ORAL COMMUNICATION REVIEWER

LESSON 1: The Functions, Nature, and Process of Communication

Communication
- Communication is a complex process.
- It takes place when two or more people exchange ideas either through written or spoken
words (verbal) or actions (nonverbal).
- Both verbal and nonverbal can be used at the same time.

Functions of Communication
1. Regulation/Control: Manages behavior and activities.
o Example: "Take your medicine before you go to bed."
2. Social Interaction: Facilitates bonding, sharing desires, and exchanging information.
o Example: "Would you like to go to church with me?"
3. Motivation: Encourages or persuades changes in opinion or behavior.
o Example: "You’re on the right track. Keep up the good work."
4. Emotional Expression: Conveys feelings such as love, joy, or anger.
o Example: "I’m so happy to have you in my life."
5. Information: Delivers factual content.
o Example: "The Philippine Normal University was founded in 1901."

Process of Communication
1. The speaker develops an idea to be sent.
2. The speaker encodes the idea or converts it to words or actions.
3. The speaker transmits or sends out the idea using a specific medium or channel.
4. The receiver gets the message and decodes or interprets it.
5. The receiver provides or sends feedback

Elements in the Process

 Sender: Initiates and sends the message.
 Message: Information conveyed through words, symbols, or gestures.
 Encoding: Expressing the idea into a communicable format.
 Channel: Medium through which the message is transmitted (e.g., face-to-face,
phone).
 Receiver: Intended recipient who interprets the message.
 Decoding: Interpreting the received message.
 Feedback: Response indicating message understanding.

Noise
- It is a hindrance to communication.
- This can take place at any step in the entire communication process.
 LESSON 2: The Various Models of Communication

Models of Communication
- simplifies the process of understanding communication

Mass Communication Theory

"A communication model is a selective representation in verbal or diagrammatic form
of some aspect of the dynamic process of mass communication"
- According to Dennis McQuail

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION MODELS

I. Linear
- uncomplicated
- direct way to comprehend how two different parties communicate.
- single-directional or one-way process
- occurs when a sender passes a message without feedback/response from the receiver.

TYPES OF LINEAR COMMUNICATION MODEL

A.) Aristotle's Communication Model
- oldest Communication Model
- designed to become a better and more persuasive communicator.

3 Elements of Aristotle's Model

Ethos (Ethics)
- speaker gains credibility, authority, and power by being an expert in a certain field.

Logos (Logic)
- it is not enough for a speech to be interesting
- needs to follow the rules of logic

Pathos (Emotion)
- emotional effect
- connects the speaker with the audience through different emotions

Focus: Components:
Sender - active member - speaker
Receiver - passive member - speech
- occasion
- audience
- effect

B.) Shannon-Weaver Communication Model

- Mother of all communication models
- created by Claude Shannon & Warren Weaver
- one-way process
- starts from a source (producer of message)
- passes through a channel (signals adapted for transmission)
- may be interrupted by Noise (barrier)
- perceived signal is sent to a receiver (decoder of message from the signal)
- process stops after the message arrives at its destination

II. Interactive Communication Model

- two-way process
- active exchange between two or more parties
- each party takes turns
- used for new communication like the Internet
- indirect and slower feedback
- introduced the concept of Field of Experience
- communication becomes linear if the receiver does not respond

TYPES OF INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION MODEL

A. Osgood-Schramm Communication Model
- Circular Model of Communication
- masses go in two directions between encoding and decoding
- communication is no use until it is put together in words and conveyed to other people

Charles Egerton Osgood

- Communication is circular rather than linear (taking turns)

Willbur Schramm (Father of Mass Communication)

- visualised the process of communication as an exchange of thoughts and ideas

4 Main Principles of Osgood-Schramm Model

1. Communication is circular
2. Communication is equal and reciprocal
3. Message requires interpretation
4. Proposed of 3 steps; encoding, decoding & interpreting

B.) Westley and Maclean Communication Model

- suggests that communication does not start with the source or sender
- takes into account the object of orientation (background, culture, & beliefs)
- starts with environmental factors that influence the sender

9 Elements
1. Environment 8. Gatekeepers
2. Sensory Experience 9. Opinion Leaders
3. Source/sender
4. Object of the orientation of the source
5. Receiver
6. Object of the orientation of the receiver
7. Feedback
III. Transactional Communication Model
- two-way process
- sender and receiver simultaneously send and receive messages.
- used for interpersonal communication
- talks about verbal & non-verbal cues
- sender and receiver interchange roles are called communicators
- involves the roles of context, environment, and communication barriers
- used when the goal is to complete a task

TYPES OF TRANSACTIONAL COMMUNICATION MODEL

A.) White's Model (Eugene White)
- communication is circular
- contributed to the concept of feedback
- happens when the speaker monitors and listens to the receiver

8 Stages of White's Model

1. Thinking
2. Symbolising
3. Expressing
4. Transmitting
5. Receiving
6. Decoding
7. Feedback
8. Monitoring

B.) Dance's Helical Model (Frank Dance)

- helical came from the word Helix
- emphasized that communication is evolutionary
- with every cycle of communication, we expand our circle
- gets more complex as communication progresses
Example: A person learning throughout their life

LESSON 3: COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN

COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN
- defined as failure to exchange communication
- results may lead to a lack of communication

Barriers to Communication
- obstacles that can prevent or distort the exchange of messages
- occurs at any stage of the communication process
- can lead to misunderstanding, confusion, or breakdown in communication

Physical Barriers
- natural or environmental condition
Ex.: environmental noise, distance, & poor equipment.
Psychological Barriers
- also known as mental barriers
- social and personal issues of the speaker towards communicating with others
Ex.: prejudices and stereotypes, emotional state, & selective perception.

Cultural Barriers
- problems encountered by people regarding their values, beliefs, and traditions conflict
with others.
- people's culture affects the way they communicate with others
Ex.: cultural differences & body language misinterpretation.

Linguistic Barriers
- conflicts with regard to language and word meanings.
Ex.: different languages, jargons, techinical terms, accents, and dialects.

Interpersonal Barriers
Ex.: lack of trust, poor listening skills, and conflict.

Perceptual Barriers
Ex.: differences in perception, assumptions, and judgements.

Technological Barriers
- lack of access to modern communication tools
- problems with software or platforms

Verderber
- Classified noise intro 3 kinds

External Noise
- sight, sound, and other stimuli that withdraw people's attention from the intended
meaning.

Internal Noise
- thoughts and feelings that interfere with meaning.

Semantic Noise
- a word may have another meaning in the minds of the students
- affected by the language they grew and the culture they are exposed.

Various Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown

5 Ways to Avoid
1. Have clarity of thought before speaking
2. Learn to listen
3. Take care of your body language and tone
4. Build up your confidence by asking for feedback and observing others
5. Communicate face to face on the important issues
Strategies
1. Keep focused
2. Speak intelligibly
3. Listen with your ears and eyes
4. Minimize distractions
5. Be specific
6. Do not jump into conclusions
7. Completeness

How to Avoid using 7C's

Completeness
- important to the whole communication process
- speakers should provide all the information needed by the receiver or audience

Conciseness
- message must be direct and straight to the point
- should be expressed in the least possible numbers

Consideration
- speakers should give high regard and courtesy to the audience's background

Concreteness
- backed up with facts, figures and real-life examples

Courtesy
- speakers can show their respect to the audience through understanding their culture,
values, and beliefs.
- implies good choice of words, language, and consideration of the audience's
perspective or feelings.

Clearness
- implies use of simple and specific words to express ideas

Correctness
- boosts the credibility and effectiveness of the message
- eliminates negative impact on the audience

LESSON 4: SPEECH CONTEXT

Speech Context
- refers to the setting in which the communication takes place.
- helps to establish meaning and can influence what is said and how it is said.
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT:
Intrapersonal
- focused on one person
- the speaker acts both as the sender and receiver of the message.
- The message consists of thoughts and feelings.
- The medium is the brain that processes these thoughts and feelings.

Interpersonal
- takes place between or among people and creates a personal relationship.
- it includes two individuals
- can vary from casual and very personal to formal and impersonal.

Two Types of Interpersonal:

Dyad Communication
- happens between two people

Small Group
- face to face interaction involving at least three people but not more than twelve.
- participants can freely express their ideas

Public
- enables the speaker to deliver a message before a crowd.
- messages can be informative or persuasive
- channels are more exaggerated
- louder voice and expansive gesture apply because the audience is larger.

Mass
- communication through media.
(Television, internet, newspapers, etc.)

LESSON 5: Types of Speeches and Speech Styles

Speech
- Human nature to express thoughts and emotions.
- More formal than talking or usual conversations.
- Primarily delivered to leave a remarkable message.

TYPES OF SPEECHES
According to Purpose:
Informative/Expository Speech
- to educate audience on new or relevant piece of information.

Persuasive Speech
- to convince the audience to agree with the speaker's opinion.
Entertainment Speech
- to share laughter and enjoyment to the audience through witty and humorous lines.

According to Delivery:
Manuscript Speech
- word for word iteration of a written message using visual aids.
Example: News anchor with a teleprompter

Memorized Speech
- rote recitation or written message
- the speaker is committed to memory

Extemporaneous Speech
- carefully planned and rehearsed speech
- spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes

Impromptu Speech
- a short message without advance preparation
- for people knowledgeable about the subject

Speech Style
- The form of language that the speaker uses which is characterized by formality.

TYPES OF SPEECH STYLES

Intimate
- used for very close relationships
- language used may not be shared in public
Casual
- informal communication
- used by groups or peers who have something to share in common
- have shared background information but does not have a close relation
- jargon, slang, and vernacular language is used

Consultative
- semi-formal
- standard communication
- professional or mutually accepted language

Formal
- one-way straightforward speech
- prepared beforehand

Frozen
- most formal communication style
- usually used during solemn ceremonies and events.
- does not require feedback from the audience
 LESSON 6: TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS
SPEECH ACT
- speaker's utterances which convey meaning and make listeners do specific things
(Austin, 1962).
- an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect.

Three Types of Speech Act

According to J. L. Austin (1962), a philosopher of language and the developer of the
Speech Act Theory, there are three types of acts in every utterance, given the right
circumstances or context.

Locutionary act
- It is the actual act of uttering.
- occurs when the
speaker performs an utterance (locution),
- has a meaning in the traditional sense

Illocutionary Act
- social function of what is said.
- thhe performance of specific intention.
of the act of saying something with a
- It is "what is done in uttering the words.'
- It is not just saying something itself, but the act of saying something with intentio

Perlocutionary Act
- the resulting act of what is said.
- effects are based on the particular context in which the speech act was mentioned.
- happens when what the speaker says has an effect on the
- aims to change feelings, thoughts, or actions

Searle's Classification of Speech Act

- As a response to Justin L. Austin's Speech Act Theory, John Searle (1976), a professor
from the University of California, Berkeley, classified five distinct
illocutionary/perlocutionary categories.

Assertive
- the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition.

Directives
- the speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action.

Commissive
- commits the speaker to doing something in the future.
Expressive
- the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions.

Declaratives
- brings change in the external situation.

Illocutionary Force Indicating Devices (IFIDs)

- expression from an utterance
- contains a slot to put a verb that explicitly named the illocutionary act being
performed.

Direct and Indirect Speech Acts

- a direct relationship between the structural form and the communicative function of
the utterance.

Structural forms
(declarative, interrogative, imperative)

Communication function
(statement, question, command/request)

Direct speech
- direct relationship between a structure and a function.

Indirect speech
- indirect relationship between a structure and a function.