𝑂(𝑔)
Solution:
Step 1. State the given and needed quantities (moles).

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Step 2. Write a plan to convert the given to the needed quantity (moles).

Step 3. Use coefficients to write mole-mole factors.

Step 4. Set up the problem to give the needed quantity (moles).

Essential Using the equation in the sample problem, calculate the

moles of oxygen that must react to:

Question • produce 0.756 mol of water

• react with 0.243 mol of C3H8

Mass Calculations for Chemical Reactions

When we have the balanced equation for a chemical reaction, we can use the mass of one
of the substances (A) in the reaction to calculate the mass of another substance (B) in the reaction.
However, the calculations require us to convert the mass of A to moles of A using the molar mass
of A. Then we use the mole–mole factor that links substance A to substance B, which we obtain
from the coefficients in the balanced equation. This mole–mole factor (B/A) will convert the moles
of A to moles of B. Then the molar mass of B is used to calculate the grams of substance B.

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Sample Problem: Calculating Mass of a Product

When acetylene (C2H2) burns in oxygen, high temperatures are produced that are used for welding
metals.
∆
2C" H" (𝑔) + 5O" (𝑔) → 4CO" (𝑔) + 2H" O(𝑔)
How many grams of CO2 are produced when 54.6 g of C2H2 is burned?

Solution:
Step 1. State the given and needed quantities (grams).

Step 2. Write a plan to convert the given to the needed quantity (grams).

Step 3. Use coefficients to write mole–mole factors; write molar masses.

Step 4. Set up the problem to give the needed quantity (grams).

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Using the equation in the sample problem, calculate each

Essential of the following:
• the grams of CO2 produced when 25.0 g of O2 reacts
Question • the grams of C2H2 needed when 65.0 g of H2O are
produced

Sample Problem: Calculating Mass of a Reactant

The fuel heptane (C7H16) is designated as the zero point in the octane rating of gasoline. Heptane
is an undesirable compound in gasoline because it burns rapidly and causes engine knocking.
How many grams of O2 are required to react with 22.5 g of C7H16?
∆
C& H'( (𝑙 ) + 11O" (𝑔) → 7CO" (𝑔) + 8H" O(𝑔)
Solution:
Step 1. State the given and needed quantities (grams).

Step 2. Write a plan to convert the given to the needed quantity (grams).

Step 3. Use coefficients to write mole–mole factors; write molar masses.

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Step 4. Set up the problem to give the needed quantity (grams).

Using the equation in the sample problem, calculate each of

Essential the following:
• the grams of C7H16 that are needed to produce 15.0 g of
Question H2O
• the grams of CO2 produced from the reaction of 25.0 g
of C7H16

TOPIC 3: Percent Yield

In our problems up to now, we assumed that all of the reactants changed completely to
product. Thus, we have calculated the amount of product as the maximum quantity possible, or
100%. While this would be an ideal situation, it does not usually happen. As we carry out a reaction
and transfer products from one container to another, some product is usually lost. In the lab as
well as commercially, the starting materials may not be completely pure, and side reactions may
use some of the reactants to give unwanted products. Thus, 100% of the desired product is not
actually obtained.
When we do a chemical reaction in the laboratory, we measure out specific quantities of
the reactants. We calculate the theoretical yield for the reaction, which is the amount of product
(100%) we would expect if all the reactants were converted to the desired product. When the
reaction ends, we collect and measure the mass of the product, which is the actual yield for the
product. Because some product is usually lost, the actual yield is less than the theoretical yield.
Using the actual yield and the theoretical yield for a product, we can calculate the percent yield.
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (%) = × 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑

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Sample Problem: Calculating Percent Yield

On spacecraft, LiOH can be used to absorb exhaled CO2 from breathing air to form LiHCO3.
∆
LiOH (𝑠) + CO" (𝑔) → LiHCO$ (𝑠)
What is the percent yield of LiHCO3 for the reaction if 50.0 g of LiOH gives 72.8 g of LiHCO3?

Step 1. State the given and needed quantities.

Step 2. Write a plan to calculate the theoretical yield and the percent yield.

Step 3. Use coefficients to write mole–mole factors; write molar masses.

Step 4. Calculate the percent yield by dividing the actual yield (given) by the theoretical yield and
multiplying the result by 100%.

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A percent yield of 51.3% means that 72.8 g of the theoretical amount of 142 g of LiHCO3 was
actually produced by the reaction.

Using the equation in the sample problem, calculate each of

Essential the following:
• the percent yield of LiHCO3 if 8.00 g of CO2 produces 10.5
Question g of LiHCO3
• the percent yield of LiHCO3 if 35.0 g of LiOH produces 76.6
g of LiHCO3

Useful •

•
Conservation of Mass in Chemical Reactions -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-De2IMayco
Stoichiometry Made Easy: Stoichiometry Tutorial Part 1 –
Links https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gle1bPAZsgg

KEY POINTS
• In any chemical reaction, the total amount of matter in the reactants is equal to the total
amount of matter in the products. This is known as the Law of Conservation of Mass.
• Mole-mole factors are used stoichiometric calculations to determine the mass or number
of moles of reactants or products.
• The percent yield is given by the following equation:
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (%) = × 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑

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ASSESSMENT

1. Barium chloride reacts with sodium 3. Cyclohexanol undergoes dehydration

sulfate and forms barium sulfate and to form cyclohexene. The yield of this
sodium chloride. Which of the dehydration is 75%. What is the yield
following statement is correct when 100 g of cyclohexanol
according to the Law of Conservation dehydrated?
of Mass?
A. 25.0 g
A. The total mass of reactants, barium B. 38.34 g
chloride, and sodium sulphate C. 61.5 g
taken is greater than the total mass D. 75.0 g
of the products, barium sulphate,
and sodium chloride. 4. In the chemical reaction,
B. The total mass of reactants, barium N2 + 3H2 ® 2NH3
chloride, and sodium sulphate what is the mole ratio of nitrogen to
taken is less than the total mass of ammonia?
the products, barium sulphate, and
A. 1:1
sodium chloride.
B. 1:2
C. The total mass of the reactants is
C. 1:3
equal to the total mass of the
D. 2:3
products.
D. None of the above
5. For the reaction,
2KClO3 ® 2KCl +3O2
2. In a chemical reaction, 300 grams of
how many moles of oxygen are
reactant A are combined with 100
produced when 3.0 mol of KClO3
grams of reactant B. Both A and B
decompose completely?
react to completion. How much will
the product weigh? A. 1.0 mol
B. 2.5 mol
A. 200 g
C. 3.0 mol
B. 300 g
D. 4.5 mol
C. 400 g
D. 500 g

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6. The Haber process for producing 8. For the reaction,

ammonia commercially is represented Cl2 + 2KBr ® 2KCl + Br2
by the equation, how many grams of potassium
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ® 2NH3 (g) chloride can be produced from 300 g
To completely react 9.0 mol hydrogen each of chlorine and potassium
gas to ammonia gas, how many moles bromide?
of nitrogen gas are required? A. 98.7 g
B. 111 g
A. 1.0 mol
C. 188 g
B. 2.0 mol
D. 451 g
C. 3.0 mol
D. 6.0 mol
9. In the reaction,
2Al2O3 ® 4Al + 3O2
7. For the reaction,
what is the mole ratio of aluminum to
SO3 + H2O ® H2SO4
oxygen?
how many grams of sulfur trioxide is
A. 10:6
required to produce 4.00 mol of
B. 3:4
sulfuric acid?
C. 2:3
A. 80.0 g D. 4:3
B. 160 g
C. 240 g 10. In the chemical reaction,
D. 320 g wA + xB ® yC + zD
a comparison of the number of moles
of A to the number of moles of C
would be a/an ________.
A. Mass ratio
B. Mole ratio
C. Electron ratio
D. Energy proportion

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ANSWERS:
1. C
2. C
3. C
4. B
5. D
6. C
7. D
8. C
9. D
10. B

REFERENCES

1. Timberlake, K. & Timberlake, W. (2020). Basic Chemistry (6th ed). Hoboken, NJ: Pearson.
2. Brown, T.L., LeMay, H.E., Bursten, B.E., Murphy, C.J. & Woodward, P.M. (2020). Chemistry:
The Central Science (14th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
3. Tro, N. (2020). Chemistry: A Molecular Approach (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Pearson.
4. Post, R., Snyder, C.A. & Houk, C.C. (2020). Chemistry: A Self-Teaching Guide (3rd ed.).
Hoboken, NJ: Jossey-Bass.

Integrated Concepts in Chemistry