C

YO
U
R
PA
LA
RT
N
ER
FO
R
SS
M PU
RS
U
IN
G
EX
C
AT
EL
E LE
N
C
E

Ph
ys
ics
by
Ka
sh
an
Ra
sh
id
DC CIRCUITS AND
KIRCHHOFF LAWS
 Series Combination
Voltage
V1 V2 V3 Voltage is divided resistors
✓
among

id
.

ratio their resistances

sh
in the
of
- -

Ra
Ri Ri R}
Larger resistor consumes more
voltage

an
sh
É and smaller consumes less

Ka
.

R, 300N

by
c.
g.
= 1005L R2 : 500h Rs =

ics
Vt R Ra Rs
if Vt=9V so
:

ys
:
,

Ph
100 :
500 :
300
Current 1 : 5 : 3

✓ It is same
everywhere in IV 5V 3V

E
circuit

E
series irrespective sum all potential drops
AT
C
of
-
across

N
a

LE
EL
C
of EX
resistance
equal
M
the .
IN
U
G
resistors is to EMF .
SS
RS

V1 V3
PU

Vi + V2 +
R

=
FO
LA
ER

If of the resistors is
N

✓ one
RT
PA
C
R

Resistance
U

replaced with another

YO

one

of a
different value a new Vt=V + V2 + V3 RT R, -1122+123
-
-

, ,

current will now

flow in IR
T T
=
IR -1112
1 I 2 2
+ IR
3 3 if all resistors are

The circuit .
as It = I, =
Iz = I} same Ri -
-
NR
,

I I, Iz I I Rt IIR , -1122+123 ) resistors

no
of
= = =
}
=
n : .
 Parallel combination
VT R2 •× Rs
←
I
-
q

id
sh
Ii "

Ra
+ Ri

an
R,

sh
Ka
T "
-2
Ri Y

by
→ Rz ✗ • •

ics
ys
T "

Ph
-
3
123
→ Rz

Voltage : The
voltage across each resistor is

E
E
irrespective of resistance
AT
C
as

N
same

LE
EL
C
all
EX of them are attached across
M
G
IN
U
SS
RS

the terminals
PU

same
R
FO

.
LA
ER

Vt V1 V2 V3
N
RT

= = =
PA
C
R
U
YO

Current : Current in each resistor depends

the resistance resistor
upon of each
-

current
Layer resistor relieves less
and smaller reci even more .
However
,
the sum
of currents
if
all resistors in
parallel had the
value
in each resistor equals the same .

passing through the

Ii ¥-1k -1¥
current

id
sh
battery

Ra
.

Rt
It I Iz I}
¥ ¥
And
Rz
:
+ +

an
=

, =

sh
,

Ka
Resistance

by
:

ics
hence Rt I the
' '
=
where n is no

ys
.

Ph
It Is
Iit Ia n
of resistors
-
-
+

¥ ¥ :*:*
-
-

3 resistors 301 parallel

. , e.
g. of in

E
E
V V2
AT
C
Vt V3 so

N
as = + -1

LE
,

EL
C
Ri resistors
1%+1=+1 E. E. E.) EX
30-3=101
M
*
Attaching
-

G
IN -

+
U

+
SS
RS
PU
R
FO
LA
ER

in
parallel decreases resistance The
N

¥5 ¥
RT

1 "
PA
C

E.
=
+ +
R

- -
-

I.
U

total resistance smaller than

YO

, Rn is

the smallest resistor .

-
 2A IOV 4A IOV
← .
← .

For the same voltage applied ,

2A 2A
the current drawn from
in
→ the
battery is more

id
As R=V
parallel

sh
case
of
→

Ra
.

In
r ,
ZA
✓ IR

an
=

sh
10=2×12 V=IR hence
effective resistance

Ka
-

12=551 10--4×12 decreases

by
.

ics
12=2.552

ys
Ph
✗ ✗

I
I V=lR V2 V=lR

E
3=111001

E
V3 vi. 0.03×50
AT
C
3V V2

N
LE
EL
C
EX
0.03A
M
1005h 505h 123 IN
U
G
I -
-

Vz= 1. 5V
SS
RS
PU
R
FO
LA
ER

Determine the I. V2 ,V} , Rs V3 V3 Rz V= IR

of 10-3-1.5
N

values -_
RT
PA
C

.
R
U

5. 5V 5.5=0.03123
YO

V3 :

123--18352
 Determining potential difference between two
points in a circuit

Find P D-

between A and B
- ←v

id
sh
Ra
3. 6V 6. LIV VAB VA VB

an
= -

←
HOV OV

sh
i

Ka
by
i

ics
ys
2530s
4. AV

Ph
5. 83V

VI. VI. 50 YAB = 6.4-4.17

In a series circuit ,
I constant .
600h -
IOV VaB= 2.23 V

E
E
Ratio ! !
AT
C
V IR YAR i. e. 3501 N

N
so
-

LE
-
-

EL
C
EX
M
Another
G
way
IN
. . .
U
SS
RS

Rtt Vt V= R Vt subtract the voltages

PU

> x= 350×10
R

.
FO

✗
LA
ER

R the resistors behind

N

V Ri 600
RT

across
PA
C
R
U

A 2B
YO

N= 5083 V .

15005h -

IOV x= 550×10
5505h -

a 1500 VB :
10-5.83 VAB =
3.6 -5.83
x= 3. 6V VB : 4.17 NAB = 2.23N
so Ha = 10-3.6 =
6. 4V
 IOV Determine the between A and B
p.cl .

-400ft
determine the resistance
Also
effective
of the circuit .

id
§

sh
Ra
5005L IOV 10052 IOV

an
- -

sh
for • 20h 40052 -

X 801 -
X

Ka
.

B
=8V a=8V

by
✗

ics
VA ZV VB 2

ys
= =

Ph
VAB = OV

No current
flows through 50s resistor as there is no
potential diff .

between them The is redundant in circuit i.

.
501 resistor of no use
e. .

E
E
AT
C
N
LE
EL
C
EX
M
IOV IN
U
G
SS
RS

4?⃝•^1oon ggignore.it
PU

5007 I

Foot Foo
R

.
FO
LA

It
ER

seen zone it !
N
RT
PA
C
R
U

83.352
YO

100h Rt =

805L • ZOR
B
 Internal Resistance and Max Power Transfer Theorem

Internal
i=E=9✓ E=9V resistance is The
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '

÷
111 I
= =

id
of the
battery

sh
-

•
I. • .

resistance
É

Ra
=
1 11 11 ' ' ' ' ' 111
I
'
that
itself causes reduction

an
,,

sh
in the terminal potential

Ka
-12. -12

①
•

¥9v
the
difference

by
across

ics
source

ys
.

Ph
v. qv g. lV= 8.31
.

Real
Ideal
Battery Battery

E
Terminal terminals

E
potential difference the voltage the
of battery
AT
C
is across

N
LE
.

EL
C
EX
M
G
IN
U
SS
RS

^
11 E HIR VIV red
PU

has
gradient
✓
graph more
= -
R
FO
LA

E-
±
ER

11 E- Ir
N

M= r internal resistance
RT

so more
-

=
PA
C

✗ l l l l l l
R

l
U
YO

where vis the terminal

÷
:
potential difference .

V= -

r I + E
Y = m ✗ + c ¥/A
 Vt

E
' ' ' ' ' ' '
v11 :
E=9V P=EZ- "
"

• • .

( r -11212 Assume E=1OV 8=252

=\
,
11111111
+ I i ,
12=151

id
V2

12+1,2×102
P

|
R

sh
y+R)z×É
=
P= 1 = 1101W

Ra
(

an
sh
ii. 12=252

Ka
u p /W "
D=
"

12.5W

by
2
12+212×10
=

ics
12=1421 Power output at external

ys
ma#

Ph
t resistor ) ☒ =
iii. 12--51
I "
1 P= 5
12+5,2×10
= 10.2W
=
As the circuit is a series circuit ,
-

E
=
✓ 1- V, V2

E
AT
C
N
= +

LE
O
-

RISE EL
C
Ir IR
EX
E
M
+ 0 12=8
G
= IN
U
SS
RS

Ilr ) -112
PU

=
R
FO
LA
ER

I
if battery Pideal treat 125W
N

E 2 ideal -501N
RT

=
was =
-
PA
C

→
R
U
YO

✗ + R i. e. f- Of ,E=1OV
treat =
25% Pideal
D= V2
'

in 1 17=1101
replace 2 so
"
g.
(
D= E R 2
✗
✗ + R P= 50W
 2nd
Kirchoff 's Laws
Kirchhoff 's Law
( KVL )
1st
→
Kirchhoff 's
voltage Law

Kirchhoff 's Law The sum of all the Emts is equal

id
( KU ) The of all the potential drops

sh
→
Kirchhoff 's current Law to sum

Ra
The total current
entering a in a
loop

an
.

sh
to
point in a circuit is equal R

Ka
E,
the total current out { EMF { PD

by
coming
.
=

ics
Ez IRTIR + IR
of that
point E, + Ez

ys
-

=
.

R
y, I

Ph
+
E, + Ez Ez 3.IR
Il
-
=

,
> >

> .
Is EI in =
{ I out -

i I, Iz I} In Is E3
-
, + = + + Ez R Eve

E
-

E
In
✓

AT
C
4A -15A 1A -13A -15A

N
LE
=

EL
C
EX of
It is related
M
Is IN
G
→ to the law conservation
U
SS
RS

of
PU

energy
R
FO
LA

.
ER

It the
of
N

is related to law
RT

→
-
PA
C
R
U

conservation
of charge
YO

.
 I

E, R
A F
i, I , +1--2=1--3
•

II ,
I} R E'
B. +
¥2 E
Ii , A
R
F { EMF = { PD

id
•

/
I , R -11312

sh
IIF
Ei -

Ez =

TIZ

Ra
R
IF

an
Ez
E3 R

sh
B q + .

• E

Ka
C D
R
.
- '

by
ics
EE

ys
R
F

Ph
A
Using Kirchhoff Laws ,
write iii. •

d- It
down equation for { EMF EPD
=
an
t
Ei Ez I ,R 1- IIR -11-12121
?⃝
- = +
B- E

E
-

E
|
I. I, I, and I} E, I, R IZR
AT
C
Ez 2

N
=

LE
TIZ
- -

EL
C
EX
M
ii. ABEF R
loop G
IN
U
SS

E3 12
RS
PU

iii. Loop BCDE

R
FO

D
LA

C - .
ER
N

IY Loop ABCDEF
RT
PA
C
R
U
YO

Note Er taken
:
opposes E, so was
negative
•

Direction I, opposite to convention

•

of was

taken so taken negative .

 Potentiometer Ral V4 ✗ L

VAR I

id
i. OV
The wire acts variable
=

sh
•
.
as a -

Ra
resistor

an
ZV .

sh
L
Voltage across the length of

Ka
•
< >

the considered depends

by
wire .

ics
1- IOV • •

the length considered

☒Ñmovabk zv upon
"

ys
↳gg
.

Ph
IgA
'm "

Vxv
V=U✗Y
L -

•
,
←
a -
11

E
E
AT
C
N
LE
EL
C
"

EX
"

If
M
the T at
junction is G
IN
U
SS
RS
PU
R
FO
LA
ER

V :O x=O
N

✗ : as
RT
PA
C
R
U

V -11×4
YO

Y : -

as x =L

✗ Voltmeter
moved
from to Y :
reading increases
 id
sh
✗ T

Ra
_-:

an
*w

µ€-µ- ✗

sh
Ka
Ii

by
*

ics
Kamp is in
parallel to
•
ie

ys
Ph
vi. wire XT so Vxt-U.am >

Replacing the voltmeter with the lamp

shows how voltage changes from ✗ to Y .

E
E
When T
the
junction
AT
C
is at

N
•

LE
EL
C
Clamp EX
OFF )
M
* ✗ :
Hump 0 =
so I ,
= 0 IN
G
U
SS
RS

Vlamp =\/
PU

* Y ✗Y which is Max
R

:
FO
LA
ER

1 lamp at brightness )
N

I. i. Max
RT

so = Max
PA
C
R
U
YO

*
moving junction from ✗ to Y

vi. amp = increase

It = increase
I = increase 1 THE =
III. w+ÑIa )
y
Finding an unknown EMF using a knoi.in E.ME

Known ) small
If length XT is
I
•

id
and current # 1-

sh
← ←
Vxt < Ez ☒

Ra
I I Er
Ez
flows according to

an
.

point

sh
A Null B

Ka
:-# If length ✗T is
large

by
→ * → → •

↳ )
.

I
+11

ics
Vxt > Ez and current
-
Y -

ys
Ph
flows according to ✗ T Er

( unknown ) •
At a
particular length ,
11×1 -

= Ez

E
E
Galvanometer
AT
C
reads

N
zero

LE
•

EL
.

C
Voltage across EX
in the
M
the wire b/w the top
current
only flows
two
•

G
•
IN
U
SS
RS

junctions X part of circuit and

PU

and T is used to the is

R
FO
LA
ER

produced
everywhere
N

out the current the

balance
of value
RT

same
PA
C

.
R
U
YO

the cell Ez
by .

•
Find llxt using ratio method or

The b/w and I

adjusted V -112
length ✗ to
find Ez eventually
-
•
.

to change the
potential difference
across EZ .
For this method to work
balance it
1. Ez C E, so the
voltage across wire can .

the eachother
2. E, and Ez must have same terminals
facing

id
.

sh
Ra
an
sh
Ka
by
ics
ys
Ph
E
E
AT
C
N
LE
EL
C
EX
M
G
IN
U
SS
RS
PU
R
FO
LA
ER
N
RT
PA
C
R
U
YO
 C
YO
U
R
PA
LA
RT
N
ER
FO
R
SS
M PU
RS
U
IN
G
EX
C
AT
EL
E LE
N
C
E

Ph
ys
ics
by
Ka
sh
an
Ra
sh
id
 I
,

A- thin
film resistor is made
of
Nichrome and
of
thickness
1µm Of
-

resistivity Nichrome is 10hr2m calculate The resistance between

of ,
'

of
1mm
the
opposite edges such a
film of
area

id
sh
Ra
a)
if
it is a
square
c- 1mm b)
if it is a
rectangle whose length

an
'

sh
P is 20 times its breadth

Ka
.

R=µ
• •

by
1mm Q 1.2 20k

ics
,
A PQ

ys
%

Ph
10-6 1×10-3
1 1
R= ✗ u .
Q

11×10 -3×1×10-6 ) 12=11 I •

1
A
s

E
12=10 ! 20h

E
R 15h
AT
C
=

N
LE
EL
C
EX
1×10-6 ) Rs
M
IN
G In ✗
U
SS
RS

12=2052 R=pI
PU
R
FO
LA
ER

A
N
RT
PA
C
R

12=10-6
U
YO

.
*

1×10-6×20 te

Igor
R =
 C
YO
U
R
PA
LA
RT
N
ER
FO
R
SS
M PU
RS
U
IN
G
EX
C
AT
EL
E LE
N
C
E

Ph
ys
ics
by
Ka
sh
an
Ra
sh
id
 4 of 99
15

(b) Two cells of e.m.f. E1 and E2 and negligible internal resistance are connected into the For
network in (a), as shown in Fig. 7.2. Examiner’s
Use

E1
{ EMF =
{ PD A Z

Ez = V, + V2

R R V1

--o←i¥±
Ez =
IzR+IzR
v.
I1
I3 R .

B Y f-

①÷

id
sh
I2 R
V2

Ra
C X

an
V2 E2

sh
{ EMF =
{ PD

Ka
Fig. 7.2 E, Ez V, + V2 + V3

by
-
=

The currents in the network are as indicated in Fig. 7.2. ics Ei -

Ez -_
I,R + 1-I, )R + I, R
ys
Ph

Use Kirchhoff’s laws to state the relation E -

Ez =
ZI, R -
Iat
,

(i) between currents I1, I2 and I3,

I +
,
I =
Is
............................................................................................................................ [1]
,
E
E
AT
C

(ii) between E2, R, I2 and I3 in loop BCXYB,

N
LE
EL
C

I > R + Iz R
EX

Ez
M

=
............................................................................................................................ [1]
G
IN
U
SS
RS
PU

(iii) between E1, E2, R, I1 and I2 in loop ABCXYZA.

R
FO
LA
ER

E Ez ZI, R Iat
N
RT

-
= -

............................................................................................................................
, [1]
PA
C
R
U
YO

© UCLES 2009 9702/21/M/J/09 [Turn over

 6 of 99
14

(b) Two cells of e.m.f. E1 and E2 and negligible internal resistance are connected into a For
network of resistors, as shown in Fig. 7.3. Examiner’s
Use

M N

I1 R R

A I4
I2 R
E1
P Q

E2

id
sh
R I3 R

Ra
an
sh
L

Ka
K

by
Fig. 7.3
ics
ys
The currents in the network are as indicated in Fig. 7.3.
Ph

Use Kirchhoff’s laws to state the relation

(i) between currents I1, I2, I3 and I4,

I + I Iet In
E

=
}
..............................................................................................................................
,
[1]
E
AT
C
N
LE
EL

(ii) between E1, E2, R, and I3 in loop NKLMN,

C
EX
M
G
IN

E Ez ISR
U
SS
RS

-
= -

..............................................................................................................................
,
[1]
PU
R
FO
LA
ER

(iii) between E2, R, I3 and I4 in loop NKQN.

N
RT
PA
C

Ez I
}R + I , IYR
R
R

=
+
U

.............................................................................................................................. [1]
YO

© UCLES 2009 9702/22/M/J/09

 65 of 99
9

5 A potentiometer circuit that is used as a means of comparing potential differences is shown For
in Fig. 5.1. Examiner’s
Use

E1 r1 R1
H ✓ G

:
I1

metal wire
B
c.
I2
J F

I3
A

C E2 r2 D

id
sh
Ra
Fig. 5.1

an
A cell of e.m.f. E1 and internal resistance r1 is connected in series with a resistor of resistance

sh
R1 and a uniform metal wire of total resistance R2.

Ka
A second cell of e.m.f. E2 and internal resistance r2 is connected in series with a sensitive

by
ammeter and is then connected across the wire at BJ. The connection at J is halfway along
the wire. The current directions are shown on Fig. 5.1. ics
ys
Ph

(a) Use Kirchhoff’s laws to obtain the relation

(i) between the currents I1, I2 and I3,

I + Is = Iz
..............................................................................................................................
,
[1]
E
E

(ii) between E1, R1, R2, r1, I1 and I2 in loop HBJFGH,

AT
C
N
LE
EL

I,r , + I , Ri + I , 10.5122) -1 Iz( 0.5122 )

C
EX

E,
M

..............................................................................................................................
=
[1]
G
IN
U
SS
RS
PU

(iii) between E1, E2, r1, r2, R1, R2, I1 and I3 in the loop HBCDJFGH.
R
FO
LA

Iir I (0-512)
ER

Ei Ez Isra + ,R , I +
N

- = -

, t
..............................................................................................................................
,
[2]
RT
PA
C
R
U
YO

(b) The connection at J is moved along the wire. Explain why the reading on the ammeter
changes.

Moving J will change the resistance

..........................................................................................................................................

experienced by Ez so The cement

passing
..........................................................................................................................................

Er will change
through
..........................................................................................................................................
.

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

© UCLES 2011 9702/22/O/N/11 [Turn over

 C
YO
U
R
PA
LA
RT
N
ER
FO
R
SS
M PU
RS
U
IN
G
EX
C
AT
EL
E LE
N
C
E

Ph
ys
ics
by
Ka
sh
an
Ra
sh
id
 C
YO
U
R
PA
LA
RT
N
ER
FO
R
SS
M PU
RS
U
IN
G
EX
C
AT
EL
E LE
N
C
E

Ph
ys
ics
by
Ka
sh
an
Ra
sh
id
 43 of 99
10

5 A uniform resistance wire AB has length 50 cm and diameter 0.36 mm. The resistivity of the metal
of the wire is 5.1 × 10–7 m.
=
=

(a) Show that the resistance of the wire AB is 2.5 .

R=P¥

*¥:¥÷i=* [2]

id
(b) The wire AB is connected in series with a power supply E and a resistor R as shown in

sh
Fig. 5.1.

Ra
GV
I
VMI

an
E

[µ

sh
.

2.5-a
Van

Ka
•

R
¥11 M B

by
✓ = IR A

µ→I2
#
=
1.2×1.25
.

v
ics
2.5
ys
Van 5V
Ph

1.
I
__

C 10h N D
•
Ven
V=lR Fig. 5.1
=/ 0.311107
E
E

The electromotive force (e.m.f.) of E is 6.0 V and its internal resistance is negligible.
AT
C
N
LE

Von -_3V The resistance of R is 2.5 . A second uniform wire CD is connected across the terminals
EL
C
EX
M

of E. The wire CD has length 100 cm, diameter 0.18 mm and is made of the same metal as
G
IN

wire AB.
dg ¥
U

12×2×4
SS

21
RS
PU

Vmn=3 -1.5
R

812 -5
FO
LA

Calculate gxz
ER

20¥
N

VmN=
RT
PA

so
C

(i) the current supplied by E,

R

.
U
YO

V=IR V=IR
6=1,15 ) 6=121201
I , -1.2A 12=0 -3A

I=I , -11--2
= 1-2-10.3

I -_ I -5A

current = ...................................................... A [4]

© UCLES 2015 9702/23/M/J/15

 r

88 of 99
11

5 A 240 V power supply S with negligible internal resistance is connected to four resistors, as shown
in Fig. 5.1.
V, IR -
-

0.40 A 240 V
-
4=0.16×550
S
4--88 V
0.16A V ,=88V 15N
p=N I1 A⇐
• •

17=142 550 950 Vz=IR

I2 0024A Vz=84 0.24×350
p=¥ B1
=

☒ Vz=84V
350 15kV R

Fig. 5.1 VAB= 88-84

id
4V =

sh
Two resistors of resistance 550 and 950 are connected in series across S. Two resistors of

Ra
resistance 350 and R are also connected in series across S.

an
if Rina

sh
The current supplied by S is 0.40 A. →

Ka
Currents I1 and I2 in the circuit are shown in Fig. 5.1. also inc
Vat R will
.

by
(a) Calculate Inc
ics
→
Vats it also .
ys
(i) current I1,
Ph

✓ =
112

240=1,1550+9501
11=0.16 A 0.16
I1 = ...................................................... A [2]
E
E
AT
C
N
LE
EL

(ii) resistance R,
C
EX
M
G
IN

V=IR
U
SS
RS
PU

240=0.24/350-1127
R
FO
LA
ER
N
RT

R -650h
PA
C

-
R
U
YO

650
R = ....................................................... [2]

(iii) the ratio

power transformed in resistor of resistance 350 .

power transformed in resistor of resistance 550

¥÷=÷÷r
= 0.2-4×350
0.164550 1.43
ratio = .......................................................... [2]
=
1.43

© UCLES 2015 9702/22/O/N/15 [Turn over