Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders

Contents Application Engineering Data

Pneumatic Cylinders Rotary Actuators

Safety Guidelines for Cylinder Products ................... K2 Design Torque......................................................... K25
Storage ..................................................................... K3 Calculating Torque Requirements
Installation & Mounting Recommendations .............. K3 Design Torque Examples
Troubleshooting ........................................................ K3 Torque Selection
Fluid Service – Industrial Cylinders .......................... K4 Moments of Inertia.................................................. K28
Operating Fluids and Temperature Range Mass Moments of Inertia
Water Service Basic Equations ...................................................... K29
Warranty Conversion Factors ................................................. K30
Pre-Lubricated/Non Lubricated Cylinders
Operating Principles and Construction ..................... K5
Theoretical Push and Pull Forces ............................. K6
Mounting Information ................................................ K8
Straight Line Force Transfer (Group 1)
Straight Line Force Transfer (Group 3)
Pivot Force Transfer (Group 2)
Accessories
Removable Trunnion Pins
Port Data ................................................................ K12
Straight Thread, NPT and International Ports
Oversize NPTF, SAE and Manifold Ports
Stroke Data – Tie Rod Supports ............................. K14
Stroke Adjusters, Thrust Key Mountings
Stop Tubing ............................................................. K15
Mounting Classes for 2A/2AN and 2MA
Cylinder Rod Selection for 2A/2AN/2MA
Mounting Classes for P1D
Deceleration Forces and Air Requirements ............ K19
Air Cylinder Cushion Rating
Air Requirements
Rod End Data ......................................................... K23
Warning
Piston Rod End Threads
International Rod End Threads
Special Rod Ends
Special Assemblies from Standard Parts
Single Acting Cylinders
Modifications........................................................... K24
Metallic Rod Wiper
Gland Drains
Rod End Boots
Tandem Cylinders
Duplex Cylinders

For installation, maintenance and replacement parts information, go to www.parker.com/actsafety.

K1 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Safety Guidelines Application Engineering Data

Safety Guide for Selecting and Using Hydraulic, Pneumatic Cylinders and Their Accessories
WARNING: FAILURE OF THE CYLINDER, ITS PARTS, ITS MOUNTING, ITS CONNECTIONS TO OTHER OBJECTS,
OR ITS CONTROLS CAN RESULT IN:
• Unanticipated or uncontrolled movement of the cylinder or objects connected to it.
• Falling of the cylinder or objects held up by it.
• Fluid escaping from the cylinder, potentially at high velocity.
THESE EVENTS COULD CAUSE DEATH OR PERSONAL INJURY BY, FOR EXAMPLE, PERSONS FALLING FROM
HIGH LOCATIONS, BEING CRUSHED OR STRUCK BY HEAVY OR FAST MOVING OBJECTS, BEING PUSHED INTO
DANGEROUS EQUIPMENT OR SITUATIONS, OR SLIPPING ON ESCAPED FLUID.
Before selecting or using Parker (The Company) cylinders or related acces- • Unexpected detachment of the machine member from the piston rod.
sories, it is important that you read, understand and follow the following safety • Failure of the pressurized fluid delivery system (hoses, fittings, valves,
information. Training is advised before selecting and using The Company’s pumps, compressors) which maintain cylinder position.
products.
• Catastrophic cylinder seal failure leading to sudden loss of pressurized
1.0 General Instructions fluid.
1.1 Scope – This safety guide provides instructions for selecting and • Failure of the machine control system.
using (including assembling, installing, and maintaining) cylinder products.
Follow the recommendations of the “Piston Rod Selection Chart and Data”
This safety guide is a supplement to and is to be used with the specific
in the publication for the series of cylinders of interest. The suggested
Company publications for the specific cylinder products that are being
piston rod diameter in these charts must be followed in order to avoid
considered for use.
piston rod buckling.
1.2 Fail Safe – Cylinder products can and do fail without warning for
Piston rods are not normally designed to absorb bending moments or
many reasons. All systems and equipment should be designed in a fail-
loads which are perpendicular to the axis of piston rod motion. These
safe mode so that if the failure of a cylinder product occurs people and
additional loads can cause the piston rod to fail. If these types of additional
property won’t be endangered.
loads are expected to be imposed on the piston rod, their magnitude
1.3 Distribution – Provide a free copy of this safety guide to each person should be made known to our engineering department.
responsible for selecting or using cylinder products. Do not select or use
The cylinder user should always make sure that the piston rod is securely
The Company’s cylinders without thoroughly reading and understand-
attached to the machine member.
ing this safety guide as well as the specific Company publications for the
products considered or selected. On occasion cylinders are ordered with double rods (a piston rod extended
from both ends of the cylinder). In some cases a stop is threaded on to
1.4 User Responsibility – Due to very wide variety of cylinder applica-
one of the piston rods and used as an external stroke adjuster. On oc-
tions and cylinder operating conditions, The Company does not warrant
casions spacers are attached to the machine member connected to the
that any particular cylinder is suitable for any specific application. This
piston rod and also used as a stroke adjuster. In both cases the stops
safety guide does not analyze all technical parameters that must be
will create a pinch point and the user should consider appropriate use of
considered in selecting a product. The hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders
guards. If these external stops are not perpendicular to the mating contact
outlined in this catalog are designed to The Company’s design guidelines
surface, or if debris is trapped between the contact surfaces, a bending
and do not necessarily meet the design guideline of other agencies such
moment will be placed on the piston rod, which can lead to piston rod
as American Bureau of Shipping, ASME Pressure Vessel Code etc. The
failure. An external stop will also negate the effect of cushioning and will
user, through its own analysis and testing, is solely responsible for:
subject the piston rod to impact loading. Those two (2) conditions can
• Making the final selection of the cylinders and related accessories. cause piston rod failure. Internal stroke adjusters are available with and
• Determining if the cylinders are required to meet specific design require- without cushions. The use of external stroke adjusters should be reviewed
ments as required by the Agency(s) or industry standards covering the with our engineering department.
design of the user’s equipment. The piston rod to piston and the stud to piston rod threaded connections
• Assuring that the user’s requirements are met, OSHA requirements are are secured with an anaerobic adhesive. The strength of the adhesive
met, and safety guidelines from the applicable agencies such as but decreases with increasing temperature. Cylinders which can be exposed
not limited to ANSI are followed and that the use presents no health or to temperatures above +250°F (+121°C) are to be ordered with a non
safety hazards. studded piston rod and a pinned piston to rod joint.
• Providing all appropriate health and safety warnings on the equipment on 2.3 Cushions – Cushions should be considered for cylinder applications
which the cylinders are used. when the piston velocity is expected to be over 4 inches/second.
1.5 Additional Questions – Call the appropriate Company technical Cylinder cushions are normally designed to absorb the energy of a linear
service department if you have any questions or require any additional in- applied load. A rotating mass has considerably more energy than the
formation. See the Company publication for the product being considered same mass moving in a linear mode. Cushioning for a rotating mass ap-
or used, or call 1-800-CPARKER, or go to www.parker.com, for telephone plication should be reviewed by our engineering department.
numbers of the appropriate technical service department. 2.4 Cylinder Mountings – Some cylinder mounting configurations may
2.0 Cylinder and Accessories Selection have certain limitations such as but not limited to minimum stroke for side
or foot mounting cylinders or pressure de-ratings for certain mounts.
2.1 Seals – Part of the process of selecting a cylinder is the selection of
Carefully review the catalog for these types of restrictions.
seal compounds. Before making this selection, consult the “seal informa-
tion page(s)” of the publication for the series of cylinders of interest. Always mount cylinders using the largest possible high tensile alloy steel
socket head cap screws that can fit in the cylinder mounting holes and
The application of cylinders may allow fluids such as cutting fluids,
torque them to the manufacturer’s recommendations for their size.
washdown fluids etc. to come in contact with the external area of the
cylinder. These fluids may attack the piston rod wiper and or the primary 2.5 Port Fittings – Hydraulic cylinders applied with meter out or decel-
seal and must be taken into account when selecting and specifying seal eration circuits are subject to intensified pressure at piston rod end.
compounds. The rod end pressure is approximately equal to:
Dynamic seals will wear. The rate of wear will depend on many operating operating pressure x effective cap end area
factors. Wear can be rapid if a cylinder is mis-aligned or if the cylinder has effective rod end piston area
been improperly serviced. The user must take seal wear into consideration
in the application of cylinders. Contact your connector supplier for the pressure rating of individual
connectors.
2.2 Piston Rods – Possible consequences of piston rod failure or sepa-
ration of the piston rod from the piston include, but are not limited to are: 3.0 Cylinder and Accessories Installation and Mounting
• Piston rod and or attached load thrown off at high speed. 3.1 Installation
• High velocity fluid discharge. 3.1.1 – Cleanliness is an important consideration, and cylinders are
• Piston rod extending when pressure is applied in the piston retract shipped with the ports plugged to protect them from contaminants
mode. entering the ports. These plugs should not be removed until the piping
is to be installed. Before making the connection to the cylinder ports,
Piston rods or machine members attached to the piston rod may move piping should be thoroughly cleaned to remove all chips or burrs
suddenly and without warning as a consequence of other conditions which might have resulted from threading or flaring operations.
occurring to the machine such as, but not limited to:

K2 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Safety Guidelines Application Engineering Data
3.1.2 – Cylinders operating in an environment where air drying mate- 4.2 Cylinder Trouble Shooting
rials are present such as fast-drying chemicals, paint, or weld splatter, 4.2.1 – External Leakage
or other hazardous conditions such as excessive heat, should have
4.2.1.1 – Rod seal leakage can generally be traced to worn or
shields installed to prevent damage to the piston rod and piston rod
damaged seals. Examine the piston rod for dents, gouges or
seals.
score marks, and replace piston rod if surface is rough.
3.1.3 – Proper alignment of the cylinder piston rod and its mating
Rod seal leakage could also be traced to gland wear. If clear-
component on the machine should be checked in both the extended
ance is excessive, replace rod bushing and seal. Rod seal leak-
and retracted positions. Improper alignment will result in excessive
age can also be traced to seal deterioration. If seals are soft or
rod gland and/or cylinder bore wear. On fixed mounting cylinders at-
gummy or brittle, check compatibility of seal material with
taching the piston rod while the rod is retracted will help in achieving
lubricant used if air cylinder, or operating fluid if hydraulic cylin-
proper alignment.
der. Replace with seal material, which is compatible with these
3.1.4 – Sometimes it may be necessary to rotate the piston rod in or- fluids. If the seals are hard or have lost elasticity, it is usually due
der to thread the piston rod into the machine member. This operation to exposure to temperatures in excess of 165°F (+74°C). Shield
must always be done with zero pressure being applied to either side the cylinder from the heat source to limit temperature to 350°F
of the piston. Failure to follow this procedure may result in loosening (+177°C) and replace with fluorocarbon seals.
the piston to rod-threaded connection. In some rare cases the turning
4.2.1.2 – Cylinder body seal leak can generally be traced to
of the piston rod may rotate a threaded piston rod gland and loosen it
loose tie rods. Torque the tie rods to manufacturer’s recommen-
from the cylinder head. Confirm that this condition is not occurring. If it
dation for that bore size.
does, re-tighten the piston rod gland firmly against the cylinder head.
Excessive pressure can also result in cylinder body seal leak.
For double rod cylinders it is also important that when attaching or
Determine maximum pressure to rated limits. Replace seals and
detaching the piston rod from the machine member that the torque be
retorque tie rods as in paragraph above. Excessive pressure can
applied to the piston rod end of the cylinder that is directly attaching
also result in cylinder body seal leak. Determine if the pressure
to the machine member with the opposite end unrestrained. If the
rating of the cylinder has been exceeded. If so, bring the operat-
design of the machine is such that only the rod end of the cylinder
ing pressure down to the rating of the cylinder and have the tie
opposite to where the rod attaches to the machine member can be
rods replaced.
rotated, consult the factory for further instructions.
Pinched or extruded cylinder body seal will also result in a leak.
3.2 Mounting Recommendations
Replace cylinder body seal and retorque as in paragraph above.
3.2.1 – Always mount cylinders using the largest possible high tensile
Cylinder body seal leakage due to loss of radial squeeze which
alloy steel socket head screws that can fit in the cylinder mounting
shows up in the form of flat spots or due to wear on the O.D. or
holes and torque them to the manufacturer’s recommendations for
I.D. – Either of these are symptoms of normal wear due to high
their size.
cycle rate or length of service. Replace seals as per paragraph
3.2.2 – Side-Mounted Cylinders – In addition to the mounting bolts, above.
cylinders of this type should be equipped with thrust keys or dowel
4.2.2 – Internal Leakage
pins located so as to resist the major load.
4.2.2.1 – Piston seal leak (by-pass) 1 to 3 cubic inches per
3.2.3 – Tie Rod Mounting – Cylinders with tie rod mountings are
minute leakage is considered normal for piston ring construction.
recommended for applications where mounting space is limited.
Virtually no static leak with lipseal type seals on piston should be
The standard tie rod extension is shown as BB in dimension tables.
expected. Piston seal wear is a usual cause of piston seal leak-
Longer or shorter extensions can be supplied. Nuts used for this
age. Replace seals as required.
mounting style should be torqued to the same value as the tie rods for
that bore size. 4.2.2.2 – With lipseal type piston seals excessive back pressure
due to over-adjustment of speed control valves could be a direct
3.2.4 – Flange Mount Cylinders – The controlled diameter of the rod
cause of rapid seal wear. Contamination in a hydraulic system
gland extension on head end flange mount cylinders can be used as
can result in a scored cylinder bore, resulting in rapid seal wear.
a pilot to locate the cylinders in relation to the machine. After align-
In either case, replace piston seals as required.
ment has been obtained, the flanges may be drilled for pins or dowels
to prevent shifting. 4.2.2.3 – What appears to be piston seal leak, evidenced by the
fact that the cylinder drifts, is not always traceable to the piston.
3.2.5 – Trunnion Mountings – Cylinders require lubricated bearing
To make sure, it is suggested that one side of the cylinder piston
blocks with minimum bearing clearances. Bearing blocks should be
be pressurized and the fluid line at the opposite port be discon-
carefully aligned and rigidly mounted so the trunnions will not be sub-
nected. Observe leakage. If none is evident, seek the cause of
jected to bending moments. The rod end should also be pivoted with
cylinder drift in other component parts in the circuit.
the pivot pin in line and parallel to axis of the trunnion pins.
4.2.3 – Cylinder Fails to Move the Load
3.2.6 – Clevis Mountings – Cylinders should be pivoted at both
ends with centerline of pins parallel to each other. After cylinder is 4.2.3.1 – Pneumatic or hydraulic pressure is too low. Check the
mounted, be sure to check to assure that the cylinder is free to swing pressure at the cylinder to make sure it is to circuit requirements.
through its working arc without interference from other machine parts. 4.2.3.2 – Piston Seal Leak – Operate the valve to cycle the
cylinder and observe fluid flow at valve exhaust ports at end of
4.0 Cylinder and Accessories Maintenance, Troubleshooting
cylinder stroke. Replace piston seals if flow is excessive.
and Replacement
4.2.3.3 – Cylinder is undersized for the load – Replace cylinder
4.1 Storage – At times cylinders are delivered before a customer is ready
with one of a larger bore size.
to install them and must be stored for a period of time. When storage is
required the following procedures are recommended. 4.3 Erratic or Chatter Operation
4.1.1 – Store the cylinders in an indoor area which has a dry, clean 4.3.1 – Excessive friction at rod gland or piston bearing due to load
and noncorrosive atmosphere. Take care to protect the cylinder from misalignment – Correct cylinder-to-load alignment.
both internal corrosion and external damage. 4.3.2 – Cylinder sized too close to load requirements – Reduce load
4.1.2 – Whenever possible cylinders should be stored in a vertical or install larger cylinder.
position (piston rod up). This will minimize corrosion due to possible 4.3.3 – Erratic operation could be traced to the difference between
condensation which could occur inside the cylinder. This will also static and kinetic friction. Install speed control valves to provide a
minimize seal damage. back pressure to control the stroke.
4.1.3 – Port protector plugs should be left in the cylinder until the time 4.4 Cylinder Modifications, Repairs, or Failed Component – Cylinders
of installation. as shipped from the factory are not to be disassembled and or modified. If
4.1.4 – If a cylinder is stored full of hydraulic fluid, expansion of the cylinders require modifications, these modifications must be done at com-
fluid due to temperature changes must be considered. Installing a pany locations or by The Company’s certified facilities. The Actuator Divi-
check valve with free flow out of the cylinder is one method. sion Engineering Department must be notified in the event of a mechanical
fracture or permanent deformation of any cylinder component (excluding
4.1.5 – When cylinders are mounted on equipment that is stored
seals). This includes a broken piston rod, tie rod, mounting accessory or
outside for extended periods, exposed unpainted surfaces, e.g. piston
any other cylinder component. The notification should include all operation
rod, must be coated with a rust-inhibiting compound to prevent
and application details. This information will be used to provide an engi-
corrosion.
neered repair that will prevent recurrence of the failure.
It is allowed to disassemble cylinders for the purpose of replacing seals or
seal assemblies. However, this work must be done by strictly following all
the instructions provided with the seal kits.

K3 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Fluids, Temperature Range and Warranty Application Engineering Data
Operating Fluids and Temperature Range Warning
Fluidpower cylinders are designed for use with pressurized air, The piston rod stud and the piston rod to piston threaded connec-
hydraulic oil and fire resistant fluids, in some cases special seals are tions are secured with an anaerobic adhesive which is temperature
required. sensitive. Cylinders specified with Class 5 seals are assembled
with anaerobic adhesive having a maximum temperature rating of
Standard Seals (class 1) +250°F (+74°C). Cylinders specified with all other seal compounds
Class 1 seals are what is normally provided in a cylinder unless are assembled with anaerobic adhesive having a maximum operating
otherwise specified. They are intended for use with fluids such as: temperature rating +165°F (+74°C). These temperature limitations
air, nitrogen, mineral base hydraulic oil or MIL-H-5606 within the tem- are necessary to prevent the possible loosening of the threaded con-
perature range of -10°F (-23°C) to +165°F (+74°C). Generally they nections. Cylinders originally manufactured with class 1 seals (Nitrile)
are nitrile except for piston rod seals in hydraulic cylinders. However that will be exposed to ambient temperatures above +165°F (+74°C)
the individual seals may be nitrile (Buna-N) enhanced polyurethane, must be modified for higher temperature service. Contact the factory
polymyte, P.T.F.E. or filled P.T.F.E. immediately and arrange for the piston to rod and the stud to piston
Water Base Fluid Seals (class 2) rod connections to be properly re-assembled to withstand the higher
Generally class 2 seals are intended for use with water base fluids temperature service.
within the temperature of -10°F (-23°C) to +165°F (+74°C) except for Lipseal Pistons
High Water Content Fluids (H.W.C.F.) in which case Class 6 seals Under most conditions lipseals provide the best all around service
should be used. Typical water base fluids are: Water, Water-Glycol, for pneumatic applications. Lipseals with a back-up washer are often
Water-in Emulsion, Houghto-Safe 27, 620, 5040, Mobil Pyrogard D, used for hydraulic applications when virtually zero static leakage is
Shell Irus 905, Ucon Hydrolube J-4. These seals are nitrile. Lipseal required. Lipseals will function properly in these applications when
will have polymyte or P.T.F.E. back-up washer when required. O-rings used in conjunction with moderate hydraulic pressures. A high load
will have nitrile back-up washers when required. piston option is recommended when operating at high pressures and
Ethylene Propylene (E.P.R.) Seals (class 3) especially with large bore hydraulic cylinders.
Class 3 seals are intended for use with some Phosphate Ester Fluids Water Service
between the temperatures of -10°F (-23°C) to +130°F (+54°C). For pressures up to 250 psi 2A series cylinders can be modified to
Typical fluids compatible with E.P.R. seals are Skydrol 500 and 700. make them more suitable for use with water as the operating medium.
E.P.R. are Ethylene Propylene. Lipseals will have a P.T.F.E. back-up The modifications include chrome-plated cylinder bore; cadmium-
washer when required. O-rings will have EPR back-up washers when plated head, cap and piston; chrome-plated 17-4 stainless steel
required. Note: E.P.R. seals are not compatible with mineral base hy- piston rod; chrome plated cushion sleeve or cushion spear.
draulic oil or greases. Even limited exposure to these fluids will cause
severe swelling. P.T.F.E. back-up washer may not be suitable when Warranty
used in a radiation environment. Parker Hannifin will warrant cylinders modified for water or high water
content fluid service to be free of defects in materials or workman-
Low Temperature Nitrile Seals (class 4) ship, but cannot accept responsibility to premature failure due to
Class 4 seals are intended for low temperature service with the same excessive wear due to lack of lubricity or where failure is caused by
type of fluids as used with Class 1 seals within the temperature range corrosion, electrolysis or mineral deposits within the cylinder.
of -50°F (-46°C) to +150°F (+66°C). Lipseals will have leather, poly-
myte or P.T.F.E. back-up washers when required. O-rings will have Pre-Lubricated Air Cylinders
nitrile back-up washers when required. Parker Hannifin air cylinders are factory pre-lubricated with Lube-
A-Cyl applied to seals, piston, cylinder bore, piston rod and gland
Fluorocarbon Seals (class 5) surfaces, provides for normal cylinder operations with lubricated air.
Class 5 seals are intended for elevated temperature service or for
some Phosphate Ester Fluids such as Houghto-Safe 1010, 1055, Non-Lubricated Air Cylinders
1120; Fyrquel 150, 220, 300, 350; Mobile Pyrogard 42, 43, 53, and For heavier duty operation, Series 2AN is recommended for non-
55. Note: In addition, class 5 seals can be used with fluids listed lubricated air service. These cylinders are originally lubricated at the
below under standard service. However, they are not compatible with factory and, with the rounded lip seal design, typically require no
Phosphate Ester Fluids such as Skydrols. Class 5 seals can operate additional lubrication for most applications.
with a temperature range of -10°F (-23°C) to +250°F (+121°C). Class
5 seals may be operated to +400°F (+204°C) with limited service life.
For temperatures above +250°F (+120°C) the cylinder must be manu-
factured with non-studded piston rod and thread and a pinned piston
to rod connection. Class 5 Lipseals will have P.T.F.E. back-up washers
when required. O-rings will have fluorocarbon back-up when required.

Class No. Typical Fluids Temperature Range

1 (Standard) Air, Nitrogen -10°F (-23°C) to
(Nitrile Polyurethane) +165°F (+74°C)
2 Optional Water, Water-Glycol, H.W.C.F. — See Class 6 below. -10°F (-23°C) to
Water Base Fluid Seal Water-in-Oil Emulsion Houghto-Safe, 271, 620, 5040 +165°F (+74°C)
Mobil Pyrogard D, Shell Irus 905
Ucon Hydrolube J-4

3 Special (E.P.R.) (At extra cost) Some Phosphate Ester Fluids -10°F (-23°C) to
Skydrol 500, 7000 +130°F (+54°C)
Note: (E.P.R.) seals are not compatible with Hydraulic Oil

Low Temperature Air -50°F (-46°C) to

4 Special (Nitrile) (At extra cost) +150°F (+66°C)
5 Optional (At extra cost) High Temperature See above paragraph on fluorocarbon seals
(Fluorocarbon Seals) Houghto-Safe 1010, 1055, 1120 for recommended temperature range.
Fyrquel 150, 220, 300, 550
Mobil Pyrogard 42,43,53,55
Note: Fluorocarbon seals are not suitable for use with Skydrol fluid, but can be used with hydraulic oil if desired

K4 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Operating Principles and Construction Application Engineering Data

Fundamental Cylinders
Illustration B29
Standard Double-Acting Cylinders
Power stroke is in both directions and is used in the majority
of applications.
Single-Acting Cylinders
When thrust is needed in only one direction, a single-acting
cylinder may be used. The inactive end is vented to atmo-
sphere through a breather/filter for pneumatic applications, or
vented to reservoir below the oil level in hydraulic application.
Double-Rod Cylinders
Used when equal displacement is needed on both sides of
the piston, or when it is mechanically advantageous to couple
a load to each end. The extra end can be used to mount
cams for operating limit switches, etc.
Spring Return, Single-Acting Cylinders
Usually limited to very small, short stroke cylinders used
for holding and clamping. The length needed to contain the
return spring makes them undesirable when a long stroke is
needed.
Ram Type, Single-Acting Cylinders
Containing only one fluid chamber, this type of cylinder is
usually mounted vertically. The weight of the load retracts the
cylinder. They are sometimes know as “displacement cylin-
ders”, and are practical for long strokes.
Telescoping Cylinders
Available with up to 4 or 5 sleeves; collapsed length is shorter
than standard cylinders. Available either single or double-
acting, they are relatively expensive compared to standard
cylinders.
Tandem Cylinders
A tandem cylinder is made up of two cylinders mounted in
line with pistons connected by a common piston rod and rod
seals installed between the cylinders to permit double acting
operation of each. Tandem cylinders allow increased output
force when mounting width or height are restricted.
Duplex Cylinders
A duplex cylinder is made up of two cylinders mounted in
line with pistons not connected and with rod seals installed
between the cylinders to permit double acting operation of
each. Cylinders may be mounted with piston rod to piston (as
shown) or back to back and are generally used to provide
three position operation.

K5 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Push and Pull Forces Application Engineering Data

Calculation of Cylinder Forces – Inch Based Product

Theoretical Push and Pull Forces for Pneumatic Cylinders
Push Force and Displacement
Displace-
Cylinder Cylinder Push Stroke Force Cu. Ft. Free Air ment
Bore Piston in Pounds at Various Pressures (PSI) at 80 lbs. Pressure, Per Inch
Size Area Required to Move of Stroke
(inch) (in2) 25 50 65 80 100 250 Max. Load 1 Inch (ft3)
1 0.785 20 39 51 65 79 196 0.00293 0.0004542
11/2 1.767 44 88 115 142 177 443 0.00659 0.0010225
2 3.14 79 157 204 251 314 785 0.01171 0.0018171
21/2 4.91 123 245 319 393 491 1228 0.01830 0.0028414
31/4 8.30 208 415 540 664 830 2075 0.03093 0.0048032
4 12.57 314 628 817 1006 1257 3143 0.04685 0.0072743
5 19.64 491 982 1277 1571 1964 4910 0.07320 0.0113657
6 28.27 707 1414 1838 2262 2827 7068 0.10541 0.0163599
7 38.49 962 1924 2502 3079 3849 9623 0.14347 0.0222743
8 50.27 1257 2513 3268 4022 5027 12568 0.18740 0.0290914
10 78.54 1964 3927 5105 6283 7854 19635 0.29280 0.0454513
12 113.10 2828 5655 7352 9048 11310 28275 0.42164 0.0654513
14 153.94 3849 7697 10006 12315 15394 38485 0.57389 0.0896643

Deductions for Pull Force and Displacement

Piston Rod Diameter Force In Pounds At Various Pressures (PSI)
To determine Cylinder Pull Force or Displacement, Displace-
deduct the following Force or Displacement corresponding Cu. Ft. Free Air ment
Piston Piston to Rod Size, from selected Push Stroke Force or Displacement
Rod Rod at 80 lbs. Pressure, Per Inch
corresponding to Bore Size in table above. Required to Move of Stroke
Dia. Area
(inch) (in2) 25 50 65 80 100 250 Max. Load 1 Inch (ft3)
1/ 0.196 5 10 13 16 20 49 0.00073 0.0001134
2
5/ 0.307 8 15 20 25 31 77 0.00114 0.0001776
8
1 0.785 20 39 51 65 79 196 0.00293 0.0004542
13/8 1.49 37 75 97 119 149 373 0.00554 0.0008622
13/4 2.41 60 121 157 193 241 603 0.00897 0.0013946
2 3.14 79 157 204 251 314 785 0.01171 0.0018171
21/2 4.91 123 245 319 393 491 1228 0.01830 0.0028414
3 7.07 177 354 460 566 707 1767 0.02635 0.0040914
31/2 9.62 241 481 625 770 962 2405 0.03587 0.0055671
4 12.57 314 628 817 1006 1257 3143 0.04685 0.0072743
41/2 15.90 398 795 1033 1272 1590 3975 0.05929 0.0092013
5 19.64 491 982 1277 1571 1964 4910 0.07320 0.0113657
51/2 23.76 594 1188 1544 1901 2376 5940 0.08857 0.0137500

General Formula
The cylinder output forces are derived from the formula: Free Air refers to normal atmospheric conditions of the air
at sea level (14.7 psi). Use above cu. ft. free air required
F= P x A data to compute CFM required from a compressor at 80
Where F = Force in pounds. psi. Cu. ft. of free air required at other pressures can be
calculated using formula below.
P = Pressure at the cylinder in
pounds per square inch, gauge. (P2 + 14.7) V2
V1 =
14.7
A = Effective area of cylinder piston
in square inches. Where V1 = Free air consumption per inch of stroke
(cubic feet).
V2 = Cubic feet displaced per inch of stroke.
P2 = Gauge pressure required to move
maximum load.

K6 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Calculation of Cylinder Forces Application Engineering Data

Calculation of Cylinder Forces – Metric Based Product

General Formula
The cylinder output forces are derived from the formula: If the piston rod is in tension, use the ‘Deduction for Pull
Force’ table. The procedure is the same but, due to the
F=PxA
reduced area caused by the piston rod, the force available on
10
the ‘pull’ stroke will be smaller. To determine the pull force:
Where F = Force in N 1. Follow the procedure for ‘push’ force as
P = Pressure at the cylinder in Bar described previously.
A = Effective area of cylinder piston in square mm.
2. Using the ‘Deduction for Pull Force’ table,
Prior to selecting the cylinder bore size, properly size the identify the force indicated according to the rod
piston rod for tension (pull) or compression (push) loading and pressure selected.
(see the Piston Rod Selection Chart). 3. Deduct this from the original ‘push’ force.
If the piston rod is in compression, use the ‘Push Force’ table The resultant is the net force available to move
below, as follows: the load.
1. Identify the operating pressure closest to that If this force is not large enough, repeat the process and
required increase the system operating pressure or cylinder diameter if
2. In the same column, identify the force required possible. For assistance, contact your local authorized Parker
to move the load (always rounding up). distributor.
3. In the same row, look over to the cylinder bore
required.
If the cylinder envelope dimensions are too large for the
application, increase the operating pressure, if possible, and
repeat the exercise.

Push Force Deduction for Pull Force

Cylinder Cylinder Push Force (N) Piston Piston Reduction in Force (N)
Piston Rod Rod at Various Pressures in Bar
Bore at Various Pressures in Bar
Area Size Area
Size
(mm2) 1 5 7 10 (mm) (mm2) 1 5 7 10
(mm)
6 28 3 14 20 28 4 13 1 6 9 13
8 50 5 25 35 50 6 28 3 14 20 28
10 79 8 39 55 79 8 50 5 25 35 50
12 113 11 57 79 113 10 79 8 39 55 79
14 154 15 77 108 154 12 113 11 57 79 113
16 201 20 101 141 201 16 201 20 101 141 201
20 314 31 157 220 314 20 314 31 157 220 314
25 491 49 245 344 491 25 491 49 245 344 491
32 804 80 402 563 804 32 804 80 402 563 804
40 1,257 126 628 880 1,257 40 1,257 126 628 880 1,257
50 1,963 196 982 1,374 1,963
63 3,117 312 1,559 2,182 3,117
80 5,027 503 2,513 3,519 5,027
100 7,854 785 3,927 5,498 7,854
125 12,272 1,227 6,136 8,590 12,272
160 20,106 2,011 10,053 14,074 20,106
200 31,416 3,142 15,708 21,991 31,416

K7 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Mounting Information Application Engineering Data
Single rod type, fluid power cylinders are commonly available in 20 standard
mounting styles ranging from head or cap end mounts to intermediate mounts.
Many mounting styles are also available in double rod type cylinders. Refer to
NFPA Std. B93.15-1981 or Parker air or hydraulic cylinder catalogs for detailed
description.
Standard mounting styles for fluid power cylinders fall into three basic groups. Group 1
The groups can be described as follows.
Group 1 – Straight line force transfer with fixed mounts which absorb force on
cylinder centerline.
Group 3 – Straight line force transfer with fixed mounts which do not absorb
force on cylinder centerline. Group 2
Group 2 – Pivot force transfer with pivot mounts which absorb force on cylinder
centerline and permit cylinder to change alignment in one plane.
Cylinder mounting directly affects the maximum pressure at which the fluid
power cylinder can be used, and proper selection of mounting style will have a Group 3
bearing on cylinder operation and service life. Whether the cylinder is used in
thrust or tension, its stroke length, piston rod diameter and the method of con-
nection to load also must be considered when selecting a mounting style.
Many pneumatic cylinders are offered for use with air pressure up to 250 psi.
The industrial tie rod types, known as NFPA cylinders, with square heads and
caps, plus mountings lend themselves to standardized mounts which are similar
in appearance for air cylinders.
Because of the all steel construction, Parker 2A/2AN air cylinders have a design Tie rods extended head end,
factor of better than 4:1, and the various mounts can be used without limitations Style TB
up to the cylinder manufacturer’s maximum rated pressure.

Straight Line Force Transfer (Group 1)

Cylinders with fixed mounts (Group 1) which absorb the force on centerline are
considered the best for straight line force transfer. Tie rods extended, flange or
centerline lug mounts are symmetrical and allow the thrust or tension forces of
the piston rod to be distributed uniformly about the cylinder centerline. Mounting
bolts are subjected to simple tension or simple shear without compound forces,
Tie rods extended cap end,
and when properly installed damaging cylinder bearing sideloading is kept to a Style TC
minimum.
Tie Rods Extended are considered to be of the centerline mount type. The
cylinder tie rods are designed to withstand maximum rated internal pressure
and can be extended and used to mount the cylinder at cap or head end. This
often overlooked mounting will securely support the cylinder when bolted to the
panel or machine member to which the cylinder is mounted. The torque value for
the mounting nuts should be the same as the tie rod nut torque recommended Tie rods extended both ends,
by the cylinder manufacturer. Cylinders are available with tie rod extended both
ends. In such applications one end is used for mounting and the opposite end to
Style TD
support the cylinder or to attach other machine components.
Tie rod mount cylinders may be used to provide thrust or tension forces at full J
rated pressures.
Tie rods extended head end (Parker Style TB), cap end (Parker Style TC) or
extended both ends (Parker Style TD) are readily available and fully dimen-
sioned in Parker cylinder product catalogs.
Flange Mount cylinders are also considered to be centerline mount type and
thus are among the best mounts for use on straight line force transfer applica-
tions. The machine designer has a choice of mounting styles at each end, such JB
as head rectangular flange (Style J), head square flange (Style JB), cap rectan-
gular flange (Style H), and cap square flange (Style HB). Selection of a flange
mounting style depends, in part, upon whether the major force applied to the
load will result in compression (push) or tension (pull) stresses of the cylinder
piston rod. Cap end mounting styles are recommended for thrust loads (push),
while head end mounting styles are recommended where the major load puts
the piston rod in tension (pull).

K8 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Mounting Information Application Engineering Data
Flange mounts are best used when end face is mounted against the machine
support member. (Fig. 1) This is especially true where head rectangular flange
type (Style J) is used with major load in tension. In this mode, the flange is not Fig. 1
subjected to flexure or bending stresses, nor are the mounting bolts stressed to
unusually high levels. The use of head rectangular flange (Style J) mount with
major load in compression (see Fig. 2) is not recommended except on reduced
pressure systems. The use of Style J mount in compression subjects the flange Fig. 2
to bending and the mounting bolts to tension stresses, which could result in early
fatigue failure. For maximum allowable pressure with Style J head rectangular
mount used for compression (push) or rear face of flange mounted, see pres-
sure rating in product catalogs for medium- or heavy-duty hydraulic cylinders. For
applications where push forces require full rated system pressure, head square
flange (Style JB) mounts are recommended.
Cap flange mounts are also best used when end face is mounted against the ma-
chine support member. The use of cap rectangular flange mount, Style H, is not
recommended on applications where the major load is in tension (pull) except at
reduced pressure. For maximum allowable pressure with cap rectangular flange,
Style H, used in tension application (pull) or front of flange mounted, see maxi- HB
mum pressure rating in product catalogs for medium- and heavy-duty hydraulic
cylinders.
H
For applications where pull forces involved require full rated system pressure, cap
square flange, Style HB mounts are recommended.

Straight Line Force Transfer (Group 3)

Side Mount cylinders are considered to be fixed mounts which do not absorb
force on their centerline. Cylinders of this group have mounting lugs connected
to the ends, and one style has side tapped holes for flush mounting. The plane of
their mounting surfaces is not through the centerline of the cylinder, and for this
reason side mounted cylinders produce a turning moment as the cylinder applies
force to the load. (Fig. 4) This turning moment tends to rotate the cylinder about
its mounting bolts. If the cylinder is not well secured to the machine member on
which it is mounted or the load is not well-guided, this turning moment results in C
side load applied to rod gland and piston bearings. To avoid this problem, side
mount
cylinders should be specified with a stroke length at least equal to the bore size.
Shorter stroke, large bore cylinders tend to sway on their mountings when sub- L

jected to heavy loads, especially side end lug or side and angle mounts. (Fig. 5)
Side mount cylinders are available in several mounting styles, such as side lug Fig. 4 H F
(Style C), Side tapped (Style F), side end lug (Style G*) and side end angle (Style
CB*). Of these, the side lug mount its the most popular and reliable, since the S1 a S2 b
mounting lugs are welded to head and cap to form an integral unit at each end. T

Side tapped mount is the choice when cylinders must be mounted side by side at
Fig. 5
minimum center-to-center distance. Another narrow side mount style is the side
end lug mount which has lugs threaded to the tie rods. Thus the end lugs serve
a dual function of holding the cylinder together and act as a means of mounting.
This mounting style should be used only on medium- to light-duty applications,
because the end lugs are subjected to compound stresses which could result in
early failure.
*Not available for 2A/2AN Series.

G
CB

K9 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Mounting Information Application Engineering Data
The side end angle mount is also a narrow mount type, but is the weakest of the
side mount styles. Its use should be limited to a maximum pressure of 500 psi and
minimum stroke length of two times the bore size. For pressure rating of longer
strokes, consult the cylinder manufacturer.
Consideration should also be given to design of the machine frame used to support
cylinders non-centerline mount, since stronger members are often required to resist
bending moments. (See Fig. 6)
Side mount cylinders depend wholly on the friction of their mounting surfaces in
contact with the machine member to absorb the force produced. Thus the torque
applied to the mounting bolts is an important consideration. Since the mounting
bolts are the same diameter as the tie rods for a given cylinder, it is recommended
that the torque applied to the mounting bolts be the same as the tie rod torque
recommended by the cylinder manufacturer for the given bore size.
For heavy loads or high shock conditions, side mounted cylinders should be held
in place to prevent shifting by keying or pinning. A shear key, consisting of a plate
extending from side of cylinder, can be supplied on most cylinders. (Fig. 7) This
method may be used where a keyway can be milled into a machine member. It
serves to take up shear loads and also provides accurate alignment of the cylinder.
Side lug mounts are designed so as to allow dowel pins to be used to pin the cyl-
inder to the machine member. Pins, when used, are installed on both sides of the
cylinder but not at both ends. (See Fig. 8)
The use of a separate shear key is fairly common. It should be placed at the proper
end of the cylinder to absorb the major load. (see Fig. 9)
Side mount cylinders should not be pinned or keyed at both ends. Changes in
temperature and pressure under normal operating conditions cause the cylinder to
increase (or decrease) in length from its installed length and therefore must be free
to expand and contract. If pinned or keyed at both ends, the advantages of cylinder
elasticity in absorbing high shock loads will be lost. (Fig. 10)
If high shock loads are the major consideration, the cylinder should be mounted
and pins or shear key so located as to take full advantage of the cylinder’s inherent
elasticity. For major shock load in tension, locate key at rear face of head or pin the
head in place. For major shock load in thrust, pin cap in place or locate key at front
face of cap.

Pivot Force Transfer (Group 2)

Cylinders with pivot mounts which absorb force on centerline should be used on
applications where the machine member to be moved travels in a curved path.
There are two basic ways to mount a cylinder so that it will pivot during the work
cycle: clevis or trunnion mounts, with variations of each. Pivot mount cylinders
are available in cap fixed clevis (Style BB), cap detachable clevis (Style BC*), cap
spherical bearing (Style SB), head trunnion (Style D), cap trunnion (Style DB), and
intermediate fixed trunnion(Style DD).
Pivot mount cylinders can be used on tension (pull) or thrust (push) applications
at full rated pressure, except long stroke thrust cylinders are limited by piston rod
column strength. See Piston Rod Selection Chart on page 15.
Clevis or single ear mounts are usually an integral part of the cylinder cap (though
one style is detachable) and provide a single pivot point for mounting the cylinder.
A pivot pin of proper length and of sufficient diameter to withstand the maximum
shear load developed by the cylinder at rated operating pressure is included as a
part of the clevis mount style. The fixed clevis mount, Style BB, is the most popular
of the pivot force transfer types and is used on applications where the piston rod
end travels in a curved path in one plane. It can be used vertically or horizontally
or any angle in between. On long stroke push applications it may be necessary to
use a larger diameter piston rod to prevent buckling or stop tube to minimize side
loading due to “jackknife” action of cylinder in extended position. Fixed clevis mount
cylinders will not function well if the curved path of piston rod travel is other than
one plane. Such an application results in misalignment and causes the gland and
piston bearing surfaces to be subjected to unnecessary side loading. For applica-
tions where the piston rod will travel in a path not more than 3° either side of the
true plane motion, a cap spherical bearing mount is recommended. A spherical
bearing rod eye should be used at rod end. Most spherical bearing mounts have
limited pressure ratings. Consult cylinder manufacturer’s product catalog.
*Not available for 2A/2AN Series.

K10 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Mounting Information Application Engineering Data
Cap detachable clevis mounts are usually used for air service. Cap detachable
clevis mounts are longer, centerline of pivot pin to shoulder of piston rod, than fixed Spherical Bearing Mount
clevis mount in any given bore size. They are most often specified to avoid port relo-
cation charges. Application parameters are the same as described for fixed clevis
mounting.
Trunnion mount cylinders are a second type of pivot mounts used on applications
where the piston rod travels in a curved path in one plane. Three styles are avail-
able – head trunnion (Style D), cap trunnion (Style DB) and intermediate fixed
trunnion (Style DD). Trunnion pins are designed for shear loads only and should Fig. 11
not be subjected to bending stresses. Pillow blocks, rigidly mounted with bearings
at least as long as the trunnion pins, should be used to minimize bending stresses.
The support bearings should be mounted as close to the head, cap or intermediate
trunnion shoulder faces D
as possible.
Cap end trunnion mounts are used on cylinder applications similar to fixed clevis
mounts, and the same application data applies.
Head trunnion mount cylinders can usually be specified with smaller diameter
piston rods than cylinders with pivot point at cap end or at an intermediate position.
This is evident in data shown in piston rod selection chart on page 15. On head end
trunnion mount, long stroke, cylinder applications consideration should be given
to the overhanding weight at cap end of cylinder. To keep trunnion bearing load-
ing within limits, stroke lengths should be not more than 5 times the bore size. If DB
cylinder stroke is greater than 5 times the bore size and piston speed exceeds 35
ft/minute, consult factory.
Intermediate fixed trunnion mount is the best of the trunnion mount types. The trun-
nion can be located so as to balance the weight of the cylinder, or it can be located
at any point between the head or cap to suit the application. It is of fixed design,
and the location of the trunnion must be specified (XI dimension) at time of order.
The location cannot be easily changed once manufactured.
Thrust exerted by a pivot transfer cylinder working at an angle is proportional to the
angle of the lever arm which it operates. In Fig. 12 that vector force, T, which is at DD
right angle to the lever axis, is effective for turning the lever. The value of T varies
with the acute angle A between cylinder centerline and lever axes. To calculate ef-
fective thrust T, multiply cylinder thrust by the power factor shown in table below.
Accessories
Rod clevises or rod knuckles are available for use with either fixed or pivot mount
cylinders. Such accessories are usually specified with pivot mount cylinders and are
used with pivot pin centerline in same axis as pivot pin centerline on cylinder. Pivot Clevis Mount Cylinder
T Effective
pins for accessories must be ordered separately. Thrust

Pin size of rod clevis or rod knuckle should be at least equal in diameter to the pin F
diameter of the cap fixed clevis pin for the cylinder bore size specified. Larger ac- Cylinder
Thrust
cessories are more costly and usually result in a Fig. 12 Angle° (A)

mis-match of pin diameters, especially when used Lever

Arm
with oversize piston rods.
Removable Trunnion Pins Power Factor Table
Removable trunnion pins are a convenience when
machine structures or confined space prohibit the Pwr. Pwr.
Angle A Factor Angle A Factor
use of separate pillow blocks situated close to Degrees (SIN A) Degrees (SIN A)
the cylinder sides. Parker offers a removable pin
5 0.087 50 0.766
design in 1-1/2" through 8" bores sizes. (See fol-
lowing table for recommended maximum operating 10 0.174 55 0.819
pressure.) Mounting pin diameters and lengths are 15 0.259 60 0.867
identical to those in Mounting Styles D and DB for 20 0.342 65 0.906
any given bore size. These removable trunnion pins 25 0.423 70 0.940
can be provided on the cap end (Style DBR) of 30 0.500 75 0.966
Series “2A” cylinders with any rod diameter. They can also be provided on the head 35 0.573 80 0.985
end (Style DR) of cylinders with standard rods. 40 0.643 85 0.996
Pressure Ratings – Removable Trunnion Pin Mounting 45 0.707 90 1.000
Bore Size 1" 1½" 2" 2½" 3¼" 4" 5" 6" 8"
Std. Pressure Rating (PSI) — 250 250 250 250 250 150 200 125
Extreme Pressure Rating — 450 400 275 375 250 150 200 125
Hydraulic Pressure (PSI) — 750 700 450 625 400 250 325 200

K11 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Ports Application Engineering Data

Ports Cylinder Port Options

Parker hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders can be supplied
with S.A.E. straight O-ring ports or N.P.T.F. pipe thread ports. Option “T” SAE Straight Thread O-Ring Port.
For the type of port recommended and port size, see respec- Recommended for most hydraulic
tive product catalogs. If specified on your order, extra ports applications.
can be provided on the sides of heads or caps that are not Option “U” Conventional NPTF Ports (Dry-Seal Pipe
occupied by mountings or cushion valve on all cylinders Threads). Recommended for pneumatic
except Series C and S. applications only.
Standard port location is position 1 as shown on line draw- Option “R” BSPP Port (British Parallel Thread). ISO 228
ings in product catalog and Figure 1 below. Cushion adjust- port commonly used in Europe.
ment needle and check valves are at positions 2 and 4 (or 3),
depending on mounting style. Heads or caps which do not Option “P” SAE Flange Pots Code 61 (3000 psi).
have an integral mounting can be rotated and assembled with Recommended for hydraulic applications
ports at 90°or 180° from standard position. Mounting styles requiring larger port sizes.
on which head or cap can be rotated at no extra charge are Option “B” BSPT (British Tapered Thread).
shown in Table A below. To order, specify by position number.
In such assemblies the cushion adjustment needle and check Option “G” Metric Straight Thread Port similar to Option
valve rotate accordingly, since their relationship with port “R” with metric thread. Popular in some
position does not change. European applications.
Figure 1 Option “Y” ISO-6149-1 Metric Straight Thread Port.
1 Recommended for all hydraulic applications
designed per ISO standards.
Ports can be supplied at positions other than those
4 2
shown in Table A at an extra charge. To order, specify
port position as shown in Figure 1.
3

Head (Rod) End Head Cap

Table A International Ports
Mounting Style Head End Cap End Other port configurations to meet international requirements
are available at extra cost. Parker cylinders can be supplied,
T, TB, TC, TD, on request, with British standard taper port (BSPT). Such
1, 2, 3 or 4 1, 2, 3 or 4
H, HB, J, JB, DD
port has a taper of 1 in 16 measured on the diameter (1/16"
BB, DB, HH 1, 2, 3 or 4 1 or 3 per inch). The thread form is Whitworth System, and size and
D, JJ 1 or 3 1, 2, 3 or 4 number of threads per inch are as follows:
C, F 1 1
Table D
Applies to Series 2A/2AN.
British Standard Pipe Threads
Straight Thread Ports Nominal No. Threads Pipe
The S.A.E. straight thread O-ring port is recommended for hy- Pipe Size Per Inch O.D.
draulic applications. Parker will furnish this port configuration 1/
8 28 .383
at positions shown in Table A on previous page. This port can 1/
4 19 .518
also be provided at positions other than those shown in Table 3/ 19 .656
8
A at an extra charge. S.A.E. port size numbers are listed next 1/
2 14 .825
to their N.P.T.F. pipe thread counterparts for each bore size in 3/4 14 1.041
the respective product catalogs. Size number, tube O.D. and
port thread size for S.A.E. ports are listed in Table C. 1 11 1.309
11/4 11 1.650
Table C 11/2 11 1.882
2 11 2.347
S.A.E. Straight Thread “O” Ring Ports
Size Tube Thread Size Tube Thread British standard parallel internal threads are designated as BSP
No. O.D. (In.) Size No. O.D. (In.) Size and have the same thread form and number of threads per inch
1/8" 5/16 -
as the BSPT type and can be supplied, on request, at extra cost.
2 24 12 3/4" 11/16 - 12
3/16" 3/8 -
Unless otherwise specified, the BSP or BSPT port size supplied
3 24 — — —
will be the same nominal pipe size as the N.P.T.F. port for a given
4 1/4" 7/16 - 20 16 1" 15/16 - 12 bore size cylinder.
5 5/16" 1/2 - 20 20 11/4" 15/8 - 12
6 3/8" 9/16 - 18 24 11/2" 17/8 - 12 Metric ports options G or Y can also be supplied to order at extra
1/2" 3/4 - 16
cost.
8 32 2" 21/2 - 12
10 5/8" 7/8 - 14 — — —
Note: For the pressure ratings of individual connectors, con-
tact your connector supplier.

K12 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Ports Application Engineering Data

Oversize Ports Manifold Ports

Oversize NPTF or SAE straight thread ports can be provided, Side mounted cylinders, Style C can be furnished with
at an extra charge, on pneumatic and hydraulic cylinders. For the cylinder ports arranged for mounting and sealing to a
ports one size larger than standard for steel cylinders, welded maniforld surface. The ports are drilled and counterbored for
port bosses which protrude from the side of the head or cap O-ring seals which are provided. With these specifications,
are supplied. For dimensions, see drawings and tables below. the mounting is designated Style CM or KCM.
Cylinders which are equipped with cap end cushions and
ordered with one size oversize ports having hydraulic fluid
flow exceeding 25 ft./sec. All cylinders ordered with double
oversize ports should always be ordered with a “solid cush-
ion” at cap end.
Cylinders which are connected to a meter out flow control
with flow entering the cap end of a cylinder provided by an
accumulator may also experience damage to the cushion
bushing due to high instantaneous fluid flows. This condition
EEM
can be eliminated by using a meter in flow control or “solid ED
Y P + STROKE
cushions” at cap end.

Series 2A/2AN Cylinders

Rod Rod.
Bore Code Dia. (MM) Y+1/32 P+1/32 EEM ED
P + STROKE
1 All All 115/16 21/8 3/8 11/16

A A 1 5/8 2
11/2 21/8 1/2 13/16
EE 2 1 23/8
1 5/8 2
B 2 2 13/8 25/8 21/8 1/2 13/16

3 1 23/8
1 5/8 2
C D 2 13/4 27/8 1/2
21/2 21/4 13/16
3 1 23/8
4 13/8 25/8
1 1 27/16
31/4 2 2 31/16 5/8
25/8 15/16
3 13/8 211/16
4 13/4 215/16
1 1 27/16
2 21/2 35/16
4 3 13/8 211/16 25/8 5/8 15/16

4 13/4 215/16
5 2 31/16
Oversize NPTF Port Boss Dimensions 1 27/16
1
Series 2A/2AN Cylinders 2, 6 & 7 31/2, 21/2 & 3 35/16
5 3 13/8 211/16 27/8 5/8 15/16

EE 4 13/4 215/16
Bore (NPTF) A (Dia.) B C D P 5 2 31/16
1 3/8 7/8 3/4 9/16 1/2 21/16 1 13/8 213/16
6 2, 5, 6, 7 4, 21/2, 3 & 31/2 37/16
11/2 1/2 11/8 15/16 9/16 1/2 2 3/16 3 13/4 31/16
31/8 7/8 13/16

2 1/2 11/8 15/16 9/16 1/2 23/16 4 2 33/16

21/2 1/2 11/8 15/16 9/16 1/2 25/16 1 13/8 213/16
2, 5, 6, 7, 51/2, 21/2, 3, 31/2, 37/16
31/4 3/4 13/8 1 11/16 5/8 29/16 31/4 7/8
7-8 8, 9 & 0 4, 41/2 & 5 13/16
4 3/4 13/8 1 11/16 5/8 29/16 3 13/4 31/16
5 3/4 13/8 1 11/16 5/8 213/16 4 2 33/16
1 13/4 31/8
6 1 13/4 13/16 15/16 3/4 33/16
10 3 2 31/4
7-8 1 13/4 13/16 15/16 3/4 35/16 41/8 13/16 11/2
4, 5, 6, 7, 21/2, 3, 31/2, 4, 31/2
10 1/
1 4 21/4 15/16 11/8 1 41/4 8, 9 & 0 41/2, 5 & 51/2
12 1 /4
1 21/4 15/16 11/8 1 43/4 1 2 31/4
12 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 21/2, 3, 31/2, 4, 31/2 45/8 13/16 11/2
14 11/2 21/2 19/16 11/4 11/8 51/2 8&9 41/2, 5 & 51/2
14 All All 313/16 51/2 19/16 17/8

K13 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Stroke Data & Adjusters, Tie Rod Supports Application Engineering Data

Stroke Data Thrust Key Mountings

Parker cylinders are available in any practical stroke length. Thrust key mountings eliminate the need of using fitted bolts
The following information should prove helpful to you in se- or external keys on side mounted cylinders. Parker cylinders
lecting the proper stroke for your cylinder application. in mounting styles CP and FP can be provided with the gland
Stroke Tolerances – Stroke length tolerances are required W retainer plate extended below the mounting side of the cylin-
due to build-up of tolerances of piston, head, cap and cylinder der (see illustration below). This extended retainer plate can
body. Standard production stroke tolerances run +1/32" to then be fitted into a keyway milled into the mounting surface
of the machine member. This is referred to as the “P” Modifi-

PD or

PA
-1/64" up to 20" stroke, +1/32" to -.020" for 21" to 60" stroke and

PE
+1/32" to -1/32" for greater than 60" stroke. For closer toler- cation of any side mounting style.
INTEGRAL KEY
ances on stroke length, it is necessary to specify the required FA

tolerance plus the operating pressure and temperature at W

which the cylinder will operate. Stroke tolerances smaller than
.015" are not generally practical due to elasticity of cylinders.
If machine design requires such close
tolerances, use of a stroke adjuster

PA
PD
(below) may achieve
the desired result.
INTEGRAL KEY
Tie Rod Supports FA
Rigidity of Envelope – The pre-stressed tie rod construc-
tion of Parker cylinders has advantages in rigidity within the SEAL FORSeries
STOP PIN 2A and 2AN
THREADS 1" & UP

limits of the cylinder tube to resist buckling. For long stroke

cylinders within practical limits, Parker provides exclusive TIE
D-THREADS
Dim. PD
ROD SUPPORTS (see table below) which move the tie rod Dim. Dim. Mtg. Styles
centerlines radially outward (US patent number 3011844). Bore WRENCH
J-
SQUARE
FA PA CP, FP
Standard tie rod supports are kept within the envelope dimen- 1 SEAL FOR /
3
1
2
15/16
& / THREADS
4
L K (MIN.)
sions of the head and cap, and generally do not interfere with 11/2 +.000 13/16
.312 3/16
mounting a long cylinder. 2 -.002 17/16
21/2 111/16
W 31/4 23/16
Stroke (inches) +.000
Bore W
Number of Supports

36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 4 .562 5/16 29/16

-.002
5 31/16
PD or

1 — 1 1 1 2 Consult Factory
PA
PE

PD or
Required

PA

+.000
PE

1½ — — 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 6 .687 -.002 3/8 35/8

2 — — — 1 1 1 1 2 2FA 2 PT 2 3 INTEGRAL
INTEGRAL KEYKEY

2½ — — — — — 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 SEAL FOR THREADS 1" & UP

STOP PIN
3¼ — — — — — — — 1 1 1 1 1
4 — — — — — — — — — 1 1 1 D-THREADS
Note: 5" through 14" bore sizes — no supports required.

Stroke Adjusters WRENCH

Stroke Adjusters – For the requirement where adjusting the J-
SQUARE
stroke is specified. Parker has several designs to offer, one SEAL FOR 1/2
of which is illustrated below. This is suitable for infrequent & 3/4 THREADS
L K (MIN.)
adjustment and is economical.*
Bore Size
Series L SEAL FOR THREADS 1" & UP
2A, MA, 3L STOP PIN
D J K (Max.)
11/2, 2 1/2 - 20 5/16 15/16 5 D-THREADS
21/2,31/4,4 3/4 - 16 7/16 11/4 8
5, 6 1 - 14 5/8 111/16 9
8 11/2 - 12 15/16 21/8 18
10 2-12 15/16 211/16 20 WRENCH
J-
W
SQUARE
12, 14 21/2 - 12 111/16 31/8 20 SEAL FOR 1/2
— 3-12 2 31/4 20 & 3/4 THREADS
L K (MIN.)
— 31/2 - 12 23/8 31/2 20
PD or

PA
PE

Here a “retracting stroke adjuster” must be called for in speci-

fications, and the length of the adjustment must be specified.
Where frequent adjustment or cushions at the cap end are INTEGRAL KEY
required, other designs are available W
according to application PT
needs. Please contact Actuator Division for more information.
*Infrequent is defined by positioning the retract stroke in a couple of
PD or

PA

attempts at original machine set up. The frequent stroke adjuster is

PE

recommended for adjustments required after the original equipment

has been adjusted by the original machine manufacturer. INTEGRAL KEY
PT

K14 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Stop Tubing & Mounting Classes – 2A/2MA Application Engineering Data

Stop Tubing Mounting Classes

Long stroke cylinders, fixed or pivot mounted, tend to jack- Standard mountings for fluid power cylinders fall into three
knife or buckle on push load applications, resulting in high basic groups. The groups can be summarized as follows:
bearing loading at the rod gland or piston. Use of a stop tube Group 1 – Straight Line Force Transfer with fixed mounts
to lengthen the distance between the gland and piston when which absorb force on cylinder centerline.
cylinder rod is fully extended is recommended to reduce
these bearing loads. The drawing below shows stop tube con- Group 2 – Pivot Force Transfer. Pivot mountings permit a
struction for fluid power cylinders. Refer to chart on next page cylinder to change its alignment in one plane.
to determine stop tube length. Group 3 – Straight Line Force Transfer with fixed mounts
When specifying cylinders with long stroke and stop tube, which do not absorb force on cylinder centerline.
be sure to call out the net stroke and the length of the stop Because a cylinder’s mounting directly affects the maximum
tube. Machine design can be continued without delay by pressure at which the cylinder can be used, the charts below
laying in a cylinder equivalent in length to the NET STROKE should be helpful in the selection of the proper mounting
PLUS STOP TUBE LENGTH, which is referred to as GROSS combination for your application. Stroke length, piston rod
STROKE. connection to load, extra piston rod length over standard, etc.
Refer to the next page to determine stop tube length. should be considered for thrust loads. Alloy steel
mounting bolts are
recommended for all
mounting styles, and
GROUP 1
UNTHREADED thrust keys are recom-
PISTON PISTON
mended for Group 3. FIXED MOUNTS which absorb
CUSHION
SLEEVE force on cylinder centerline.
SPACER
(HEAD END) (CAP END)

HEAVY-DUTY SERVICE
For Thrust Loads ______ Mtg. Styles TC
For Tension Loads _____ Mtg. Styles TB
MEDIUM-DUTY SERVICE
For Thrust Loads ______ Mtg. Styles H, HB
For Tension Loads _____ Mtg. Styles J, JB
NET
STROKE
TOTAL STOP
TUBE LENGTH
LIGHT-DUTY SERVICE
For Thrust Loads ______ Mtg. Styles J, JB
GROSS STROKE For Tension Loads _____ Mtg. Styles H, HB
LF + GROSS STROKE GROUP 2
Double piston design is supplied on air cylinders PIVOT MOUNTS which absorb
with cushion head end or both ends. force on cylinder centerline.

PISTON

(HEAD END)
STOP TUBE
(CAP END) HEAVY-DUTY SERVICE
For Thrust Loads ______ Mtg. Styles DD, D
For Tension Loads _____ Mtg. Styles BB, BC*, DD, D, DB
MEDIUM-DUTY SERVICE
For Thrust Loads ______ Mtg. Styles BB, BC*, BE
For Tension Loads _____ Mtg. Styles BB, BC*, BE
GROUP 3
FIXED MOUNTS which do not
absorb force on the centerline.
STOP TUBE
NET STROKE LENGTH

GROSS STROKE

LF + GROSS STROKE
HEAVY-DUTY SERVICE
For Thrust Loads ______ Mtg. Styles C
This design is supplied on cushioned cap or For Tension Loads _____ Mtg. Styles C
non-cushioned cylinders.
MEDIUM-DUTY SERVICE
For Thrust Loads ______ Mtg. Styles F
Cushion Selection For Tension Loads _____ Mtg. Styles F
Cushions are required when cylinder piston rod speed LIGHT-DUTY SERVICE
For Thrust Loads ______ Mtg. Styles CB*†
exceeds 4" per second. For Tension Loads _____ Mtg. Styles CB*†
* Not available for 2A/2AN Series.
† Mounting style CB recommended for maximum pressure of 150 psi.

K15 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Stroke Selection Chart – 2A/2AN/2MA Application Engineering Data

Piston Rod — Stroke Selection Chart

ROD DIAMETER

1 3
8
3
1
4 2 2 1
2 3 312 4 412 5 512

CONSULT FACTORY
300

200

1
BASIC LENGTH–INCHES

100
90 7
80 6
70
5
60
4
50 3
40 2

30
5 1
8

STOP TUBE
INCHES OF
20

10
100 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1000 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10,000 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100,000 2 3
THRUST–POUNDS

How to Use the Chart

The selection of a piston rod for thrust (push) conditions requires the following
C) If required length of stop tube is in the region labeled “consult factory,”
steps:
submit the following information for an individual analysis:
1. Determine the type of cylinder mounting style and rod end connection to be
1) Cylinder mounting style.
used. Then consult the chart below and find the “stroke factor” that
corresponds to the conditions used. 2) Rod end connection and method of guiding load.
2. Using this stroke factor, determine the “basic length” from the equation: 3) Bore, required stroke, length of rod extension (Dim. “LA”) if greater
Basic Actual than standard, and series of cylinder used.
= x Stroke
Length Stroke Factor 4) Mounting position of cylinder. (Note: If at an angle or vertical, specify
direction of piston rod.)
The graph is prepared for standard rod extensions beyond the face of the
gland retainers. For rod extensions greater than standard, add the increase 5) Operating pressure of cylinder if limited to less than standard pressure
to the stroke in arriving at the “basic length.” for cylinder selected.
3. Find the load imposed for the thrust application by multiplying the full bore Warning
area of the cylinder by the system pressure.
Piston rods are not normally designed to absorb bending moments or loads
4. Enter the graph along the values of “basic length” and “thrust” as found which are perpendicular to the axis of piston rod motion. These additional
above and note the point of intersection: loads can cause the piston rod end to fail. If these types of additional loads are
A) The correct piston rod size is read from the diagonally curved line labeled expected to be imposed on the piston rods, their magnitude should be made
“Rod Diameter” next above the point of intersection. known to our Engineering Department so they may be properly addressed.
B) The required length of stop tube is read from the right of the graph by Additionally, cylinder users should always make sure that the piston rod is
following the shaded band in which the point of intersection lies. securely attached to the machine member.

Recommended Mounting Styles for Rod End Stroke

Maximum Stroke and Thrust Loads Connection Case Factor
Groups 1 or 3 Fixed and Rigidly
Long stroke cylinders for thrust loads should be mounted us- I 0.50
Guided
ing a heavy-duty mounting style at one end, firmly fixed and
aligned to take the principal force. Additional mounting should
be specified at the opposite end, which should be used for Pivoted and
alignment and support. An intermediate support may also be Rigidly II 0.70
desirable for long stroke cylinders mounted horizontally. See Guided
page 11 under “Tie Rod Supports — Rigidity of Envelope” for
a guide. Machine mounting pads can be adjustable for support Supported but not
mountings to achieve proper alignment. Rigidly Guided III 2.00

Group 2
Style D — Trunnion on Head Pivoted and Rigidly IV
Guided 1.00

Pivoted and Rigidly V

Style DD — Intermediate Trunnion Guided 1.50

Style DB — Trunnion on Cap or Pivoted and Rigidly VI 2.00

Style BB — Clevis on Cap Guided

K16 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Stop Tubing & Mounting Classes – P1D Application Engineering Data

Stop Tubing Mounting Classes

Long stroke cylinders, fixed or pivot mounted, tend to jack- Standard mountings for fluid power cylinders fall into
knife or buckle on push load applications, resulting in high three basic groups. The groups can be summarized as fol-
bearing loading at the rod gland or piston. Use of a stop tube lows:
to lengthen the distance between the gland and piston when Group 1 – Straight Line Force Transfer with fixed mounts
cylinder rod is fully extended is recommended to reduce which absorb force on cylinder centerline.
these bearing loads. The drawing below shows stop tube con-
struction for fluid power cylinders. Refer to piston rod/stroke Group 2 – Pivot Force Transfer. Pivot mountings permit a
selection chart to determine stop tube length. cylinder to change its alignment in one plane.
When specifying cylinders with long stroke and stop tube, Group 3 – Straight Line Force Transfer with fixed mounts
be sure to call out the net stroke and the length of the stop which do not absorb force on cylinder centerline.
tube. Machine design can be continued without delay by Stroke length, piston rod connection to load, extra piston rod
laying in a cylinder equivalent in length to the NET STROKE length over standard, etc. should be considered for thrust
PLUS STOP TUBE LENGTH, which is referred to as GROSS loads. Alloy steel mounting bolts are recommended for all
STROKE. mounting styles for Group 3.
Refer to piston rod/stroke selection chart to determine stop
tube length.

GROUP 1
FIXED MOUNTS which absorb
force on cylinder centerline.

HEAVY-DUTY SERVICE
For Thrust Loads ______ ISO MX2 Mtg. (Style TC)
For Tension Loads _____ ISO MX3 Mtg. (Style TB)
MEDIUM-DUTY SERVICE
For Thrust Loads ______ ISO MF2 Mtg. (Style H)
Double piston design is supplied on air cylinders For Tension Loads _____ ISO MF2 Mtg. (Style J)
with cushion head end or both ends. LIGHT-DUTY SERVICE
For Thrust Loads ______ ISO MF2 Mtg. (Style H)
For Tension Loads _____ ISO MF2 Mtg. (Style J)
GROUP 2
PIVOT MOUNTS which absorb
force on cylinder centerline.

HEAVY-DUTY SERVICE
For Thrust Loads ______
For Tension Loads _____ ISO MP2, MT4 Mtg. (Styles BC, DD)
MEDIUM-DUTY SERVICE
For Thrust Loads ______ ISO MP2, MP4, MP7, MP6 Mtgs.
For Tension Loads _____ (Styles BC, BE, BJ, SB)
GROUP 3
FIXED MOUNTS which do not
absorb force on the centerline.
This design is supplied on cushioned cap or
non-cushioned cylinders.

LIGHT-DUTY SERVICE
Cushion Selection For Thrust Loads ______ ISO MS1 Mtg.
Cushions are required when cylinder piston rod speed For Tension Loads _____ (Style CB)
exceeds 100mm per second.

K17 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Stroke Selection Chart – P1D Application Engineering Data

Piston Rod – Stroke Selection Chart

PISTON ROD DIA. (mm)
12 16 20 25 32 40
4000

FACTORY
CONSULT
3000
BASIC LENGTH (mm)

2000
1600 75
50
1200
25
800

STOP TUBE
(mm) OF
400

3 4 5 6 7 89 2 3 4 5 6 7 89 2 3 4 5 6 7 89 2 3 4
100 1000 10,000
THRUST (N)

How To Use The Chart

The selection of a piston rod for thrust (push) conditions requires the a) The correct piston rod size is read from the diagonally curved
following steps: line labeled “Rod Diameter” next above the point of intersection.
1. Determine the type of cylinder mounting style and rod end connec- b) The required length of stop tube is read from the right of the
tion to be used. Then consult the chart below and find the “stroke graph by following the shaded band in which the point of
factor” that corresponds to the conditions used. intersection lies.
2. Using this stroke factor, determine the “basic length” from the c) If required length of stop tube is in the region labeled “consult
equation: factory,” submit the following information for an individual analysis.
Basic = Actual x Stroke 1) Cylinder mounting style.
Length Stroke Factor
2) Rod end connection and method of guiding load.
The graph is prepared for standard rod extensions beyond the face
of the head. For rod extensions greater than standard, add the 3) Bore, required stroke, length of rod extension (Dim. WH) if
increase to the stroke in arriving at the “basic length.” greater than standard, and series of cylinder used.
3. Find the load imposed for the thrust application by multiplying the 4) Mounting position of cylinder. (Note: if at an angle or vertical,
full bore area of the cylinder by the system pressure. specify direction of piston rod.)
4. Enter the graph along the values of “basic length” and “thrust” as 5) Operating pressure of cylinder if limited to less than standard
found above and note the point of intersection: pressure for cylinder selected.

Recommended Mounting Styles for Maximum Stroke Rod End Stroke

and Thrust Loads Connection Case Factor
FIXED
Groups 1 or 3 AND I 0.50
Long stroke cylinders for thrust loads should be mounted RIGIDLY
using a heavy-duty mounting style at one end, firmly fixed GUIDED
and aligned to take the principal force. Additional mounting PIVOTED
should be specified at the opposite end, which should be AND II 0.70
RIGIDLY
used for alignment and support. An intermediate support GUIDED
may also be desirable for long stroke cylinders mounted
SUPPORTED
horizontally. BUT III 2.00
NOT RIGIDLY
GUIDED
PIVOTED
Group 2 AND IV 1.00
Style MP7 (BJ) RIGIDLY
GUIDED
PIVOTED
AND V 1.50
Style MT4 (DD) RIGIDLY
GUIDED
PIVOTED
Style MP2 (BC), MP4 (BE), MP6 (SB) AND VI 2.00
RIGIDLY
GUIDED

K18 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
 Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Deceleration Force and Air Requirements Application Engineering Data
Cushion ratings for Air Cylinders Only are described in Series 2A/2AN Cylinder Weight Table
Table b-2 and Graph b-1. To determine whether a cylinder Table b-1
will adequately stop a load without damage to the cylinder,
the weight of the load (including the weight of the piston and Column 1 Column 2
the piston rod from Table b-1) and the maximum speed of the Bore Basic Wgt. (lbs.) for Rod Basic Wgt. (lbs.) for
piston rod must first be determined. Once these two factors Dia. Piston & Non-Stroke Rod Dia. 1" Stroke
are known, the Kinetic Energy Graph may be used. Enter 11/2 1.5 5/
8 0.087
the graph at its base for the value of weight determined, and 2 3.0 1 0.223
project vertically to the required speed value. The point of in- 21/2 5.4 13/8 0.421
tersection of these two lines will be the cushion rating number 31/4 8.3 13/4 0.682
required for the application. 4 14.2 2 0.89
To determine the total load to be moved, the weight of the 5 29.0 21/2 1.39
piston and rod must be included. 6 41.0 3 2.0
Total Weight = weight of the piston and non-stroke rod 8 89.0 31/2 2.73
length (column 1) + weight of the rod per inch of stroke x the 10 115.0 4 3.56
inches of stroke (Column 2) + the load to be moved. 12 161.0 5 5.56
14 207.0 51/2 6.73

Example: a 31/4" bore cylinder, having a 1" diameter rod and

25" stroke; load to be moved is 85 pounds. Total load to be
moved is then 8.3 lbs. + 0.223 lbs./in. x 25 in. + 85 lbs. or a
total of 99 lbs.

Kinetic Energy Graph – Air Cylinders

Graph b-1

15 2 25 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 15 2 25 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 15 2 25 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
1000
9 9

8 8

7 7
CONSULT FACTORY

6 6

500 5

4 4

3 3
45
2.5 25

42
200 2

39
150 15

18 36

100 33
1
9
9 14
8 30 8
VELOCITY (FPM)

7 7
10 6
6
26
50 5
6
4 4
22

3 2 3

2.5 25

20 2

15 15

10
10 15 20 25 3 4 50 6 7 8 9 100 150 200 25 3 4 500 6 7 8 9 1000 1500 2000 25 3 4 5000 6 7 8 9 10,000

WEIGHT (LB) CONSULT FACTORY

K19 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Cushion Ratings and Air Requirements Application Engineering Data
Now refer to Table b-2 and find the cushion ratings, us- b-1, then the cylinder will stop the load adequately. If the
ing bore size and rod diameter of the cylinder selected. If a cushion rating in Table b-2 is smaller than the number found
simple circuit is used, with no meter out or speed control, use in Graph b-1, then a larger bore cylinder should be used. In
the “Rating with No Back Pressure” column values. If a meter those applications where back pressures exist in the exhaust
out or speed control is to be used, use the “Rating with Back lines, it is possible to exceed the cushion ratings shown in
Pressure” column values. If the cushion rating found in Table Table b-2. In these cases, consult the factory and advise the
b-2 below is greater than the number determined in Graph amount of back pressure.

Air Cylinder Cushion Ratings Table

Table b-2
Bore Rod Rating with Rating Bore Rod Rating with Rating
Dia. Dia. No Back Pressure with Back Pressure Dia. Dia. No Back Pressure with Back Pressure
Cap End 12 17 3 24 30
11/2 5/
8 8 14 31/2 24 30
1 3 8 7 4 23 29
Cap End 14 20
5/
41/2 22 28
8 12 18
2 5 21 27
1 9 15
13/8 6 11 Cap End 29 35
Cap End 17 23 13/8 29 35
5/8 14 20 13/4 29 34
21/2 1 14 19 2 27 33
13/8 12 18 8 21/2 26 32
13/4 8 13 3 26 32
Cap End 21 26 31/2 26 32
1 18 24
4 25 31
31/2 13/8 17 23
13/4 16 22 5 23 29
2 13 19 51/2 22 28
Cap End 23 28 Cap End 33 39
1 20 27 13/4 32 38
4 13/8 20 26 2 31 37
13/4 19 25 21/2 31 36
2 17 23 10 3 30 36
21/2 17 22
31/2 30 36
Cap End 26 31
4 30 36
1 23 28
13/8 23 28 5 28 34
5 13/4 22 28 51/2 27 33
2 20 26 Cap End 35 41
21/2 19 25 2 33 39
3 18 24 21/2 33 38
31/2 15 20 12 3 33 38
Cap End 26 31 31/2 32 38
13/8 26 31
4 32 38
13/4 26 31
6 2 24 29 5 31 36
21/2 24 29 51/2 31 36
3 22 28 Cap End 38 43
31/2 21 27 21/2 37 42
4 20 26 3 36 42
Cap End 28 33 14 31/2 36 41
13/8 28 33
4 36 41
7 13/4 28 33
2 26 31 5 35 40
21/2 25 30 51/2 34 40

Inch Based Cylinders

Air Requirement Per Inch of Cylinder Stroke Where: V = Cylinder volume, cu. in.
L = Cylinder stroke length, in.
The amount of air required to operate a cylinder is deter- D = Internal diameter of cylinder in.
mined from the volume of the cylinder and its cycle in strokes C = Air required, cfm
per minute. This may be determined by use of the following
ƒ = Number of strokes per minute
formulae which apply to a single-acting cylinder.
The air requirements for a double-acting cylinder is almost
V = 3.1416 L D2 C = ƒV double that of a single-acting cylinder, except for the volume
4 1728 of the piston rod.

K20 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Air Requirements Application Engineering Data
The air flow requirements of a cylinder in terms of cfm should The general procedure to follow when using these graphs is:
not be confused with compressor ratings which are given in 1. Select the appropriate graph depending upon the pressure
terms of free air. If compressor capacity is involved in the con- which can be maintained to the system – Graph b-2 for
sideration of cylinder air requirements it will be necessary to 100 psig and Graph b-3 for 80 psig.
convert cfm values to free air values. This relationship varies 2. Determine appropriate cylinder bore. Values underneath
for different gauge pressures. the diagonal cylinder bore lines indicate the maximum
Thrust (pounds) = operating pressure x area of cylinder bore. recommended dynamic thrust developed while the
Note: That on the “out” stroke the air pressure is working on cylinder is in motion. The data in the table at the bottom
of each graph indicates available static force applications in
the entire piston area but on the “in” stroke the air pressure
which clamping force is a prime consideration in determing
works on the piston area less the rod area.
cylinder bore. Please reference table number b-3 and b-4
Graph b-2 and b-3 offer a simple means to select pneumatic for approximate thrust developed at a given operating
components for dynamic cylinder applications. It is only pressure.
necessary to know the force required, the desired speed and
the pressure which can be maintained at the inlet to the air
preparation system. The graphs assume average conditions
relative to air line sizes, system layout, friction, etc. At higher
speeds, consider appropriate cushioning of cylinders.

Graph b-2
THIS GRAPH IS DETERMINED BY HAVING
100 PSIG AVAILABLE UNDER FLOWING CONDITIONS. –14

CV FOR INDIVIDUAL VALVE & SPEED CONTROLS

–12

–10

–8

–6

–4

–3

–2
LB RE
S.
20 O
39 0" B

LB E
S.
00 OR
1

25 B

S. RE
L E

E
LB E
98 " B .
00 OR

LB E

S. R
5 BS

S. RE
8"

0 OR

LB O
0 OR

LB BO
S.

LB E
S.

0 B
14 " B

LB O

5 OR
S.
62 " B

0 B
41 /4 "

88 /2 "

–1
6

15 " B
31

24 /2 "

11
4

21

–0.5
10

15

20

30

40

50

60

70
80
90

200

300

400

500

600

700
800
900
100

1000
150

ROD SPEED fpm

Table b-3
Thrust Developed

Bore Size 1½" 2" 2½" 3¼" 4" 5" 6" 8" 10"
Dynamaic Thrust (lbs.) 88 155 240 410 620 980 1400 500 3920
Static Thrust (lbs.) 177 314 491 830 1250 1960 2820 5020 7850

K21 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Air Requirements Application Engineering Data
3. Read upward on appropriate rod speed line to intersection Example 2: Assume similar conditions to Example 1 except
with diagonal cylinder bore line. Read right from that only 80- psig will be available under flowing conditions.
intersection point to determine the required Cv of the valve Using Graph b-3, a 6-inch bore cylinder is indicated. Read
and the speed controls. Both the valve and speed controls upward on the 60 fpm line to the intersection point. Interpola-
must have this Cv. tion of the right-hand scale indicates a required valve and
The following examples illustrate use of the graphs: speed control Cv of over 2.8.

Example 1: Assume it is necessary to raise a 900-pound Example 3: Assume similar conditions to Example 1 except
load 24 inches in two seconds. With 100 psig maintained at that the load is being moved in a horizontal plane with a coef-
the inlet to the air preparation system, use Graph b-2. The 5- ficient of sliding friction of 0.2. Only a 180-pound thrust is now
inch bore cylinder is capable of developing the required thrust required (900 lb. x 0.2). Consult Graph b-3. The 2½ inch bore
while in motion. Since 24 inches in two seconds is equal to 60 cylinder will develop sufficient thrust, and at 60 fpm requires a
fpm, read upward on the 60 fpm line to the intersection of the valve and speed control Cv of about 0.5.
5-inch bore diagonal line. Reading to the right indicates that
the required valve and speed controls must each have a Cv of
over 1.9.

Graph b-3
THIS GRAPH IS DETERMINED BY HAVING
80 PSIG AVAILABLE UNDER FLOWING CONDITIONS.

CV FOR INDIVIDUAL VALVE & SPEED CONTROLS

–14

–12

–10

–8

–6

–4

–3

–2
LB RE

E
S RE
LB E
S.

LB E
00 O

LB E

S. RE

S. R
LB E

0 OR

0 OR
S.

0 OR
25 0" B

S.

LB BO
LB O
00 OR

S.

LB E
S.

LB O
0 B
90 " B

0 OR
21 .
63 B

S.
40 B

0 B
16 B

60 /2 "
26 /4 "
1

5"
6

4"

10 " B
16 /2 "
8"

31

11
2

–1

–0.6
10

15

20

30

40

50
60

70
80
90

200

300

400

500

600

700
800
900
100

1000
150

ROD SPEED fpm

Table b-4
Thrust Developed

Bore Size 1½" 2" 2½" 3¼" 4" 5" 6" 8" 10"
Dynamic Thrust (lbs.) 60 100 160 260 400 630 900 1600 2500
Static Thrust (lbs.) 141 251 393 663 1000 1570 2260 4010 6280

K22 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
NFPA Rod End Data and Piston Rods Application Engineering Data

Rod End Data International Rod End Threads

Rod end dimension symbols as shown comply with the Piston rod threads to meet international requirements are
National Fluid Power Association dimensional code. The fol- available at extra cost. Parker cylinders can be supplied with
lowing chart indicates the symbols used in this catalog. British standard fine (W) or metric (M). To order, specify in
model number. For dimensions, consult factory.
Description Symbol
Thread diameter and pitch KK or CC
Special Rod Ends
If a rod end configuration other than the standard styles 4,
Length of thread A 8 and 9 is required, such special rod ends can be provided.
Length of rod extension from
LA or LAF (Male Thread)
The designation “Style 3” is assigned to such specials and is
face of gland retainer to end incorporated in the cylinder model number. To order, specify
W or WF (Female Thread)
of retracted rod “Style 3” and give desired dimensions for KK; A; LA, LAF, W,
or WF. If otherwise special, send a dimensioned sketch.
Three rod ends for Parker cylinders are offered as shown on
the dimension pages of this catalog. They are Parker styles Special Assemblies from Standard Parts
4, 8 and 9, and all three are optional without price penalty. Each dimensioned drawing in this catalog has position num-
Styles 4 and 8 are supplied with high strength rolled thread bers shown on the end view to identify the four sides of the
studs on piston rods through 2" diameter. Longer studs in cylinder. These aid in communications and simplify the writing
Parker standard sizes are available, see table below. of specifications that cover changes in port positions, etc. Fol-
lowing are several suggested special assemblies that can be
Warning made up from standard parts.
Piston rods are not normally designed to absorb bending mo- a) By calling out the position numbers for the desired
ments or loads which are perpendicular to the axis of piston locations for head and cap ports, many mounting styles
rod motion. These additional loads can cause the piston rod can be assembled with ports located at 90° or 180° from
end to fail. If these types of additional loads are expected to standard. In such special assemblies, the cushion needle
be imposed on the piston rods, their magnitude should be and check valves are also repositioned since their relation
made known to our Engineering Department so they may be with the port position does not change.
properly addressed. Additionally, cylinder users should always
make sure that the piston rod is securely attached to the b) The cushion needle valve is interchangeable with the
machine member. check valve in the cylinder heads. The cushion needle
valve can be assembled on side position 4 with the check
On occasion cylinders are ordered with double rods. In some valve on side 2 for most mounting styles when the port is
cases a stop is threaded onto one of the piston rods and used in the standard side position 1.
as an external stroke adjuster. This can cause a potential On mounting styles D, DB and DD, the cushion needle
safety concern and can also lead to premature piston rod valves are provided only on the side position 3 on the
failure. The external stop will create a pinch point and the head or cap which accommodates the mounting. The
cylinder user should consider appropriate use of guards. If an opposite head or cap can be rotated.
external stop is not parallel to the final contact surface it will
place a bending moment on the piston rod. An external stop c) Standard mountings in different combinations can be
will also negate the effect of a cushion and will subject the provided: for example Style J mounting on head end
piston rod to an impact loading. These two (2) conditions can with Style C on the cap end. This would be made up from
cause piston rod failure. The use of external stroke adjusters standard parts and would be designated Model
should be reviewed with our Engineering Department. (bore size) JC-2AU14A (stroke).

Piston Rod End Threads Single-Acting Cylinders

Standard piston rod end thread lengths are shown as dimen- Double-acting cylinders are supplied as standard. They can
sion “A” in Catalog dimension pages. Special rod end threads also be used a single-acting cylinders where fluid force is
which are two times standard length can be supplied at a applied to only one side of the piston, with the load or other
small extra cost. Available thread lengths are shown in the external forces acting to “return” the piston after pressure is
table below. To order, add suffix “2” to piston rod model num- exhausted.
ber code and specify as Style #42 or Style #82. Spring-Returned, Single-Acting Cylinders – Single-acting,
spring-returned models can also be provided. Load condi-
Optional Piston Rod End Studs tions and friction factors must be considered in supplying the
Rod End Thread Rod End Thread proper spring for the application. In addition, it is necessary
Piston Style #42 Style #82 that information be supplied as to which side of the piston the
Rod Thread Dia. Thread Dia. spring should act upon. Specify "Spring to return piston rod”
Dia. Length Length or “Spring to advance piston rod.”
& Pitch & Pitch
(= 2 × A) (= 2 × A)
(KK) (CC) On longer stroke spring-returned cylinders, it is recommend-
5/8 7/16-20 11/2 1/2-20 11/2 ed that tie rod extensions be specified on the cylinder end in
1 3/4-16 21/4 7/8-14 21/4
which the spring is located so that the cap or head against
which the spring is acting can be “backed-off” slowly until
13/8 1-14 31/4 11/4-12 31/4 compression of the spring is relieved. In such cases it should
13/4 11/4-12 4 11/2-12 4 also be specified that the tie rod nuts be welded to the tie
rods at the opposite end of the cylinder to further insure safe
2 11/2-12 41/2 13/4-12 41/2
disassembly.
Consult factory when ordering spring-returned cylinders.

K23 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Modifications, Special Assemblies, Tandem Application Engineering Data

Modifications Tandem Cylinders

The following modifications can be supplied on most Parker A tandem cylinder is made up of two cylinders mounted in
cylinders. line with pistons connected by a common piston rod and rod
seals installed between the cylinders to permit double acting
Metallic Rod Wiper operation of each. Tandem cylinders allow increased output
force when mounting width or height are restricted. Please
When specified metallic rod wipers can be supplied instead contact Actuator Division for more information.
of the standard synthetic rubber wiperseal. Recommended
in applications where contaminants tend to adhere to the
extended piston rod and would damage the standard wiper or
wiperseal. Installation of metallic rod wiper does not affect cyl-
inder dimensions. It is available at extra cost. Please contact
MM
Actuator Division for more information.

Rod End Boots

Most Parker cylinders have a hardened bearing surface on
the standard piston rod to resist external damage, and are
equipped with a high efficiency wiper to remove external dust
Duplex Cylinders
and dirt. Exposed piston rods that are subjected to contami- A duplex cylinder is made up of two cylinders mounted
nants with air hardening properties, such as paint, should be in line with pistons not connected and with rod seals installed
protected. In such applications, the use of a collapsing cover between the cylinders to permit double acting operation of
should be considered. This is commonly referred to as a each. Cylinders may be mounted with piston rod to piston (as
“boot”. Calculate the longer rod end required to accommodate shown) or back to back and are generally used to provide
the collapsed length of the boot from the following data. three position operation. Please contact Actuator Division for
more information.

RD 1/
2
5/
8 1 13/8 13/4 2 21/2 3 31/2 4 5 51/2
OD 21/4 21/4 25/8 3 33/8 33/4 43/8 51/8 55/8 61/4 7 71/2
LF .13 .13 .13 .13 .13 .13 .13 .10 .10 .10 .10 .10
MM

1/2 5/8

MM MM
BOOT
DIA.
(OD)

ROD
DIA.
(RD)

BL

To determine extra length of piston rod required to accommodate

boot, calculate:
BL = Stroke x LF + 11/8"
2A/2AN cylinders:
BL + std LA (male rod end) or W (female rod end) dimension =
length of piston rod to extend beyond the retainer.
2MA cylinders:
BL + std LAF (male rod end) or WF (female rod end) dimension =
length of piston rod to extend beyond the head face.
P1D cylinders:
BL + std WH dimension = length of piston rod to extend beyond the
head face.
Note: Please compare the Boot OD size to the standard E dimen-
sion per desired cylinder series and bore. This may be critical for foot
mounted cylinders.
Rod Boots are available for many other cylinder series. Please con-
tact the Actuator Division for rod boot options.

K24 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Rotary Actuator Torque Requirements Application Engineering Data

Design torque angular velocity. If the mass moment of inertia about

the axis of rotation is I and the angular acceleration is
Design torque represents the maximum torque that a, the acceleration torque is equal to Ia. In Fig. 4-8c
an actuator must supply in an application. This there is no acceleration.
maximum is the greater of the Demand Torque or the
Cushion Torque. If the demand torque exceeds what Some values for mass moment of inertia are given in
the actuator can supply, the actuator will either move Table 4. Some useful equations for determining a are
too slowly or stall. If the cushion torque is too high, listed in Table 5. Equation 5 below shows the general
the actuator may be damaged by excessive pressure. equation for acceleration torque.
Demand torque and cushion torque are defined below
Equation 4-5) Tα = Iα
in terms of load, friction, and acceleration torque.
Equations for calculating demand torque and cushion TC - Cushion Torque
torque for some general applications are provided on
the following pages. This is the torque that the actuator must apply
to provide a required deceleration. This torque is
T - Torque generated by restricting the flow out of the actuator
(meter-out) so as to create a back pressure
The amount of turning effort exerted by a rotary which decelerates the load. This back pressure
actuator. (deceleration) often must overcome both the inertia of
the load and the driving pressure (system pressure)
TD - Demand Torque from the pump. See applications.

This is the torque required from the actuator to do the PrV

Equation 4-6) Tc = Tα + – T f ± TL
job and is the sum of the load torque, friction torque, θ
and acceleration torque, multiplied by an appropriate
design factor. Design factors vary with the applications The friction torque Tf reduces the torque the actuator
and the designers’ knowledge. must apply to stop the load. The load torque TL may
add to, or subtract from the torque required from the
Equation 4-3) TD = Tα + Tf + TL actuator, depending upon the orientation of the load
torque. For example, a weight being swung upward
TL - Load torque would result in a load torque that is subtracted.

This is the torque required to equal the weight or force Warning: Rapid deceleration can cause high
of the load. For example, in Fig. 4-8a, the load torque pressure intensification at the outlet of the
is 563 N•m (5000 lb-in.); in Fig. 4-8b the load torque actuator. Always insure that cushion pressure
is zero; in Fig. 4-8c the load torque is 563 N•m (5000 does not exceed the manufacturer’s pressure
lb-in.). The load torque term is intended to encompass rating for the actuator.
all torque components that aren’t included in the
friction or acceleration terms.
KE – Kinetic Energy (1/2 Jmω2)
Tf - Friction torque This is the amount of energy that a rotating load
has. The rotator must be able to stop the load. All
This is the torque required to overcome friction products have kinetic energy rating tables. Choose
between any moving parts, especially bearing the appropriate deceleration option (i.e., bumper,
surfaces. In Fig. 4-8a, the friction torque is zero for the cushions, shock absorbers, etc.) that meets or
hanging load; in Fig. 4-8b the friction torque is 775 N•m exceeds the kinetic energy of the load.
(6880 lb-in) for the sliding load; in Fig. 4-8c the friction
torque is zero for the clamp.

Equation 4-4) Tf = µWr

Ta - Acceleration Torque
This is the torque required to overcome the inertia of
the load in order to provide a required acceleration Pages 8-10 excerpted from
or deceleration. In Fig. 4-8a the load is suspended the Parker Hannifin Design
motionless so there is no acceleration. In Fig. 4- Engineers Handbook.
8b, the load is accelerated from 0 to some specified

K25 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Rotary Actuator Torque Requirements Application Engineering Data

Demand Torque Examples

A) Example of load torque

The load is held motionless as shown.

TD = Tα + Tf + TL
Tα = 0
Tf = 0
TL = (500 lb)(10 in) = 5,000 lb-in
TD = 5,000 lb-in

Figure 4-8a

B) Due to friction and acceleration

The 500 lb rotating index table is supported by
bearings with a coefficient of friction of 0.25. The
table’s acceleration a is 2 rad/sec2. The table’s mass
moment of inertia I is 2,330 lb-in-sec2.

TD = Tα + Tf + TL
Tα = Iα = (2,330 lb-in-sec2)(2/sec2) = 4,660 lb-in
Tf = µWrb = 0.25 (500 lb)(55 in) = 6,880 lb-in
TL = 0
TD = 4,660 lb-in + 6,880 lb-in = 11,540 lb-in
Figure 4-8b

C) Load torque example

TD = Tα + Tf + TL
Tα = 0
Tf = 0
TL = (500 lb)(10 in) = 5,000 lb-in
TD = 5,000 lb-in

Figure 4-8c

K26 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Rotary Actuator Torque Requirements Application Engineering Data

Torque Selection
Parker rotary actuators
Nominal Torque at 100 PSI
provide output torque up to Output Rotation < 95° Rotation > 100°
10,000 lb-in. The chart to Torque
the right shows the nominal (lb-in) Rack & Pinion Rack & Pinion
Vane Models Vane Models
Models Models
torque output range of 10000
various actuator models at HP10 HP10
9000
100 PSI.
8000
7000
Caution: 6000
This chart is intended as 5000
a guide only. Refer to HP4.5 HP4.5
4000
actual product data in this
catalog before specifying 3500
an actuator. Factors such 3000
as pressure rating, rotation, PRN800D B6714 B6714
2500
and actual torque output PTR322 PTR322
2000
may be affected by specific PV46D
product details and options. 1750
1500
PRN800S PRN800S
1250
PV44D PTR321, B6713 PTR321, B6713
1000
900
PRN300D PTR252 PV46 PTR252
800
700
PV36D, PV42D
600
PTR202, B6712 PV44 PTR202, B6712
500
PV42D, PRN150D PTR251 PTR251
400
PV33D, PRN300S PV36, PRN300S
300
PTR201 PV42 PTR201
250
PTR152, XR20 PTR152, XR20
200
PRN150S PV33, PRN150S
150
PV22D, PRN50D PTR151, B6711 PTR151, B6711
100
PRN30D XR15 XR15
80
PTR102 PV22 PTR102
60
PRN50S PRN50S
40
PRN30S PTR101, XR10 PRN30S PTR101, XR10
35
PV11D
30
25
PRNA20S PRNA20S
20
PV10D XR07 XR07
15
PRNA10S PV11, PRNA10S
10
XR05 PV10 XR05
5
PRNA1S, PRNA3S PRNA1S, PRNA3S
0

K27 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Rotary Actuator Moments of Inertia Application Engineering Data

Table 4: Mass Moments of Inertia

Rectangular prism Circular cylinder

1
Ix = m b2 + c2
12
1 1
Iy = m c 2 + a 2 Ix = ma 2
12 2
1 1
Iz = m a2 + b2 I y = Iz = m 3a 2 + L2
12 12

Thin rectangular plate Circular cone

1
Ix = m b2 + c2
12 3
Ix = ma 2
1 10
Iy = mc 2
12 3 1
I y = Iz = m a 2 + h 2
1 5 4
Iz = mb 2
12

Sphere Thin disk

1
2 Ix = mr 2
I x = I y = Iz = ma 2 2
5
1
I y = I z = mr 2
4

Ip = Mass moment of inertia about an axis

Parallel Axis Theorem: parallel to a centroidal axis
I = Mass moment of inertia about a
I p = I + md 2 centroidal axis
m = Mass
d = Distance between axes

When acceleration is constant: When velocity is constant:

θ = ω0t + 1 αt 2 α = 2θ
2 t2 θ = ωt
θ = ω0t + 1 ωt t
α = (ωt - ω0)2 t = time
2
2θ θ = angular position
ω = ω0 + αt ωt = angular velocity at time = t
α = (ωt - ω0)
ω = (ω02 + 2αθ)1/2 ω0 = angular velocity at time = 0
t
α = angular acceleration

K28 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Rotary Actuator Basic Equations Application Engineering Data

BASIC VELOCITY, ACCELERATION, KINETIC ENERGY AND TORQUE EQUATIONS

Equations below are based on triangular velocity profile.

Where:
Θ Θ
ωmax = .035 × = Angle of Rotation (Degrees)
t
t = Time to rotate through Θ (sec)
ωmax2 ω = Angular velocity, radians/sec
α =
Θ α = Angular accelerations (radians/sec2)
57.3 WL = Weight of load (lbf)
Ta = Torque to accelerate load (lb-in)
ωmax
α = Us = Coefficient of static friction
(t ⁄ 2)
Jm* = Rotational mass moment of inertia (lb-in-sec2)
K.E. = 1/2 Jm ω2 Tf = Torque to overcome friction (lb-in)
TL = Torque to overcome effects of gravity

Ta = α × Jm *Use “I” values from Table 4.

Distance from pivot point to

Tf = W × Us ×
center of external bearings

TL = Torque arm length × WL × cos (φ)

to C.G. of load

Where φ = Angle between torque arm

and horizontal plane

Coefficients of Friction
Material* µs µk
Steel on Steel 0.80 0.40
Steel on Steel (lubricated) 0.16 0.03
Aluminum on Steel 0.45 0.30
Copper on Steel 0.22 0.22
Brass on Steel 0.35 0.19
Teflon on Steel 0.04 0.04
*dry contact unless noted

K29 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA
Catalog AU03-0900P-3/NA Pneumatic Cylinders
Conversion Factors Application Engineering Data

Force Conversion Factors

Multiply value A by conversion factor in table to calculate value B.
B
oz lbf N kg(f)
A
oz 1 0.0625 0.2780 0.0284
lbf 16 1 4.4482 0.4536
N 3.5970 0.2248 1 0.1020
kg(f) 35.2740 2.2050 9.8068 1

Torque Conversion Factors

Multiply value A by conversion factor in table to calculate value B.
B
oz-in lb-in lb-ft Nm
A
oz-in 1 0.0625 5.2083E-03 7.0616E-03
lb-in 16 1 0.0833 0.1130
lb-ft 192 12 1 1.356
Nm 141.61 8.8507 0.7376 1

Rotational Inertia Conversion Factors

Multiply value A by conversion factor in table to calculate value B.
B
oz-in2 oz-in-sec2 lb-in2 lb-in-sec2 lb-ft2 lb-ft-sec2 kg-m2 kg-m-sec2 kg-cm2 kg-cm-sec2
A
oz-in2 1 2.5900E-03 6.2500E-02 1.6190E-04 4.3403E-04 1.3490E-05 1.8290E-05 1.8650E-06 1.8290E-01 1.8650E-04
oz-in-sec2 3.8610E+02 1 2.4130E+01 6.2500E-02 1.6760E-01 5.2080E-03 7.0620E-03 7.2010E-04 7.0620E+01 7.2010E-02
lb-in2 1.6000E+01 4.1442E-02 1 2.5900E-03 6.9444E-03 2.1583E-04 2.9260E-04 2.9840E-05 2.9260E+00 2.9840E-03
lb-in-sec2 6.1767E+03 1.6000E+01 3.8610E+02 1 2.6810E+00 8.3333E-02 1.1300E-01 1.1520E-02 1.1300E+03 1.1520E+00
lb-ft2 2.3040E+03 5.9666E+00 1.4400E+02 3.7300E-01 1 3.1080E-02 4.2140E-02 4.2970E-03 4.2140E+02 4.2970E-01
lb-ft-sec2 7.4129E+04 1.9201E+02 4.6333E+03 1.2000E+01 3.2175E+01 1 1.3560E+00 1.3824E-01 1.3560E+04 1.3824E+01
kg-m2 5.4675E+04 1.4160E+02 3.4176E+03 8.8496E+00 2.3730E+01 7.3746E-01 1 1.0190E-01 1.0000E+04 1.0190E+01
kg-m-sec2 5.3619E+05 1.3887E+03 3.3512E+04 8.6806E+01 2.3272E+02 7.2338E+00 9.8135E+00 1 9.8130E+04 1.0000E+02
kg-cm2 5.4675E+00 1.4160E-02 3.4176E-01 8.8496E-04 2.3730E-03 7.3746E-05 1.0000E-04 1.0191E-05 1 1.0190E-03
kg-cm-sec2 5.3619E+03 1.3887E+01 3.3512E+02 8.6806E-01 2.3272E+00 7.2338E-02 9.8135E-02 1.0000E-02 9.8135E+02 1

Length/Distance Conversion Factors

Multiply value A by conversion factor in table to calculate value B.
B
in ft mm cm m
A
in 1 0.0833 25.4 2.54 0.0254
ft 12 1 304.8 30.48 0.3048
mm 0.03937 0.00328 1 0.1 0.001
cm 0.3937 0.03281 10 1 0.01
m 39.37 3.281 1000 100 1

K30 Parker Hannifin Corporation

Actuator Division
Wadsworth, Ohio USA