® Explaie tasking charnclebtres and pasarnetins of oi e muck Using ets the bipolar junckon franststor ° (one truckd using oo PN-functions but instad diwo Pre quackons. Th Tet hos n has a aon wece of \gh aesisBve semiconductor , mélerad formtag! a’ Crane!’ ov esther N-type OF P pe makiial foy the auth) Casdes totlow Hrreagh with Jno okie clechical Conmecttoas at ther end commen] Caled the Daain and the Source 14 pies Ss Ther du two basic con Hauatins of Junction teld eff ct traisistorN- + Duh ch dO. chum) JF = | anne) TFET and P- chame JFET wef] | | | The NW chonel JEETS Channel fs doped ucth donor trmpusi tits Hence te | How of Current through the chad i: sousre. by negative charges ox the dled 8: - . Is Likewise P channd. Tents is doped with aceptor ges Meaning sthad “Hu How + a aa she Chenrel its b. iv: thin “his Channe) there y positive Chasges arte holes. % au is a third Sicha connecton: which rs Ced qate stamina > Pasamekis & SFE G) ac.caain yesistanvetd).= This a votio 4 chang in i Cavpevt0 the Change to daatn Current drain- Source vollag CAIp> ad Constant gak-soure volag, xd= VBS Gd Umstant V Bea . as Ww Transconductance (94.)- H isthe vatio o change fn dion Current (479) 20 the ene in gok-source Va ttage (vas) at Constant dain source Vola. | 34: OED & DVes cd Constant VongLe the \ i) Amptiheab ‘ : | . mpl Jreabion-fneloy Gay ates The aortte OF chance te ; ) Aryvaty sourte CAVps ) mle The che Moye Wn Gale cdtercel A¥ay) AL conslanl eatin current ace AVns Ves |Or xplato Lonshretton, work ng 4 GY phase shft ascillator Gi) Mowe acallalee Gi phase soft asctlator Pes cel cans! Tp Parag ple: (Consider an RC nehook, Conner led Inseus wilha siqnol gneiabor let a chnasorah yotlage vy « Fosinist of Raunt fre. oe applied ova tothe nehoork “the alleanealing \llaye zt Yo acres @ leads ae apgted Nollaye Vy hy anvanate ds given oy stange Lo. ot wee InfcR sha valu cackney Aha Valuesol oof, For a given frequney fy eadjastiney the. Values of \e v Can be mad equalto Go, dn phase sha osallator, laden nekwork consis of Wwe Re Sec \rons ie used, Each ceclion prod a chase shill of 60° ve - vealed a fotad whaseabitt al leo" is produced bho the ape and outpal \io Hage ve Voleads vyha 180" Gaost daguam’- ©4. shows aansistor pheue shil't oscllator alee mode. Pte the Collectovload esitor, Ce isthe emitter bypass capacitor, The ves love PRs and We pao the mecessaty ras conditions for the Cicest, For “feedback af energy callechar to lose, (adder network consisting of mee Adon tical Pc aclton, cits connected bolus colleclorand base. The last sec lion contains & Raictance Py cuch thee Pethie=P, whee hie teThe input sesfstonce oy the thrarss lox Cine 0 ness cance 6 Conmecled “ ussth the Wore 4. the hansstoy tte inpral hie oy he transistor i$ added te qve-lolal yegistanceNRW Ya Grad & ket alihs aaattationy Py k ‘ PAA brave Crwvent By | | ARitlalow POW Sapp Veg OY hoeniate hanste ; > ATS variation Tethe age Cveat EC ttuptired Ta the wr feedkack fo the RE anki ared! pvedbeedt- bye theca Hehwar Caphace Shaft x »* behuero arrtrrck Vatage comshones fy area by Nice edallsty The Aeawney dete Nawalie Aparae Ba, poe Ge inducteh on ed to coil La.and the cormnbination ‘forms an autotransformer. “the Capatiha C "Clocks deand provides an ac path from the Collector to the “lank Crtsi+ Radi 0 Frecquon Cy craks RFC provides de. load fox the collector and also prevents a.c trom reaching the des “poly. Ve Capa cland veststor Py Provedduce self Bias voHa. 5 eepacilr Ce provides ac. around and prevents an Signadd eqenerodson Ce also provides Acrmperectuse Stablizaben the m +o the elie appears tot loase through tHe ce cl th. ul s available a+ the collector “He rauges the capauitae a with respect +o te 2guad woke grawhen th 2 sustchsis closed, the collector Current Stasls increasing and charges the Capacitore. tohen this tor | Charged, t+ Wscharacs “Through co’ [s L, es sci te ed Parmontc astilat ons inthe tank en otal tor Current in the can k Greist eeares an at oe qe artross Ly ae vs ap lredto he bose emitter. | Ton, of the Ararsistor and appeors in the armpiffe ed sain, he collector Gruit. Feedba energ 4 from Output -to Input % aceomplis hed though Oueto bran sfrmer acton.“Thus-the energy 1s Fedlea clk{ Sy ——— ; by means of roa foductance chan learn énto tha tank Gott behsean Ut fl oThis ener suppl! se Mia overcomes the losses ocu¥ing in tt. Conse reequuerily ocGllat fons cxve gugdained 7 the Crust denbrabat = Because of eavth connection at @, the oe Qand Pate Iso out ef phase oThus the ase daffererce betaeen The voHog a" Across Li andthat es Ly 4s alu beaded 4s (80° A tevthes P| Ihase Shift Igo’ is Tato J outpact vy oltage by athe ransistor behoesn the inpet an itself, Thas the total) phase Tz fe be laos 360," thereloy makina th -feedlsack ° aikive whichts essen Fal i Con Bnucus undampe osdllators — Conseque stained 2 Gelexmination of H- phesametes and wrk the equivalen nt crvtust tees Gait having fppatt and output jeminals can be analyse 4 by four parameters | lybosid a h- parameters, Hybad means mixed , Since we isJccomene have mixed dimensions, they are calkd called orame ks circuit shoun tn fg. This Givcuit hes he vt a \inear RT, and has olp voltag <|p yo Haa and (uvxent V and Curent V> P Do, z oe Oxust ve TH can be d “ia ' votlege ov oe advanced re carted “eee 2 ae ave elated Hee follciuing e y= hit tho —O) 4 ore dy = hy Ti thav,s —@)vy ay we choil- citi the ole Nerrinals le Vy then equation \al ye corn 2 Nye hu Te hye Me {or ¥, oO { Ty= hot Nore tow v5 “Wha calro of vo Wage did Curerent the cratio % Ww Were Here, hur es sered Curent andis called oper afp current to ip Convent ein ii} The Jryso7e ba Keeping equerhon ® {® hhecomes Vichy Va 2 hie =Mi {ov Ty20 f yo War bn isthe Lato vf ilp { olp Volta aoe Qae ard hy5 tite ‘vat¥ ooy of Called Supt adtnd tance by Considering — o quochion @ (r) Tn equetiont 3 EVE and inequabon@ EL tho equivalent Circus 6 Can be dex Gs be los {nlerra s O| Iefpanarne lew ‘ ao . rgpedence, pba, * , aS called foo other -hoo b asamekys Can be {ourd oy cots the lp Jesrminals open thee bya V2. _y haste, Cocke VM yes Ca\led vevete " Coresenst -f vollags- \1 Nat > | Y Explain OP, Exclusive op, YNOR geet The oF gate isa logic cet with two “the outpect of an ong at. e tnpuls ane spat and one oulpat , igh ay, the is héghar) +t any one oy mor outpal % low (0, only when all of v4 inputs ae low, i ° en | Bocleaney pre stion for aboo mpat op gate *s YeAar® ox ir Yo AaB (| ATaucth abot, Shows Uy outpud | shale of Greet” for all jpe cgible Combinakons of Vine Appa Sc lsalale stete be a yaB] = Y=ntB ° ° ° Yroto=0 ° 1 t otl=l 1 | 0 \ \ 0c} \ 1 1 \+le=t OP gate %s Considered OS Nhe paralta connections ot the Cusdches 12> Exclusive OR gate © sth ta Combinalional Covent vat th | 4wo ov more WPu vipat the exclusive yesenkd ¢S X-OR gat, defined as. | OR gate is w isthe outpat of as Wo ~in put exclusive o@ 7s high if Fone and only one is highs when both the ‘inputs ave equal y the outpat ws Tow, both an the inpet ase pot | equal. te outpal *s high" > A(R cus Snpatt to a two pak x-oP gette Yb ourlpecs | | 9 Boolean express ion 7's Ve AD+AB } | ay nev ro Ye WO 41 O= j.140.0=)40=1 Ay Aco A Bes > ys ol6l= oott) sort=4 A speciol symbol @ 1s usedto vepresent an X-oR ga43@ Hg ®- the wath table fora two Input x08 gat Shows helos | Vijta ft ay ys cas ror wth © false Hook outpak Net enlyit A4B | 400 xeNoR gake X- NOP gate ts -rrmed by combination of the x-0% ate ‘ond Not gat: _5 ap rs Compliment of x-08 gak. Tt cs by bed gat. 4 th outpat of tte y- Mop ts high only when both “the Fnpats ase Sarier Other oordt , At be the 4s low Alp oa. eqpered unequal then olp zo Diagsare Loy! A —e sae |S y- A@B Be > y B 6 +490 5_ “igs i aa Anilh bible esbowe below enfin > | 8 TT Mts oO 1 oO \ oO 0 ' 1 | for th in Fonosph ere Ve Atte | iy " « gy x <0) a \ \ ry Surf an Y fouth kchi elds geroald og of Hhe wha Cm oh fore of each e Free elet{von roduces 40 the clechic fictd Fe -9e ma =¥egtedv ™m ease 0% velocily Ur Hal Oulped yo | on 9). Teive any expwessio? chase veloc ee areal Than apesd of veght ue to Radio we econ Feo qe, 4q the velocity vie oppast Larlh-latole Nyt Rn hou tie ty of wave w. es & oinuyt Perdiowave we hag cof electron, le cliseclyon mde ie ot bath did A ove (dv -4 {fosineot dts v 4 7% Fron) ar 1 Tnfoswt’ -— Q. mW—— \el Ne electron dendly 1h An foros pheu thee elechons cons hits Current Wes -Nqv Tex = Np Um (asest 4 Mio z dc -NQEm [-seeLiot 1)] — > -Pége (sin ol #))-B a Lin) the clei fel fo the Curran} Tis laging hy an angle Y/,, -J ss Tndued led D = elechicds placement ina fonosp -* Curent due to clechic disp wk 4 db é¢:&¢- rb> Pau! Ted (02 at us 2 Tae Bk wlast Told - tal Cucsrent TTA a 27 Ngnttsirt + bo Fnrenert “mo Ng" i 2 & ff Beate bak Ex NG” effective peumibiihy tae Conclut be L el fie Constant = < we know pile Dielec coal cite 8 a pel 3 Gp. 88H NGTE In poset wmf ae achve Index in an ionesp gefr ack iz Ju: rain | Joo ony Velie dling BFCILART. lacernent - Tye ae Javi My in-fres 9p @ d. Gy, sinest ). ae MeyeS t eae | . phase velocity | Padio wove: Up- Velocity of light Lefra Chin Inde Vp=£. AL Toon Vi- giv a | Tee, ken | Signal | ch. | |? puch | ik also | be trans [ leche ig al ree f. li Meclucler| has a ‘Sirblaw, Vohe a” ca wer Sh & modulated. by 2 2 ou) Fruthe araphtud of modubeded s?qna! is kept. os stant. | P wale a sheet Nok on Frequen Gy modulaton . > Frequency Modulation is + sjechnique Or a proves® a el by vasin acti cules sq? [encoding fnfprmaltep on ona tn actordance tuith the | the carries wave Trequen oy te eee ingral, oclulat‘n sro or message Phat hes ing but in 17 Convated ? roodilation J ay being ean oath, Whe nal, However, in the ey Tt Qemains Geaphta) Representation frag ueney Modudakd wave fanhadt 1° © enegso: eM AN I i A NV, t Foneerie 1) The lolal Power Conkent of AM wave is 3.25kW at meditation tac for ay. dolearaine “lhe — Power Con Content Of Corvrier f each Side band sols given Py = 3:28 Eta on: 0.8% Pez? , Ps=? Pre pe (UE) pT. 388 Bas. 3S 2.46 : ae aS, BOS Z > fs ——4~ 7 (112) | (0-8? 140-32 J es scene yf Pi, 2 HODEN Pas tm’ Pe a 2 ~ £08) x 2. 681 6> 4 0.32 x 2+ OTHE | | py = O08 a i, = oss bol HI