Chapter Objectives

✓ Determine the deflection and slope at specific points on beams

and shafts, using various analytical methods including:
➢ The integration method
➢ The use of discontinuity functions
➢ The method of superposition

✓ Determine the same, using a semi-graphical technique, called the

moment-area method.
 In-class Activities
1. Reading Quiz
2. Applications
3. Elastic Curve
4. Integration Method
5. Use of discontinuity functions
6. Method of superposition
7. Moment area method
8. Concept Quiz

Cant use arc length S= r when there's applied load

READING QUIZ

1) The slope angle θ in flexure equations is

a) Measured in degree

b) Measured in radian

c) Exactly equal to dv/dx

d) None of the above

READING QUIZ (cont)

2) The load must be limited to a magnitude so

that not to change significantly the original
geometry of the beam. This is the assumption
for

a) The method of superposition

b) The moment area method

c) The method of integration

d) All of them
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
ELASTIC CURVE

• The deflection diagram of the longitudinal axis that

passes through the centroid of each cross-sectional
area of the beam is called the elastic curve, which is
characterized by the deflection and slope along the
curve
ELASTIC CURVE (cont)

• Moment-curvature relationship:
– Sign convention:
ELASTIC CURVE (cont)

• Consider a segment of width dx, the strain in are ds,

located at a position y from the neutral axis is ε = (ds’ –
ds)/ds. However, ds = dx = ρdθ and ds’ = (ρ-y) dθ, and
so ε = [(ρ – y) dθ – ρdθ ] / (ρdθ), or

1 
=−
 y

• Comparing with the Hooke’s Law

ε = σ / E and the flexure formula
σ = -My/I
1 M 1 
= or =−
 EI  Ey y
SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY INTEGRATION

• Kinematic relationship between radius of curvature ρ

and location x:
1 d 2 v dv 2x2
=−
 1 + (dv dx) 
2 32

• Then using the moment curvature equation, we have

M 1 d 2 v dx 2 d 2v
= =  2

EI  1 + (dv dx )2 
3/ 2
dx

v = vertical deflection
SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY INTEGRATION
(cont)

• Sign convention:
 SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY INTEGRATION
(cont)

• Boundary Conditions:

– The integration constants can be

determined by imposing the boundary
conditions, or

– Continuity condition at specific locations

Intro example-variables used:

https://youtu.be/bkP5VyovjI0?feature=shared
EXAMPLE 1
The cantilevered beam shown in Fig. 12–10a is subjected to a
vertical load P at its end. Determine the equation of the elastic
curve. EI is constant.
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• From the free-body diagram, with M acting in the positive direction, Fig.
12–10b, we have
M = 0 = M + Px
M = -Px
M = − Px
• Applying Eq. 12–10 and integrating twice yields

d 2v
EI 2 = − Px (1)
dx
dv Px 2
EI =− + C1 (2)
dx 2
Px 3
EIv = − + C1 x + C2 (1)
6
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• Using the boundary conditions dv/dx = 0 at x = L and v = 0 at x = L,
equations 2 and 3 become

PL2
0=− + C1
2
PL3
0=− + C1 L + C2
6
PL2 PL3
 C1 = and C2 = −
2 3

• Substituting these results, we get

=
P 2
2 EI
(
L − x2 ) plugged C1 into Eq 1 for slope

v=
P
6 EI
( )
− x 3 + 3L2 x − 2 L3 (Ans)
plugged C1 & C2 into Eq 2 for deflection
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• Maximum slope and displacement occur at for which A(x =0),

PL2
A = (4)
2 EI
PL3
vA = − (5)
3EI
• If this beam was designed without a factor of safety by assuming the
allowable normal stress is equal to the yield stress is 250 MPa; then a
W310 x 39 would be found to be adequate (I = 84.4(106)mm4)

30(5) (1000)
2 2
A = = 0.0222 rad
 ( )
2200 84.4 10 6

30(5) (1000)
2 2
vA = − = −74.1 mm
 ( )
3200 84.4 10 6
EXAMPLE 2
The simply supported beam shown in Fig. 12–11a supports the
triangular distributed loading. Determine its maximum
deflection. EI is constant. nice example
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
• Due to symmetry only one x coordinate is needed for the solution,

0 x  L/2
2w0
• The equation for the distributed loading is w = x.
L
• Hence

w0 x 2  x  w0 L
+  M NA = 0; M+  − (x ) = 0
L 3 4
w0 x 2 w0 L
M =− + x
3L 4
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
• Integrating twice, we have
d 2v w wL
EI 2 = M = − 0 x 3 + 0 x
dx 3L 4
dv w wL
EI = − 0 x 4 + 0 x 2 + C1
dx 12 L 8
w wL
EIv = − 0 x 5 + 0 x 3 + C1 x + C2
60 L 24

slope; zero for an instant at peak of L/2

• For boundary condition, v = 0, x = 0 and dv dx = 0, x = L 2

5w0 L3
C1 = − , C2 = 0
192
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
• Hence

w0 5 w0 L 3 5w0 L3
EIv = − x + x − x
60 L 24 192

• For maximum deflection at x = L/2,

w0 L4
vmax =− (Ans)
120 EI
USE OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

• Macaulay functions
 USE OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS
Great Briefing: https://youtu.be/Fi_4nY808Q8?feature=shared
• Macaulay functions

0 for x  a
x−a =
n

( x − a )n
for x  a
na

• Integration of Macaulay functions:

n +1
x−a
 x − a dx = +C
n

n +1
USE OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS (cont)

• Singularity Functions:

−1 0 for x  a
w= P x−a =
 P for x = a

−2 0 for x  a
w = M0 x − a =
M 0 for x = a
USE OF CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS (cont)

• Note: Integration of these two singularity functions

yields results that are different from those of Macaulay
functions. Specifically,
n +1

n
x − a dx = x − a , n = −1,−2

• Examples of how to use discontinuity functions to

describe the loading or internal moment in a beam:

Example: https://youtu.be/cTMV2e3h9mA?feature=shared
EXAMPLE 3
Determine the maximum deflection of the beam shown in Fig.
12–18a. EI is constant.
12.6 in book but diff numbers

0 = 8(10) + By(20) -120 0 = -8 + Ay + 2

40 = By (20) Ay = 6 kN

By = 2 kN
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
• The beam deflects as shown in Fig. 12–18a. The boundary conditions
require zero displacement at A and B.

for Macaulay neglect

right end

• The loading function for the beam can be written as

−1 −1
w = −8 x − 0 + 6 x − 10
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
• Integrating, we have

V = −8 x − 0 + 6 x − 10
0 0

• In a similar manner,

M = −8 x − 0 + 6 x − 10
1 1

(
= − 8 x + 6 x − 10
1
)kN  m
• Integrating twice yields
d 2v
EI 2 = −8 x +6 x − 10
1

dx
dv
= −4 x + 3 x − 10 + C1
2 2
EI
dx
4 3
EIv = − x + x − 10 + C1 x + C2 (1)
3

3
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
• From Eq. 1, the boundary condition v = 0 at x = 10 m and at x = 30 m
gives
0 = −1333 + (10 − 10) + C1 (10) + C2
3

0 = −36000 + (30 − 10) + C1 (30) + C2

3

 C1 = 1333 and C2 = −12000

• Thus,

dv
= −4 x + 3 x − 10 + 1333 (2)
2 2
EI
dx
4 3
EIv = − x + x − 10 + 1333x − 12000 (3)
3

3
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
• To obtain the displacement of C, set x = 0 in Eq. 3.

12000
vC = − kN  m 3 (Ans)
EI
• The negative sign indicates that the displacement is downward as shown
in Fig. 12–18a

• To locate point D, use Eq. 2 with x > 10 and dv/dx = 0,

missing 4 from above
0 = − x + 3 xD − 10 + 1333
2 2
D

xD2 + 60 xD − 1633 = 0
Solving for the positive root, xD = 20.3 m
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
• Hence, from Eq. 3,

EIvD = − (20.3) + (20.3 − 10) + 1333(20.3) − 12000

4 3 3

3
5006
vD = kN  m 3
EI

• Comparing this value with vC, we see that vmax = vC.

since curve seems most intense at point c and d, this was

done to check that c is the highest deflection point; it is!
EXAMPLE 4
Determine the equation of the elastic curve for the cantilevered
beam shown in Fig. 12–19a. EI is constant.
12.5 in book
EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
• The boundary conditions require zero slope and displacement at A.

• The support diagram reactions at A have been calculated by statics and

are shown on the free-body,

−1 −2 −0 −2
w = 52 x − 0 − 258 x − 0 −8 x −0 + 50 x − 5 +8 x −5
0
EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
• Since dV dx = − w(x ) and dM dx = V
−1 −1
V = 52 x − 0 − 258 x − 0 − 8 x − 0 + 50 x − 5 + 8 x − 5
0 1 1

M = −258 x − 0 + 52 x − 0 − (8) x − 0 + 50 x − 5 + (8) x − 5

0 1 1 2 0 1 2

2 2
( )
= − 258 + 52 x − 4 x 2 + 50 x − 5 + 4 x − 5 kN  m
0 2

• Integrating twice, we have

d 2v
EI 2 = −258 + 52 x − 4 x 2 + 50 x − 5 + 4 x − 5
0 2

dx
dv 4 4
= −258 x + 26 x 2 − x 3 + 50 x − 5 + x − 5 + C1
1 3
EI
dx 3 3
26 1 1
EIv = −129 x 2 + x 3 − x 4 + 25 x − 5 + x − 5 + C1 x + C2
2 4

3 3 3
EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
• Since dv/dx = 0, x = 0, C1 = 0; and v = 0, C2 = 0. Thus

1  26 3 1 4 1 4
v=  − 129 x + x − x + 25 x − 5 + x − 5  m (Ans)
2 2

EI  3 3 3 
MOMENT AREA METHOD CRUCIAL FOR FINAL EXAM
Theorem 1 & 2 explained: https://youtu.be/4W47rgTE09M?feature=shared

Theorem 1:
• The angle between the tangents at any two points on
the elastic curve equals the area under the M/EI
diagram between these two points.
d 2v d  dv 
EI 2 = EI   = M
dx dx  dx 

M 
• Since θ ≈ dv/dx, so d =  dx
 EI 
• Therefore, B
M
B/ A =  dx
A
EI
MOMENT AREA METHOD (cont)

Theorem 1 (cont):
• This equation forms the basis for the first moment-area
theorem
B
M
B/ A =  dx
A
EI
MOMENT AREA METHOD (cont)

Theorem 2:
• The vertical deviation of the tangent at a point (A) on
the elastic curve with respect to the tangent extended
from another point (B) equals the moment of the area
under the M/EI diagram between these two points (A
and B). This moment is computed about point (A)
where the vertical deviation (tA/B) is to be determined.
MOMENT AREA METHOD (cont)

Theorem 2 (cont):
• The vertical deviation of the tangent at A with respect
to the tangent at B is
B
M
t A/ B =  x dx
A
EI
• Then,
B
M
t A/ B = x  dx
A
EI

• Where x is the location of the centroid of the shaded

area ∫(M/EI) dx between A and B.
EXAMPLE 5
Determine the slope of the beam shown in Fig. 12–22a at point
B. EI is constant. vid solution: https://youtu.be/x8AdLwAGplE?
ex 12.7 in book feature=shared
EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Solutions
• M/EI diagram will be drawn first.

• The force P causes the beam to deflect

as shown.

• By the construction, the angle between tan A and tan B is equivalent to

θB/A, where
B = B/ A C = C / A

• Using moment-area theorem,

1  PL  PL2
B = B/ A = − ( L ) = − (Ans)
2  EI  2 EI
-ve cuz downward slope
EXAMPLE 6
Determine the displacement of points B and C of the beam
shown in Fig. 12–23a. EI is constant.
ex 12.8 in book
EXAMPLE 6 (cont)
Solutions
• Since both answers are negative, they indicate that points B
and C lie below the tangent at A.
• This checks with Fig. 12–23c.

tangent at B from A

centroid of point A --> C

centroid of point A --> B
EXAMPLE 6 (cont)
Solutions
• The required displacements can be related directly to the vertical
distance between the tangents at B and A and C and A.
 B = tB / A  C = tC / A

• Applying Theorem 2,

 L   M 0  L  M 0 L2
 B = tB / A =    −   = − (Ans)
  
4 EI  
2 8 EI theorem 2 formulas

• We must determine the moment of the area under the entire M EI

diagram from A to C about point C (the point on the elastic curve).

 L   M 0   M 0 L2
 C = tC / A =    − (L ) = − (Ans)
  
2 EI   2 EI

for moment diagram, if shear is above x axis moment line or curve is positive
slope, if shear is below x axis moment line or curve is negative slope
METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION

• Necessary conditions to be satisfied:

1. The load w(x) is linearly related to the deflection
v(x),
2. The load is assumed not to change significantly the
original geometry of the beam of shaft.

• Then, it is possible to find the slope and displacement

at a point on a beam subjected to several different
loadings by algebraically adding the effects of its
various component parts.
USE OF THE METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION

Procedures:

Elastic Curve

• Specify the unknown redundant forces or moments

that must be removed from the beam in order to make
it statically determinate and stable.

• Using the principle of superposition, draw the statically

indeterminate beam and show it equal to a sequence of
corresponding statically determinate beams.
USE OF THE METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION
(cont)
Procedures:

Elastic Curve (cont)

• The first of these beams, the primary beam, supports

the same external loads as the statically indeterminate
beam, and each of the other beams “added” to the
primary beam shows the beam loaded with a separate
redundant force or moment.

• Sketch the deflection curve for each beam and indicate

the symbolically the displacement or slope at the point
of each redundant force or moment.
USE OF THE METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION
(cont)
Procedures:

Compatibility Equations

• Write a compatibility equation for the displacement or

slope at each point where there is a redundant force or
moment.

• Determine all the displacements or slopes using an

appropriate method as explained in Secs. 12.2 through
12.5.
USE OF THE METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION
(cont)
Procedures:

Compatibility Equations (cont)

• Substitute the results into the compatibility equations

and solve for the unknown redundant.

• If the numerical value for a redundant is positive, it has

the same sense of direction as originally assumed.
Similarly, a negative numerical value indicates the
redundant acts opposite to its assumed sense of
direction.
USE OF THE METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION
(cont)
Procedures:

Equilibrium Equations

• Once the redundant forces and/or

moments have been determined,
the remaining unknown reactions
can be found from the equations of
equilibrium applied to the loadings
shown on the beam’s free body
diagram.
EXAMPLE 2
Determine the reactions at the roller support B of the beam
shown in Fig. 12–44a, then draw the shear and moment
diagrams. EI is constant.
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
• By inspection, the beam is statically indeterminate to the first degree.

• Taking positive displacement as downward, the compatibility equation at

B is
(+ ) 0 = vB − v'B (1)

• Displacements can be obtained from Appendix C.

wL4 5PL3 83.25 kN  m 3

vB = + = 
8EI 48EI EI

v' B =
PL3 (
=
)
9 m3 By

3EI EI
APPENDIX C
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solutions
• Substituting into Eq. 1 and solving yields

83.25 9 B y
0= −
EI EI
B y = 9.25 kN

16.75-(6)(1.5)=7.75
7.75-8=-0.25
-0.25-(6)(1.5)=-9.25

-11.25+1/2(16.75+7.75)(1.5)=7.125
7.125-1/2(0.25+9.25)(1.5)=0
EXAMPLE 3
Determine the moment at B for the beam shown in Fig. 12–46a.
EI is constant. Neglect the effects of axial load.
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
• Since the axial load on the beam is neglected, there will be a vertical
force and moment at A and B.

• Referring to the displacement and slope at B,

we require

(+ ) 0 =  B +  ' B + ' 'B (1)

(+ ) 0 = vB + v' B + v' ' B (2)
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
• Use Appx C to calculate slopes and displacements,
wL3 12 kN  m 3
B = =
48EI EI
7 wL4 42 kN  m 3
vB = = 
384 EI EI
PL2 8B y
 'B = =
2 EI EI
PL3 21.33B y
v' B = = 
3EI EI
ML 4M B
 ' 'B = =
EI EI
ML2 8M B
v' ' B = = 
2 EI EI
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solutions
• Substituting these values into Eqs. 1 and 2 and cancelling out the
common factor EI, we get

(+ ) 0 = 12 + 8B y + 4M B
(+ ) 0 = 42 + 21.33B y + 8M B

• Solving these equations simultaneously gives

B y = 3.375 kN
M B = 3.75 kN  m (Ans)

stopped here Nov 7th class

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS AND
SHAFT USING INTEGRATION METHOD
• Definition:

A member of any type is classified statically

indeterminate if the number of unknown reactions
exceeds the available number of equilibrium
equations, e.g. a continuous beam having 4 supports
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS AND
SHAFT (cont)
Strategy:

• The additional support reactions on the beam or shaft

that are not needed to keep it in stable equilibrium are
called redundants. It is first necessary to specify those
redundant from conditions of geometry known as
compatibility conditions.

• Once determined, the redundants are then applied to

the beam, and the remaining reactions are determined
from the equations of equilibrium.
EXAMPLE 1 – USE OF THE INTEGRATRION METHOD

The beam is subjected to the distributed loading shown in Fig.

12–34a. Determine the reaction at A. EI is constant.
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• The beam deflects as shown in Fig. 12–34a. Only one coordinate x is
needed.

• The beam is indeterminate to the first degree as indicated from the free-
body diagram, Fig. 12–34b

1 x3
M = Ay x − w0
6 L

• Applying Eq. 12–10, we have

d 2v 1 x3
EI 2 = Ay x − wo
dx 6 L
dv 1 1 x4
EI = Ay x − wo
2
+ C1
dx 2 24 L
1 1 x5
EIv = Ay x −
3
wo + C1 x + C2
6 120 L
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solutions
• The 3 unknowns Ay, C1 and C2 are determined from the boundary
conditions x = 0 and v = 0; x = L, dv/dx = 0; and x = L, v = 0.

• Applying these conditions yields,

x = 0, v = 0; 0 = 0 − 0 + 0 + C2
dv 1 1
x = L, = 0; 0= Ay L2 − w0 L3 + C1
dx 2 24
1 1
x = L, v = 0; 0 = Ay L3 − w0 L4 + C1 L + C2
6 120
• Solving,
1
Ay = w0 L (Ans) 2w0 L
10 By = , Bx = 0
5
1
C1 = − w0 L3 C2 = 0 w0 L2
120 MB =
15
USE OF THE MOMENT-AREA METHOD CRUCIAL FOR
for Statically Indeterminate Beams & Shafts FINAL EXAM
Procedures:

• Construct separately the M/EI diagrams for each

applied force or moment, and each redundant as well.

• Then use the method of superposition and apply the

two moment area theorems to obtain the proper
relationship between the tangents on the elastic curve
in order to meet the conditions of displacement and/or
slope at the supports of the beam or shaft.

• Note: If the two end-moments 20kN.m are redundants,

they remain as unknown in the M/EI diagram
USE OF THE MOMENT-AREA METHOD (cont)

Procedures:
EXAMPLE 4
The beam is subjected to the concentrated force shown in Fig.
12–39a. Determine the reactions at the supports. EI is constant.
EX 12.19 in book
EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
• The free-body diagram is shown in Fig. 12–39b.

• Using the method of superposition, the separate M/EI diagrams for the
redundant reaction By and the load P are shown in Fig. 12–39c.

• The elastic curve for the beam is shown in Fig. 12–39d.

EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solutions
• Applying Theorem 2, we have

 2   1  B y L    L   − PL   2   1  PL  
tB / A =  L     L  +    (L ) +  L   − (L ) = 0
 3   2  EI    2   EI   3   2  EI  

B y = 2.5P (Ans)

• Using this result, the reactions at A on the free-body diagram, Fig. 12–
39b, are

+→  F = 0;x Ax = 0 (Ans)
+   F = 0;
y − Ay + 2.5P − P = 0  Ay = 1.5P (Ans)
+ M A = 0; − M A + 2.5P(L ) = P(2 L ) = 0  M A = 0.5PL (Ans)
Example No. 1
Solution for No. 1
Cont’d…Solution for No. 1
Example No. 2
Solution for No. 2
Cont’d…Solution for No. 2