S1 Q1 ORAL COMMUNICATION REVIEWER 4.

Emotional Expression
- facilitates people’s expression of their feelings and
Lesson 1 emotions
Nature, Process, and Functions of 5. Information Dissemination
- functions to convey information
Communication
Lesson 2
Communication is a process of sharing and conveying
messages or information from one person to another Models of Communication
within across channels, contexts, media, and cultures.
Communication models describe the process of
communication, visually show the relationship among
Nature of Communication variables and help find and correct communication
● Communication is a process. problems.
● Communication occurs between two or more people
(speaker and receiver). Three standard models of the communication process:
● Communication can be expressed through written or 1. Linear
spoken words, actions (non-verbal), or both spoken 2. Interactive
words and non-verbal actions at the same time. 3. Transactional
Elements of Communication
1. Linear communication
1. Speaker — the source of information or
is one-way, focusing on the transmission of a message
message.
to a receiver who never responds or has no way of
2. Message — the information, ideas, or thoughts
responding to the information conveyed.
conveyed by the speaker in words or actions.
3. Encoding — the process of converting the
Example:
message into words, actions, or other forms that
● a competition organizer is presenting the contest
the speaker understands.
mechanics;
4. Channel — the medium or the means, such as
● the president giving his State of the Nation Address
personal or non-personal, verbal or non-verbal,
on the national television or;
in which the encoded message is conveyed.
● a student who reads a poem or tells a story in front
5. Decoding — the process of interpreting the
of an audience in a school program.
encoded message of the speaker by the
● Other examples include sending an email, reading a
receiver.
blog, or even the traditional way of having letters
6. Receiver — the recipient of the message, or
sent.
someone who decodes the message.
7. Feedback — the reactions, responses, or
A. Aristotle’s Model of Communication
information provided by the receiver.
8. Context — the environment where
communication takes place.
9. Barriers — the factors that affect the flow of
communication. ● Consists of three elements: the speaker, the
subject/message, and the listener
Process of Communication ● Whether the communication happens or not,
The speaker; depends on the listener, who establishes the point of
● generates an idea the message. (Oyero, 2010)
● encodes an idea or converts the idea into words or
actions B. Berlos’s SMCR Model of Communication
● transmits or sends out a message

The receiver;
● gets the message
● decodes or interprets the message based on the
context
● sends or provides feedback

Functions of Communication
1. Control
- to control behavior
2. Social Interaction
● David Berlo expanded on Shannon and Weaver’s
- allows individuals to interact with others
(1949) linear model and created the SMCR Model
3. Motivation
- motivates or encourages people to live better
 ● The Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver Model of 2. Interactive Communication
Communication separated the model into clear parts Interactive approach is a two-way communication
and has been expanded upon by other scholars process where a response is given after a message is
sent. The recipient of the action intentionally or
C. Lasswell’s Formula unintentionally gives feedback associated with the
● Underlies here also is the Lasswell’s Formula. information received.
● Control analysis (Who)
● Content analysis (says what) Also known as the convergence model or the Schramm
● Media or the channel analysis (In which channel) Model of Communication
● Audience or receiver analysis (To whom)
● Consequences of message on audience (With what Schramm Model of Communication
effect)
● Harold D. Lasswell (1902-1978)

Example:
CNN NEWS – A water leak from Japan’s
tsunami-crippled nuclear power station resulted in about
100 times the permitted level of radioactive material ● was postulated by Wilbur Schramm in 1954
flowing into the sea, operator Tokyo Electric Power Co ● emphasizes the coding and decoding elements of
said on Saturday. the process which also focuses on the message
exchanges between the sender and receiver and
Who - TEPC Operator vice versa. Rather than linear or a one-way process,
What - Radioactive material flowing into sea communication is a two-way street, with a sender
Channel - CNN NEWS (Television medium) and a receiver.
Whom - Public
Effect - Alert the people of Japan from the radiation. 3. Transaction Communication
The Transactional Model of Communication illustrates
D. Shannon-Weaver Model how the sender and receiver take turns in conveying and
receiving messages and are called as “communicators.”

Transactional Model

Claude Shannon was an American Mathematician

Warren Weaver was an American Scientist
● Known as the mother of all communication models, the
Shannon- Weaver model (1949) ● Dean Barnlund proposed a transactional model of
● Depicts communication as a linear or one way process communication in 1970
consisting of five elements: ● Unlike the Shannon-Weaver Model, the Transaction
○ Source – producer of message Model is a two-way process with the inclusion of
○ Transmitter – encoder of the message into signals feedback as one element.
○ Channel – signals adapted for transmission ● It differs in several ways:
○ Receiver – decode of message from the signal ○ a. It shows that communicators often send and
○ Destination receive messages simultaneously. There is a
collaborative exchange of messages between
This model, however, has been criticized communicators with the aim of understanding
for missing one essential element in the communication each other.
process: feedback ○ b. It tells that a single discrete communication act
is affected by communication incidents that come
Without feedback, the speaker will not know whether the before or after it.
receiver understands the message or not. ○ c. It also shows that a barrier, such as noise, may
interfere with the flow of communication
 Communication models describe..
Cultural Barriers
the process of communication, show the
● Encountered by people regarding their intrinsic
relationship among variables, and help find and
values, beliefs, and traditions in conflict with others
correct communication problems
● People’s culture affect the way they communicate
and relate to others
There are three standard models of
● Ex. Different beliefs, traditions, manners of dressing,
communication namely: Linear, Transaction and
speaking, etc.
Interactive models.
Language Barriers
Linear Communication…
● Conflicts with regard to language and word
is one-way, focusing on the transmission of a
meanings
message to a receiver who never responds or has no
● Words carry denotative and connotative meaning;
way of responding
they can cause confusion and misunderstandings
to the information conveyed.
● Meaning of words and symbols also vary depending
on culture.
Interactive approach is ...
● Ex. Difference in language, accent and dialect, use
is a two-way communication process where a
of jargon and slang, etc.
response is given after a message is sent. The
recipient of the
Verderber (1991) gives a similar idea of barriers when
action intentionally or unintentionally gives feedback
he classified noise into three kinds: External, Internal,
associated with the information received.
and Semantic Noise.
The Transactional Model of Communication
illustrates... External - Sight, sound, and other stimuli that
how the sender and receiver take turns in Noises draw people’s attention away from
conveying and receiving messages and are called as intended meaning
“communicators.” - Ex. Noise from vehicles, singing at the
neighborhood
Lesson 3
Internal - Thoughts and feelings that interfere
Communication Breakdown Noises with meaning
- Ex. Confrontation with a friend, fear of
Communication breakdown, as defined by Emily speaking in front of the class, racial
Rodgers in her online article, “is a failure to exchange prejudice
information, resulting in a lack of communication.”
Semantic - Alternate meaning aroused by a
What does “lack of communication” mean? Noises speaker’s symbols
According to Rodgers, communication has a - A word may have another meaning in
great impact on a team. So if you expect to have a the minds of the students
successful class, a team, a group work - it requires - Affected by the language in which they
communication that is “well-oiled machine to individual grew and the culture in which they are
parts that simply cannot function without each other” exposed
between you and the one you are communicating with or - Ex. Incorrect grammar, using jargon,
among members of the group. using idiomatic expressions.

Barriers to Communication
Physical Barriers Lesson 4
● Are the natural or environmental condition that acts Strategies to Communication
as a barrier in communication
● Ex. People talking too loud Breakdown
1. Keep focused
Physiological Barriers ● One way of being focused is to put in the mind the
● Related with the limitations of the human body and purpose of communication
mind ● As a speaker, identify your purpose for speaking
● Ex. Poor eyesight, hearing difficulties, etc. ● As a listener, find the speaker’s purpose through
their verbal and non-verbal cues
Psychological Barriers
● Also called as mental barriers 2. Speak Intelligibly
● Refer to social and personal issues of a speaker ● Speaking intelligibly or clearly means using the
towards communicating with others appropriate speaking volume, pitch rate, proper
● Ex. Trauma, shyness, depression, fear, stage fright, enunciation, stress, and acceptable pronunciation
etc. ● We speak in order to be understood
3. Listen with your ears and eyes 6. Clearness
● Pay attention to verbal and non-verbal message ● Implies the use of simple and specific word to
● Effective communication depends on what people express ideas’
say and how they say it ● When the speaker focuses on specific ideas, it will
not confuse the audience.
4. Minimize distractions
● Look for a place where you can minimize
distractions or noise like closed area, empty room, or 7. Correctness
quiet places ● Avoiding mistakes in grammar helps to boost the
● Lessening the cause for confusion means giving credibility and effectiveness of the message
more room to focus and concentrate ● Eliminates negative impact on the audience

5. Be specific Strategies
● Use simple and concise words as much as possible 1. Keep focused
● Be particular and direct to the point 2. Speak intelligibly
3. Listen with your ears and eyes
6. Do not jump to conclusions 4. Minimize distractions
● Before you give your comments and judgement, be 5. Be specific
sure that you have listened attentively to the speaker 6. Do not jump to conclusions
● Conclusions should be drawn after a thorough
analysis of point given or information received 7Cs
1. Completeness
Broom, Cutlip, and Center (2012) listed the 7CS OF 2. Conciseness
3. Consideration
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION in their book 4. Concreteness
“Effective Public Relations”. 5. Courtesy
6. Clearness
1. Completeness 7. Correctness
● The speaker should include everything that the
receiver needs to hear, respond, react, or evaluate Lesson 5
properly.
● They should be able to convey all pertinent details Nonverbal Communication
for the listener or audience will be able to grasp the
Nonverbal Communication
intended message
● Refers to the conscious or subconscious
transmission or reception of messages of
2. Conciseness
information using the body
● The message should be direct or straight to the point
● It includes body gestures, facial expressions,
and should be expressed in the least possible
posture, and tone
number of words.
● Irrelevant information should not be included.
Categories of Nonverbal Communication
3. Consideration 1. Kinesics
● The speaker should give high regard and courtesy to 2. Proxemics
the audience's background information such as 3. Haptics
his/her culture, education, religion, status, mood, 4. Paralanguage
feelings, and needs. 5. Chronemics
● This will result in building rapport or connection with 6. Appearance
the audience. 7. Artifacts

4. Concreteness 1. Kinesics — Deals with body movements, facial

● Backed up by facts, figures, and real-life examples expressions, and gestures; Ex. Foot tapping, leg or arm
or situations crossing, arching of eyebrows, etc.
● Will make the receiver understand better
2. Proxemics — Refers to the amount of distance and
5. Courtesy space used in a situation; The need for distance is
● The speaker can show respect to the listeners by influenced by social norms, cultural orientation,
demonstrating an understanding of their beliefs, personality, and level familiarity.
values, and culture 3. Haptics — Deals with communication through touch.
● Implies good choice of words and a language
consideration 4. Paralanguage — Refers to the non-verbal cues of the
● Showing courtesy helps create a positive vibe with voice such as volume, pitch, intonation, and tone.
the audience
5. Chronemics — Involves the role of time in 2.2 Small Group – refers to communication that
communication; Looking at one’s watch or at the clock involves at least three but not more than twelve
when a lecture can convey that the speaker’s talk is very people engaging in a face-to-face interaction to
long or that you are bored. achieve a desired goal. All participants can freely
share ideas in a loose and open discussion.
6. Appearance — Refers to the physical looks that
conveys a message; Ex. Clothing, shoes, hair color, Example:
makeup, hairstyle, height. ● You are participating in an organizational meeting
which aims to address the concerns of your fellow
7. Artifacts — Objects used as a tool to convey the students.
message; Ex. Pictures, instruments, maps, etc. ● You are having a discussion.

Lesson 6 3. Public
Types of Speech Context ● Refers to communication that requires you to deliver
or send the message before or in front of a group.
CONTEXT In speech is the situation that brings people ● The message can be driven by informational or
to a conversation or speaking event. persuasive purposes. “In public communication,
unlike in interpersonal and small groups, the
It includes: channels are more exaggerated. The voice is louder
1. the particular time and place of a communication; and the gestures are more expansive because the
2. shared understanding of the communicators in a audience is bigger. The speaker might use additional
topics; visual channels such as slides or a PowerPoint
3. understand the environmental and situational Presentation.” (Hybels & Weaver, 2012 p19)
context of the speech they are delivering or
listening.. 4. Mass Communication
● Refers to communication that takes place through
Types of Speech Context television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books,
1. Intrapersonal billboards, internet, and other types of media.
● Refers to communication that centers on one person
where the speaker acts both as the sender and the Example:
receiver of the message. You are a student journalist articulating your stand on
● “The message is made up of your thoughts and current issues through the school’s newspaper.
feelings. The channel is your brain, which processes
what you are thinking and feeling. There is feedback Lesson 7
in the sense that as you talk to yourself, you discard Types of Speech Style
certain ideas and replace them with others.” (Hybels
& Weaver, 2012 p16) The context dictates and affects the way people
communicate, which results in various speech styles.
2. Interpersonal
● Refers to communication between and among According to Joos (1968), there are five speech styles.
people and establishes personal relationships These are: (1) intimate, (2) casual, (3) consultative, (4)
between and among them. “The inter part of the formal, and (5) frozen.
word highlights how interpersonal communication
connects people. When you engage in interpersonal Each style dictates what appropriate language or
communication, you and another person become vocabulary should be used or observed.
linked together. The personal part means that your
unique qualities as a person matter during Types of Speech Style
interpersonal communication.” (Solomon and Theiss 1. Intimate
(2013 p5) ● This style is private, which occurs between or among
close family members or individuals.
2.1 Dyad Communication – communication that ● The language used in this style may not be shared in
occurs between two people public.

Example: 2. Casual
● You offered feedback on the speech performance ● This style is common among peers and friends.
of your classmate. ● Jargon, slang, or the vernacular language are used.
● You provided comfort to a friend who was feeling
down. 3. Consultative
● This style is the standard one.
● Professional or mutually acceptable language is a
must in this style.
 ● Examples of situations are: communication between
teachers and students, employers and employees,
doctor and patient, judge and lawyer, or President
and his/her constituents.

4. Formal
● This style is used in formal settings.
● Unlike the consultative style, this is one-way.
● Examples are: sermons by priests and ministers,
State of the Nation Address of the President, formal
speeches, or pronouncements by judges.

5. Frozen
● This style is “frozen” in time and remains
unchanged.
● It mostly occurs in ceremonies.
● Common examples are: the Preamble to the
Constitution, Lord’s Prayer, and Allegiance to the
country or flag.

Lesson 8
Types of Speech According to
Purpose and Delivery
Speech is a spoken expression of ideas, opinions, etc.
Made by someone who is speaking in front of a group of
people.

Types of Speech according to Purpose

1. Informative speech
- Provides the audience with a clear understanding of
a concept or idea.

2. Entertainment speech
- Amuses the audience
- Funny jokes, facial expressions or gestures
The sense of your speech must not be forgotten.

3. Persuasive Speech
- Seeks to provide the audience with favorable or
acceptable ideas that can influence their own ideas
and decisions.
Types of Speech According to Delivery
Extemporaneous Impromptu Manuscript Memorized

Description ● Speaking with limited ● Speaking without ● Speaking with advanced preparation;
preparation; advanced preparation; ● Planned and rehearsed speech;
● Guided by notes or outline; ● Unrehearsed speech;
● Delivered conversationally; ● Spoken conversationally. ● Reading aloud a written ● Reciting a written message
● Most popular type. message. word-for-word from memory.

Speaking ● When you are a candidate for ● In an event where you are ● Newscasting with a ● When you perform in a stage play;
Situations a post in a student asked to say a few words; TelePrompter or an autocue ● When you deliver a declamation,
government and you deliver ● First day at work or in device; oratorical, or
your campaign speech before class, or during an ● Presenting the legal ● literary piece;
a voting public; interview. proceedings and verdict in ● When an actor or actress in a
● When you are assigned to court; scene performs a script from
report a topic in class. ● Reading the rules and criteria memory.
in a contest.

Advantages ● Helps you look confident; ● Spontaneous or natural ● Exact repetition of the written ● Exact repetition of the written
● Engages the audience. speaking; words; words from memory;
● More focused and brief. ● Guided speech. ● Free to move around the stage.

Disadvantage ● May not have adequate time ● Tendency to be ● Boring and uninteresting ● Speakers might end up speaking
s to plan, organize, and disorganized; presentation; in a monotone pattern.
rehearse. ● Lacks connection with the ● Lacks audience rapport or Alternatively, he/she might take a
audience; connection. fast pace.
● Nerve-racking for ● When the speaker cannot control
inexperienced speakers his/her stage fright, he/she might
and beginners. have difficulty remembering his/her
memorized speech.

Tips ● Create an outline; ● Once you are requested to ● Rehearse the speech over and over again until you sound natural;
● Organize your points say something, pause for
logically (most important to a moment to plan in your ● Observe accomplished news ● Observe how actors / actresses
least important or vice head what to say; anchors and note how perform their script in a theater,
versa); ● State your main point conversational they sound television, or movie scenes.
● Use facts and real-life briefly and deliver it at a when they deliver the news.
experiences as your pace your audience can
examples; follow;
● Manage your time well; ● End by saying thank you.
● Rehearse, rehearse,
rehearse.
Lesson 9
Types of Speech Act Austin also introduced the concept of performative
utterances: statements which enable the speaker to
In making speech acts, the same idea applies: when a perform something just by stating it.
speech act is uttered, an action is carried out.
In this manner, verbs that execute the speech act that
Speech act they intend to effect are called performatives.
● Is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an
intended effect. A performative utterance said by the right person
● Some of the functions which are carried out using under the right circumstances results in a change in the
speech acts are: offering an apology, greeting, world.
request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal. Ex: baptisms, sentencing of convicted felons. etc.
● A speech act might contain just one word or several
words or sentences. For example, “Thanks” and The conditions that have to be met for a statement to be
“Thank you for always being there for me. I really classified as a performative act are called “felicity
appreciate it” both show appreciation regardless of conditions.”
the length of the statement.
● Speaking any language is similar to performing a Austin lists three felicity conditions:
speech act. 1) there must be a conventional procedure with a
conventional effect; (such as in wedding two
In this lesson, utterances are not only a set of phrases people; the frozen ritual and the effect of the couple
but also a kind of intentional action. With intentional getting married);
action, what one intends can contribute to what one is 2) the circumstances and the persons must be
doing. appropriate; (a teacher cannot sentence a
convicted felon to prison because she does not
John Langshaw "J. L." Austin is a philosopher of have the correct qualifications); and
language and the developer of the Speech Act Theory. 3) the procedure must be done correctly and
According to him, there are three types of speech acts completely (if a policeman imposes a verdict to a
. person, in an informal setting, it is not considered a
Three Types of Speech Act performative act).
1. Locutionary act is the actual act of uttering. “Please
do the dishes.” Searle’s Classifications of Speech Act
As a response to Austin’s Speech Act Theory, John
2. Illocutionary act is the social function of what is said. Searle (1976), a professor from the University of
By uttering the location “Please do the dishes,” the California, Berkeley, classified illocutionary acts into five
speaker requests the addressee to wash the dishes. distinct categories.

3. Perlocutionary act is the resulting act of what is said. Assertive – a type of illocutionary act in which the
This effect is based on the particular context in which the the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a
speech act was mentioned. “Please do the dishes” Proposition. Some examples of an assertive act are
would lead to the addressee washing the dishes. suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting, and
concluding.
Direct Speech Act
● An utterance is seen as a direct speech act when Directive – a type of illocutionary act in which the
there is a direct relationship between the structure the speaker tries to make the addressee perform an
and the communicative function of the utterance. action. Some examples of a directive act are asking,
○ A declarative is used to make a statement: “You ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and begging.
wear a seat belt.”
○ An interrogative is used to ask a question: “Do you Commissive – a type of illocutionary act which commits
wear a seat belt?” the speaker to doing something in the future. Examples
○ An imperative is used to make a command: “Wear of a commissive act are promising, planning, vowing,
a seatbelt!” and betting

Indirect Speech Act Expressive – a type of illocutionary act in which the

● Means that there is an indirect relationship between speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional
the form and the function of the utterance. The reactions. Some examples of an expressive act are
following examples show that the form does not thanking, apologizing, welcoming, and deploring.
correspondence with the function:
○ An interrogative is used to make a request: “Could Declaration – a type of illocutionary act which brings a
you pass the salt? change in the external situation. Simply put, declarations
○ A declarative is used to make a request: “You’re bring into existence or cause the state of affairs which
standing in front of the TV.” they refer to. Some examples of declarations are
blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a sentence,
and excommunicating.

Remember!
● Communicative competence is needed to
understand a language and to be able to understand
speech acts.
● Without communicative competence, the sentence
“Zack wants to ask Yna out,” might be interpreted
incorrectly to mean that Zack wants Yna to step
outside.