in fig. aving thing ? 10 be Id be a5, 2has ge is oreen v rhsthdltle Pre Diffraction The bending of light around edges of an obstacle h hroachment of! light within geometrical Diffraction isa characteristic wave property, Diffraction is an effect exhibited by all electro. magnetic waves, water waves and sound waves Diffraction takes place with very small moving particles such as atoms, neutrons and electrons which show wavelike properties. ‘When light passes through a narrow aperture some light . is found to be enchroached into shadow regions. / ‘When slitwidth is larger, the enchroachment of light is small and negligible. ‘When slit width is comparable to wavelength of light the enchroachment of light is more If the size of obstacle or aperture is comparable with the wavelength of light, light deviates from rectilinear propagation near edges of obstacle or aperture and enchroaches into geometrical shadow. Diffraction phenomenon is classified into two types, a) Fresnel diffraction b) Fraunhoffer diffraction Fresnel Diffraction The source or screen or both are at finite distances from diffracting device (obstacle or aperture) In Fresnel diffraction, the effect at any point on the screen is due to exposed wave front which may be spherical or cylindrical in shape. Fresnel diffraction does not require any lens to modify the beam. Fresnel diffraction can be explained in terms of “half period zones or strips” Fraunhoffer Diffraction: The source and the screen are at infinite distance from diffracting device (aperture or obstacle). In Fraunhofer diffraction the wave front meeting the Obstacle is plane wave front, [unhoerdiffaction Tequires lenses to modify the Diffraction Due to Single Slit ae ‘supposed to be due to interference of lary wavelets fro. coaot Wavefront from the slit, m the exposed portionGES interference, all bright fringes have same intensity. In diffraction, bright bands are of decreasing intensity, A T a 1 Plane B wave § so front screen i) Condition for minimum intensity is asin Where ‘a’ is the width of the slit, @ isthe angle of ©! diffraction i) Condition for maximum intensity asind'=(2n41)4 (n=1,23. .-The intensity decreases as we go to successive , maxima away from the centre, on either side. The width of central maxima is twice as that of secondary maxima. For first minia asin @ = 2 aX =A (.. sinO = tan8) -. D : 2aD Width of central maxima w= 2y == Note: If lens is placed close to the slit, then D = f Hence ‘f” be the focal length of lens, then width 2fAa ofthe central maximum w=. Note: If this experiment is performed in liquid other than air, width of diffraction maxima willrower: scope, passing uts the sdwhen (tern of | faction fined as etween esolved a Z| cae meach vetween_ cope ined as, aration images 4 epends jective 5000 A ‘mit of ‘ve has CGD POLARIZATION The properties of light, like interference and diffraction demonstrate the wave nature of light. Both longitudinal and transverse waves can exhibit interference and diffraction effects. The properties like polarization can be exhibited only by transverse wave ‘The peculiar feature of polarized light is that human eye cannot distinguish between polarised and unpolatised light. As light is an electromagnetic wave, among its electric and magnetic vectors only electric vector is mainly responsible for optical effects. The electric vector of wave can be identified as a “Tight vector” Ordinary light is unpolarised light in which electric vector is oriented randomly in all directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation of light. ‘The phenomena of confining the vibrations ofelectric vector to a particular direction perpendcular to the direction of propagation of light is called “Polarization”. Such polarised light is called linearly polarised or plane polarised light. The plane in which vibrations are present is called “plane of polarization.” @ . SEE ee Polarized light Partially polarized light (b) 4-$-t. Partially polarized light Partially polarized light> Plane polarised light can be produced by different methods like i. Reflection iii, Double refraction Polarization by Reflection ‘The ordinary light beam is incident on transparent surface like glass or water. Both reflected and refracted beams get partially polarised. The degree of polarization changes with angle of incidence. _ Ataparticular angle of incidence called “polarising angle” the reflected beam gets completely plane polarised. The reflected beam has vibrations of electric vector perpendicular to the plane of paper. The polarising angle depends on the nature of reflecting surface. Brewster’s Law: When angle of incidence is equal to “polarising angle” the reflected and refracted rays will be perpendicular to each other. Brewster’s law states that “The refractive index of amedium is equal to the tangent of polarising angle ii, Refraction iv. Polaroids. 0,” oie Plane ish i= 7 1-0, polarized light Partially polarized light The refractive index of the medium changes with wavelength of incident light and so polarising angle will be different for different wavelengths. The complete polarization is possible when incident light is monochromatic. ___ sind, _ sind, sing, ___sind, _sin®, _ sg snr Sin(90°-0,) cosd, From Brewster’s law, # = tand,. Ifi=6, , the reflected light is completely polarised and the refracted light is partially polarised. Ifi<@, or i>4, , both reflected and refracted rays get partially polarised. For glass 6 = tan'(1.5) = 57° For water 6, =tan'(1.33)~ 53° Vv v Vv o = incidence = The angle of i eompletely polar reflected light is incidence takes PI incidence 9,- 6,250" Using Brewster's law ystand, = an 60° p= v3 b) From Snell’s law sini. ge sit 60" Jace at polari Polarisation by Refraction The unpolarised light when inc plate at an angle of incidenc polarising angle, the reflected lig plane polarised, but the refractec polarised. The refracted light gets cor polarised if incident light through number of thin glass parallel to cach other. Such an glass plates is called “pile of Pp Polarisation by D ris y oubl¢ (Additional) Bartholinus discovered that whe on a calcite crystal two refi produced. It is called “doubl birefringence” An ink dot mad made on the pay through calcite Crystal two oma to double Tefraction. On rotatin image Temains stationary and soles around the stationary im H rotating image revolves rou image in circular Path. The stationary image i ray and revoly extraordinary ray. A shich ¢ Plane which Contains thy Perpendicular to hyn +. ic ¢ age is formed ing image~~ Vv Vv v3, 1 _! or Sin =" XRD? Polarisation by Refraction The unpolarised light when incident on a glass plate at an angle of incidence equal to the polarising angle, the reflected light is completely plane polarised, but the refracted light is partially polarised. : The refracted light gets completely plane polarised if incident light is allowed to pass through number of thin glass plates arranged parallel to each other. Such an arrangement of glass plates is called “pile of plates”. Polarisation by Double Refraction (Additional) Bartholinus discovered that when light is incident on a calcite crystal two refracted rays are produced. It is called “double refraction” or “birefringence” An ink dot made on the paper when viewed through calcite crystal two images are seen due to double refraction. On rotating the crystal one image remains stationary and the other image rotates around the stationary image. The rotating image revolves round the stationary image in circular path. The stationary image is formed due to ordinary ray and revolving image is formed by extraordinary ray. A plane which contains the optic axis and is perpendicular to the two opposite faces is called the principal section of crystal. r=30"- 213