MODULE -1

MATHEMATICS (Descriptive Part)

Part 05

** Mention /describe / state two important properties of Complex conjugate .

An important property of the complex conjugate is that the modulus of the complex conjugate
is equal to the modulus of the complex number itself.

It is important to notice that the modulus of a complex number or its conjugate is equal to the
square root of the product of the complex number with its conjugate.

Another key property of complex conjugates is that the conjugation of the sum, difference,
product, or quotient of two complex numbers is the same as taking the conjugation of the two
numbers first then summing, taking the difference, multiplying, or dividing. This is to say

** What is quadratic system and quadratic linear system ?

A quadratic system is a system that involves polynomial sentences of degrees 1 and 2, at least one of
which is a quadratic sentence. One way to solve a quadratic system is to examine the points of
intersection of the graphs of the equations.
Examining Quadratic-Linear Systems Geometrically A quadratic system with at least one linear
sentence is called a quadratic-linear system. No new properties are needed to solve quadratic-linear
systems. Geometrically, the task is to fi nd the intersection of a conic section and a line. For example,
in a system of a parabola and a line, there are three possibilities.
One way to solve a quadratic-linear system is to solve the linear equation for one variable and
substitute the resulting expression into the quadratic equation.

** What is quadratic inequalities what are the properties and how to solve ? / Write a
note on Quadratic inequalities.

Quadratic inequality
A quadratic inequality is simply a type of equation which does not have an equal sign and
includes the highest degree two.
Steps of Solution
The wavy curve method is a method used to solve quadratic inequalities.
Solving quadratic inequalities is the same as solving quadratic equations. We just have to keep
in mind some tips and tricks while attempting more complicated inequalities.
1. First we have to factorize the quadratic expression.
2. Then find the range of values of x which satisfy the quadratic inequality
3. Write the solution using inequality notation.

Types of Quadratic Inequalities:

Type I: Inequalities involving non-repeating linear factors

 Type II: Inequalities involving repeating linear factors
Type III: Inequalities expressed in rational form.
Type IV: Double inequality
Type V: Inequalities involving biquadrate expression

Properties
(a) In an inequality, any number can be added or subtracted from both sides of inequality.
(b) Terms can be shifted from one side to the other side of the inequality. The sign of inequality does not change.
(c) If we multiply both sides of the inequality by a non zero positive number, then the sign of inequality does not
change.
But if we multiply both sides of the inequality by a non-zero negative number then the sign of the inequality does get
changed.
(d) In the inequality, if the sign of an expression is not known then it cannot be cross multiplied. Similarly, without
knowing the sign of an expression, division is not possible.

** What is discriminant in quadratic or polynomial equation ?

Discriminant of a polynomial in math is a function of the coefficients of the polynomial.

It is helpful in determining what type of solutions a polynomial equation has without actually finding
them. i.e., it discriminates the solutions of the equation (as equal and unequal; real and nonreal) and
hence the name "discriminant". It is usually denoted by Δ or D.
The value of the discriminant can be any real number (i.e., either positive, negative, or 0).

A quadratic equation with discriminant D has the following properties:

(i) two unequal real roots when D > 0

(ii) only one real root when D = 0
(iii) no real roots or two complex roots when D < 0

** Mention three important properties /features of a quadratic equation with discriminant

D
A quadratic equation with discriminant D has the following properties:

(i) two unequal real roots when D > 0

(ii) only one real root when D = 0
(iii) no real roots or two complex roots when D < 0

** What is Pascal’s Triangle ? How to construct it ? / Short note on Pascal’s

Triangle

Pascal’s Triangle :

Pascal’s Triangle is a kind of number pattern. Pascal’s Triangle is the triangular arrangement of numbers
that gives the coefficients in the expansion of any binomial expression.

The numbers are so arranged that they reflect as a triangle. Firstly, 1 is placed at the top, and then we start
putting the numbers in a triangular pattern. The numbers which we get in each step are the addition of the above two
numbers.
Pascal’s Triangle Construction
The easiest way to construct the triangle is as follows :
1. to start at row zero and write only the number one.
2. From there, to obtain the numbers in the following rows, add the number directly above
and to the left of the number with the number above and to the right of it.
3. If there are no numbers on the left or right side, replace a zero for that missing number and
proceed with the addition.
Use:

1. Pascal’s triangle can be used in various probability conditions. Suppose if we are tossing the coin one
time, then there are only two possibilities of getting outcomes, either Head (H) or Tail (T).
If we toss it two times, then there are one possibility of getting both heads HH and both as tails TT, but there are
two possibilities of getting at least a Head or a Tail, i.e. HT or TH. This could be found out by this Triangle
2. By adding the numbers in the diagonals of the Pascal triangle the Fibonacci sequence can be obtained
3. To find binomial coefficients we can also use Pascal’s Triangle.

** Mention / state the properties of Pascal’s Triangle

Pascal’s Triangle Properties

 Each number is the sum of the two numbers above it.

 The outside numbers are all 1.

 The triangle is symmetric.

 The first diagonal shows the counting numbers.

 The sums of the rows give the powers of 2.

 Each row gives the digits of the powers of 11.

 Each entry is an appropriate “choose number.”

 And those are the “binomial coefficients.”

 The Fibonacci numbers are there along diagonals.

Terms in the Binomial Expansion

In binomial expansion, it is often asked to find the middle term or the general term. The different terms in the binomial
expansion that are covered here include:

 General Term
 Middle Term

 Independent Term

 Determining a Particular Term

 Numerically greatest term

 Ratio of Consecutive Terms/Coefficients