Structural Theory 2

Lecture Notes 4
in
STRUCTURAL
THEORY 2
CE 06
Second semester
2022-2023
BSCE Curriculum 2018

Presented by: NENITA M. ABARADO,C.E.

College of Engineering and Architecture
Bohol Island State University-Main Campus

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Structural Theory 2

Lesson 4
Double Integration Method

Learning Objectives:

At the end of lesson, the students should be able to:

1. state the boundary, continuity and symmetry conditions;

2. derive the elastic-curve equation. using singularity function;
3. find the maximum displacement and its location in the beam and
4. determine the rotation at the supports.

Time frame: 5 hours

Introduction:

Structure deflections can occur from a variety of sources, such as loads, temperature,
manufacturing errors, or settlement. The structure must not be heavily deflected in order to be
safe for its occupants. More important, however, is that the deflections at the specified points in
the structure must be calculated if it is to examine statically indeterminate structures.

 Boundary and Continuity Conditions

Integration constants are calculated by measuring slope or displacement functions at a

given point on the beam where the function’s value is defined. These values are known as
boundary conditions.

 For example, if the beam is supported by a roller or pin, then it is required that the
displacement be zero at these points. Also, at a fixed support the slope and
displacement are both zero.

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Structural Theory 2

 Procedure for Analysis

Elastic Curve
 Evaluate the bending moment at a given section
Recall that points of zero slope and zero displacement occur at a fixed support, and zero
displacement occurs at pin and roller supports. Establish the 𝑥 and 𝑣 coordinate axes. The 𝑥 axis
must be parallel to the undeflected beam and its origin at the left side of the beam, with a positive
direction to the right. If several discontinuous loads are present, establish 𝑥 coordinates that are
valid for each region of the beam between the discontinuities. In all cases, the associated positive
𝑣 axis should be directed upward.

Load for Moment Function

For each region in which there is an 𝑥 coordinate, express the internal moment 𝑀 as a
function of 𝑥. Always assume that 𝑀 acts in the positive direction when applying the question;

𝑀 = 𝑓(𝑥).

 Write the differential equation of the elastic curve

Slope and Elastic Curve

𝐸𝐼𝑑 2 𝑣
Provided EI is constant, apply the moment equation 2 = 𝑀(𝑥), which requires two
𝑑𝑥
integrations. For each integration, it is important to include a constant of integration. The
constants are determined using the boundary conditions for the supports and the continuity
conditions apply to slope and displacement at points where two functions meet.

 Evaluate, the constants of integration

Apply the following boundary conditions: When x = O, y = O; /. Once the integration constants
are determined and substituted back into the slope and deflection equations, the slope ad
displacement at specific points on the elastic curve can be determined. The numerical values can
be obtained can be checked graphically by comparing them with the sketch of the elastic curve.
 Write the slope and deflection equations
Positive values for slope are counter clockwise and positive displacement is upward.
 Find the slope at the supports
 Solve for the maximum deflection

Examples:

1. Each simply supported floor joist shown in the photo is subjected to a uniform design
loading of 4 kN/m. Determine the maximum deflection of the joist. EI is constant.

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Structural Theory 2

Due to symmetry, the joist’s maximum deflection will occur its center. Only a single 𝑥 coordinate
is needed to determine the internal moment.

From the free body diagram, we have

𝑥
𝑀 = 20𝑥 − 4𝑥 ( ) = 20𝑥 − 2𝑥 2
2

Applying Eq. 1 and integrating it twice gives

𝑑2 𝑣
𝐸𝐼 = 20𝑥 − 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑𝑣
𝐸𝐼 = 10𝑥 2 − 0.6667𝑥 3 + 𝐶1 z
𝑑𝑥

𝐸𝐼𝑣 = 3.333𝑥 3 − 0.1667𝑥 4 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2

Here 𝑣 = 0 at 𝑥 = 0 so that 𝐶2 = 0, and 𝑣 = 0 at 𝑥 = 10, so that 𝐶1 = −166.7. The equation of the

elastic curve is therefore

𝐸𝐼𝑣 = 3.333𝑥 3 − 0.1667𝑥 4 − 166.7𝑥

𝑑𝑣
At 𝑥 = 5 m, note that = 0.
𝑑𝑥

521
The maximum deflection is therefore 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − 2.
𝐸𝐼

2. The cantilevered beam shown in the figure below is subjected to a couple moment M0 at
its end. Determine the equation of the elastic curve. EI is constant

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Structural Theory 2

Elastic Curve. The curve tends to deflect the beam as shown in the figure. By inspection, the
internal moment can be represented throughout the beam using a single x coordinate.

Moment Function. From the free-body diagram, with M acting in the positive direction, we have

𝑀 = 𝑀0

Slope and Elastic. Applying Eq. 1 and integrating twice yields

𝑑2 𝑣
𝐸𝐼 = 𝑀0 (1)
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑𝑣
𝐸𝐼 = 𝑀0 𝑥 + 𝐶1 (2)
𝑑𝑥

𝑀0 𝑥 2
𝐸𝐼𝑣 = + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 (3)
2

𝑑𝑣
Using the boundary conditions = 0 at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑣 = 0 at 𝑥 = 0, then 𝐶1 = 𝐶2 = 0. Substituting
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
these results into Eqs. (2) and (3) with 𝜃 = , we get
𝑑𝑥

𝑀0 𝑥
𝜃=
𝐸𝐼

𝑀0 𝑥 2
𝑣= (Ans.)
2𝐸𝐼

Maximum slope and displacement occur at 𝐴(𝑥 = 𝐿), for which

𝑀0 𝐿
𝜃𝐴 = (4)
𝐸𝐼

𝑀0 𝐿2
𝑣𝑎 = (5)
2𝐸𝐼

12𝑖𝑛 12𝑖𝑛
15𝑘∙𝑓𝑡( 𝑓𝑡 )(12𝑓𝑡)( 𝑓𝑡 )
𝜃𝐴 = = 0.0545 𝑟𝑎𝑑
29(103 )(𝑘/𝑖𝑛2 )(16.4𝑖𝑛4 )

12𝑖𝑛 12𝑖𝑛
15𝑘∙𝑓𝑡( 𝑓𝑡 )(12𝑓𝑡)2 ( 𝑓𝑡 )2
𝑣𝐴 = 𝑘 = 3.92 in.
2(29)(103 )( 2)(16.4𝑖𝑛4 )
𝑖𝑛

Note:
For examples 3 & 4, observe the use of singularity function with pointed brackets.

3. Determine the value of EIy midway between the supports for the beam loaded as shown.

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Structural Theory 2

Solution:

ΣMRB = 0 +↻

R1(6) + 200(4)(0) – 1800 = 0

RA = 300 N ↑

ΣFy = 0 +↑

300 – 200(4) + R2 = 0

RB = 500 N ↑

ΣMX = 0 +↻
(x−4)
-MX + 300x – 1800( x - 2)0 + 500(x - 6) – 200(x - 4) =0
2

MX = 300x – 1800(x -2)0 + 500(x - 6)

- 100(x - 4)2

EIy”= 300x –1800<x - 2>0 + 500<x - 6> -100<x - 4>2

100
EIy’ = 150x – 1800<x - 2> + 250<x - 6>2 - <x - 4>3 + C1
3

250
EIy = 50x3 – 900<x -2>2 + <x - 6>3
3

25
- <x - 4>4 + C1x + C2
3

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Structural Theory 2

Boundary Conditions:

@ x = 0, y = 0; C2 = 0

@ x = 6m, y = 0
250 25
0 = 50(6)3 – 900(6 - 2)2 + (6 -6)3 - (6 - 4)4 + C1(6)
3 3

5600
C1 = N.m3
9

@ x = 3m
5600
EIy = 50(3)3 – 900(1)2 + (3)
9

EIy = 2316.67 N.m3 (ans)

4. Compute the value of EIy at midspan for the beam loaded as shown. If E = 10 GPa, what
1
value of I is required to limit the midspan deflection to of the span?
360

SOLUTION:

ΣMR1 = 0 +↻

R1(4) - 300(2)(3) = 0

R1 = 450 N ↑

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Structural Theory 2

ΣFy = 0 +↑

450 + R2 – 300(2) = 0

R2 = 150 N ↑

300 2 300
EIy" = 450x − x + (x − 2)2
2 2
EIy" = 450x − 150x 2 + 150 < x − 2 >2

EIy′ = 225x 2 − 50x 3 + 50 < x − 2 >3 + C1

25 4 25
EIy = 75x 3 − x + < x − 2 >4 + C1x + C2
2 2
Boundary Conditions:

@x = 0, y = 0; C2 = 0

@x = 4m, y = 0

25 25
0 = 75(4)3 − (4)4 + (4 − 2)4 + 4C1
2 2
C1 = -450 N.m3

@x = 2m (midspan)

25 25
EIy = 75(2)3 − (2)4 + (2 − 2)4 − 2(450)
2 2
EIy = -500 N.m3

EIδ = 500 N.m3 (ans)

Δmax @ midspan:
1 1 1
Δ = 360 L = (4) = (1000)mm
360 90

100
Δ= mm
9

EIδ = 500 N.m3

500(1000)3
I= 100
10000( )
9

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Structural Theory 2

I = 4.5 x 106 mm4 (ans)

5.

Exercises: (Use the singularity function).

Plate No. 4

1. A simply supported beam has a span of L and carries a uniformly distributed load of W
kN/m throughout its span. Compute the deflection at midspan. Assuming EI is constant.

2. Determine the slope at A of the simply supported beam that carries a triangular loadings.
Assuming EI is constant.

3. The bar is supported by a roller constraint at B, which allows vertical displacement but
resists axial load and moment. If the bar is subjected to the loading shown, determine the
deflection at B of the bar. Assuming EI is constant.

4. Determine the slope at A of the simply supported beam. Assuming EI is constant.

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Structural Theory 2

5. Determine the slope at point B of the cantilevered beam.

E = 29X103 Ksi I = 500 in4

References:

Books:

ASEP, NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES, 2015 ed.

Aslam Kassimali, STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, 4th ed.
Matias Areola, STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
R.C Hibbeler, STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, 8TH ed.
V. Besavilla, THEORY OF STRUCTURES

YouTube links:

https://youtu.be/O9_m00pCf84
https://youtu.be/Za9Ioh2CyuE
https://youtu.be/khf_cy_lFrU

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