(Fluid Mechanics Lab)

GENERAL PRECAUTIONS AND SAFETY RULES

 Be prepared. Read and fully comprehend the lab procedure as set forth in
the lab manual before you begin any experiment.

 Think safety. Work deliberately and carefully.

 All laboratory students must be supervised. Never work alone

 Know the hazards of any materials or machinery. The laboratory manual

and/or instructor will review specific safety issues on individual experiments
before you perform any tests.

 All students must wear appropriate safety equipment. Safety goggles

must be worn anytime any laboratory experiment is being performed.

 All students must wear appropriate laboratory attire.

 No food or beverage in the laboratory.

 Know emergency procedures. Make note of fire escape routes and

emergency phone locations.

 Report any perceived safety hazards. Immediately report any spills,

equipment malfunctions, injuries or other perceived safety hazards to your
instructor / ta / or staff member.

 Failure to conform to any of the above rules may result in not being
allowed to participate in the laboratory experiment.

IN CASE OF EMERGENCY:
Contact Persons
1. Engr. Zahid Suleman Butt (Cell # +92 3005295483)
2. Engr. Abdul Rehman (Cell # +92 3124535712)

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Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs) and Program Learning

Outcomes (PLOs)

Course Name

Bloom
CLOs Statement PLO
Taxonomy

Recognize the fundamental concepts of fluid

CLO-1 mechanics through investigation of different fluid 04 P3
flow parameters.

Explain the concept of fluid parameters

CLO-2 investigations and hydraulic machines in the relevant 04 C2,P3
experiments

CLO-3 Discuss the procedure and interpret the fluid flow

10 C2
parameters of the relevant experiments

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List of Experiments

Bloom
SN List of Experiments CLO PLO
Taxonomy
To determine the flow rate of a fluid by using venturi
01 1 4 P3
meter on a compressible flow bench apparatus.
To determine the depth of center of pressure of an
02 1 4 P3
immersed surface.
03 To determine metacentric height of a floating body. 1 4 P3
To demonstrate Bernoulli’s law by using Bernoulli’s
04 1 4 P3
principle demonstrator.
To determine hydraulic coefficients in flow through
05 1 4 P3
orifices.
To determine time of emptying a tank with an orifice
06 1 4 P3
at its bottom.
07 To study the reciprocating pump 2 2 C2

To study and draw the characteristics curves of a

08 1 4 P3
single centrifugal pump
To study and draw the characteristics curves of twin
09 1 4 P3
centrifugal pumps connected in series configuration
To study and draw the characteristics curves of twin
10 1 4 P3
centrifugal pumps connected in parallel configuration
To Study and draw characteristic curves of Francis
11 1 4 P3
Turbine.
To Study and draw characteristic curves of Pelton
12 1 4 P3
Turbine.
To Study and draw characteristic curves of Reaction
13 1 4 P3
turbine by using data acquisition system.
To Study and draw characteristic curves of Axial flow
Impulse turbine by using data acquisition system.
I. With Single Nozzle
14 1 4 P3
II. With Two Nozzles
III. With Three Nozzles

With Four Nozzles

15 Open Ended Lab 1 4 C2, P3

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Lab Report Rubrics

Sr Performance Unsatisfactory
Exemplary (4-5) Satisfactory (2-3)
# Indicator (0-1)

Information is Information is Unable to

Organization / Structure

presented in a presented in quite submit the lab

logical, interesting less continuity and report or the
way, which is easy to less logical manner. submitted lab
follow. All sections Sections are not in report have the
1
are in a correct order proper order as lab title & even
having all details as directed unable to introduction
directed and follow the only.
submitted in time. submission
deadline.

Demonstration of At ease with content Unable to

Calculations and Data

full knowledge of the and able to submit the lab

subject with elaborate and report or the
Presentation

explanations and explain to some submitted lab

elaboration. degree. report lacks in
2
the calculations
and data has not
been presented
in proper
tabular form

Teacher Observation: If a student performs and fulfill a rubric category in 80 %

or above of its entirety, Upper limit of marks (e.g 5 marks) will be given otherwise the
lower limit (e.g 4 marks out of 5) will be given.

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Experiment No. 05

5 Title
To determine hydraulic coefficients in flow through orifices

Figure 5-1: Apparatus Diagram

5.1 Objective

To understand the concept of vena-contracta

To understand the working of float valve
To learn the type of orifices
To find the flowrate of fluid through orifice

5.2 Introduction/Theoretical Background

When flow takes place through an orifice from the supply tank, the water jet leaving
the orifice gets contracted at the downstream of the orifice and the point where it gets
the maximum contraction is called as vena-contracta. Following are three hydraulic
coefficients of orifice:

1. Coefficient of Contraction (Cc)

2. Coefficient of Velocity (Cv)
3. Coefficient of discharge (Cd)

5.2.1 Coefficient of Contraction (Cc) :

It is the ratio of area of water jet at vena-contracta

to the area of the orifice. Figure 5-2: Concept of Vena
Contacta

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Area at vena contracta

Cc =
Area of orifice

The relation between the coefficient of contraction, coefficient of velocity and

coefficient of discharge can be expressed as :

Coefficient of discharge = coefficient of contraction X coefficient of velocity

𝐂𝐝 = 𝐂𝐜 ∗ 𝐂𝐯

Hence we find Cc by above relation .

5.2.2 Coefficient of Velocity (Cv) :

It is the ratio of velocity of water jet at vena-contracta to the theoretical velocity.

Velocity of water jet at vena contracta

Cv =
Theoretical velocity

Measurement of Jet Trajectory

𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡

𝑣 = 𝑣02 + 2𝑎𝑥

1
𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2

In x-direction

1 2
𝑦 = 𝑣0𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡
2

Assuming positive in downward direction

1 2
𝑦= 𝑔𝑡
2
1 𝑥 2
𝑦= 𝑔( )
2 𝑣

1 𝑥2
𝑣=√ 𝑔
2 𝑦

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𝒈𝒙𝟐 𝒙
𝒗𝒂𝒄𝒕 = √ =
𝟐𝒚 𝟐𝒚
√
𝒈

Measurement Of Theoretical Velocity

H is constant: 𝑣𝐴 = 0
𝑇𝐻𝐴 = 𝑇𝐻𝐵 + ℎ𝐿𝐴−𝐵
𝑣 2𝐵
0+0+𝐻 = +0+0
2𝑔
𝑣𝑡ℎ𝑒 = √2𝑔𝐻
So
𝐕𝐚𝐜𝐭
𝐂𝐯 = 𝐕𝐭𝐡𝐞

𝑥
2𝑦
√𝑔
Cv =
√2gh

𝐱
𝐂𝐯 =
√𝟒 𝐡 𝐲

5.2.3 Coefficient of discharge (Cd) :

It is the ratio of actual discharge to the theoretical discharge.

Qact
Cd =
Qtheo

𝑄𝑡ℎ = 𝑎𝑉𝑡ℎ𝑒

𝑄𝑡ℎ = 𝑎√2𝑔𝐻

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝐶𝑑 𝑎 √2𝑔𝐻

Vol⁄
Cd = t
a√2 g h
Where,
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h = Head of orifice , a = Area of the orifice , g = acceleration due to

gravity

5.3 Apparatus

 Basic Hydraulic Bench

 Perspex tank with an orifice in side wall
 Collecting Tank
 Steel Rule
 Stop watch

5.4 Procedure

1. Open one inlet and maintain the head constant at supply tank over the orifice.
The water is supplied by basic hydraulic bench
2. Allow water to flow through orifice.
3. Maintain constant water level during practical
4. Note the time taken for collecting to a height ‘h’ in the measuring tank.
5. Note X and Y coordinates using scale at the center of vena contracta point
6. Repeat the experiment by changing X-coordinates

5.5 Results and Discussion

Table 5-1: Observations and Calculations

H Volume Time
Sr x y Vth Qth Qact
C (v) (t) Cv Cd Cc
No. cm cm cm/s cm3/s cm3/s
m cm3 sec

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5.5.1 Calculations

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5.6 Applications

5.7 Comments

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Experiment No. 06

6 Title
To determine time of emptying a tank with an orifice at its bottom

Figure 6-1: Apparatus Diagram

6.1 Objective

To understand the concept of time of emptying a tank

To learn the effect of orifice placed at bottom and side of the wall

6.2 Introduction/Theoretical Background

6.2.1 Time of emptying of a Rectangular tank through an Orifice at its bottom

Consider a square ,rectangular or circular tank of

uniform cross-sectional area , containing some
liquid and having an orifice at its bottom as
shown here.

Let A = Surface area of the tank

𝐻1 =
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝐻2 = Final Height of the liquid, and
a = Area of the orifice
At some instant ,let the height of the liquid be h above the orifice.

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We know that the total theoretical velocity of the liquid at this instant,

v = √2𝑔ℎ
After small interval of time (dt), let the liquid level fall down dt an amount dh.
Therefore, volume of the liquid that has passed in time dt, an amount dh. Therefore,
the volume of the liquid that has passed in time dt,
dq = A × (-dh) = -A.dh (i)
We know that the volume of the liquid that has passed through the orifice in time
dt,
dq = Coefficient of discharge × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 ×
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

dq = 𝐶𝑑 . 𝑎. √2𝑔ℎ.dt (ii)
Equating (i) and (ii)

-A.dh = 𝐶𝑑 .a.√2𝑔ℎ.dt
−1
−𝐴(ℎ 2 )𝑑ℎ
−𝐴 .𝑑ℎ
dt = =
𝐶𝑑 .𝑎.√2𝑔ℎ 𝐶𝑑 .𝑎.√2𝑔

Now the total time (T) required to bring the liquid level from 𝐻1 𝑡𝑜 𝐻2 may be
found out by integerating the above equation between the limits 𝐻1 𝑡𝑜 𝐻2
−1
−𝐴(ℎ 2 )𝑑ℎ
𝐻
𝑇 ∗ = ∫𝐻 1
2 𝐶𝑑 .𝑎.√2𝑔

1
−𝐴 𝐻
=𝐶 × ∫𝐻 2 ℎ−2 𝑑ℎ
𝑑 .𝑎.√2𝑔 1

1
−𝐴 ℎ2 𝐻1
= [ 1 ]
𝐶𝑑 .𝑎.√2𝑔 ⁄2 𝐻2

−2𝐴 1⁄ 𝐻1
=𝐶 [ℎ 2]
𝐻2
𝑑 .𝑎.√2𝑔

−2𝐴
=𝐶 [√𝐻2 − √𝐻1 ]
𝑑 .𝑎.√2𝑔

Taking minus out of the bracket (as 𝐻1 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝐻2 )

𝟐𝑨(√𝑯𝟏 −√𝑯𝟐 )
𝑻𝒕𝒉 = 𝑪𝒅 .𝒂.√𝟐𝒈

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If the tank is to be completely emptied then putting 𝐻2 = 0 in this equation, we get

𝟐𝑨(√𝑯𝟏 )
𝑻𝒕𝒉 = 𝑪𝒅 .𝒂.√𝟐𝒈

This is the expression for the time emptying the tank fitted with orifice at its bottom.

6.3 Apparatus

 Basic Hydraulic Bench

 Tank with bottom Orifice
 Steel Rule
 Stop watch
 Measuring Tank for Calculating the Flow rate

6.4 Procedure

1. Open the inlet valve and maintain the head constant at supply tank over the
office. The water is supplied by basic hydraulic bench, since the tank is placed
on it.
2. The orifice of tank at the bottom is closed at the time of filling.
3. Note the initial height of water i.e H1
4. The open the orifice and let some water out of the tank and meanwhile note
the time for its discharge using stopwatch.
5. Now measure the height of water after discharge i.e H2.
6. Now H2 will be initial height for next reading and repeat the same procedure.

6.5 Results and Discussion

Table 6-1: Observations and Calculations

Sr Initial height Final height Texp Tth=2A(h1-h2) % Error

No. h1 h2 Sec Cd.a.2g
Mm mm Sec

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6.5.1 Calculations

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6.6 Applications

6.7 Comments

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Experiment No. 07

7 Title
To study Reciprocating Pump.

7.1 Objective

To understand the
working of the
reciprocating
pump
To learn the assemble
and disassemble of
reciprocating
pump
Figure 7-1: Reciprocating Pump
Clear the concept of
single acting and double acting reciprocating pump

7.2 Introduction

7.2.1 Pump :

A pump is a device that moves fluids, or sometimes slurries, by mechanical action,

typically converted from electrical energy into hydraulic energy. Pumps can be
classified into three major groups according to the method they use to move the fluid:
direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps.

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Figure 7-2: Types of Pumps

7.2.2 Reciprocating Pumps:

A reciprocating pump is a class of positive-

displacement pumps that includes the piston
pump, plunger pump, and diaphragm pump.
They are used where the delivery pressure of
the fluid is quite large.
A reciprocating piston pump consists of a
piston that moves back and forth in a
cylinder. The piston is connected with a
crankshaft with the help of a connecting rod.
This piston moves as the connecting rod
move due to the motion of the crankshaft.

Figure 7-3: Single Acting Reciprocating

Pump

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7.2.3 Components of Reciprocating Pumps:

The main components of reciprocating pump

are as follows:

1. Suction Pipe
2. Suction Valve
3. Delivery Pipe
4. Delivery Valve
5. Cylinder
6. Piston and Piston Rod
7. Air Vessel
Figure 7-4: Working of Double Acting Reciprocating
8. Crank and Connecting Rod Pump

1. Suction Pipe
It connects the source of liquid to the cylinder of the reciprocating pump. The liquid is
suck by this pipe from the source to the cylinder.
2. Suction Valve
It is non-return valve which means only one directional flow is possible in this type of
valve. This is placed between suction pipe inlet and cylinder. During suction of liquid
it is opened and during discharge it is closed.
3. Delivery Pipe
It connects cylinder of pump to the outlet source. The liquid is delivered to desired
outlet location through this pipe.
4. Delivery Valve
It is non-return valve placed between cylinder and delivery pipe outlet. It is in closed
position during suction and in opened position during discharging of liquid.
5. Cylinder
A hollow cylinder made of steel alloy or cast iron. Arrangement of piston and piston
rod is inside this cylinder. Suction and release of liquid is takes place in this so, both
suction and delivery pipes along with valves are connected to this cylinder.

6. Piston and Piston Rod

Piston is a solid type cylinder part which moves backward and forward inside the
hollow cylinder to perform suction and deliverance of liquid. Piston rod helps the piston
to its linear motion.
7. Air Vessel
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Air vessels are connected to both suction and delivery pipes to eliminate the frictional
head and to give uniform discharge rate.
8. Crank and Connecting Rod
Crank is a solid circular disc which is connected to power source like motor,
engine etc. for its rotation. Connecting rod connects the crank to the piston as a result
the rotational motion of crank gets converted into linear motion of the piston.

7.2.4 Working of Reciprocating Pump

The working of reciprocating pump is :

i. When the power source is connected to crank, the crank will start rotating and
connecting rod also displaced along with crank.
ii. The piston connected to the connecting rod will move in linear direction. If crank
moves outwards then the piston moves towards its right and create vacuum in the
cylinder.
iii. This vacuum causes suction valve to open and liquid from the source is forcibly
sucked by the suction pipe into the cylinder.
iv. When the crank moves inwards or towards the cylinder, the piston will move
towards its left and compresses the liquid in the cylinder.
v. Now, the pressure makes the delivery valve to open and liquid will discharge
through delivery pipe.
vi. When piston reaches its extreme left position whole liquid present in the cylinder is
delivered through delivery valve.
vii. Then again the crank rotate outwards and piston moves right to create suction and
the whole process is repeated.
viii. Generally the above process can be observed in a single acting reciprocating pump
where there is only one delivery stroke per one revolution of crank. But when it
comes to double acting reciprocating pump, there will be two delivery strokes per
one revolution of crank.

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7.3 Types of Reciprocating Pumps:

7.3.1 By action of Water :

Single-acting reciprocating pumps:

Single-acting reciprocating pump consists
of a piston of which only one side engages
the fluid being displaced. The simplest
example would be a syringe.

Double-acting reciprocating
pumps:
Double-acting reciprocating pump
engage with both sides of the piston, each
stroke of the piston carries out both suction
and expulsion at the same time. Thus it
requires two inflow pipes and two outflow
pipes.




7.3.2 By Numbers of Cylinders:

Single cylinder - consists of a single cylinder connected to a shaft.

Double cylinder - consists of two cylinders connected to a shaft.

7.4 Applications of Reciprocating Pump:

Reciprocating pump is used in many areas . Its Applications are as follows:

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 Vessel, pipe, tank, tube, condensate pipe, heat exchanger etc. cleaning,
 Oil drilling, refineries, production, disposal, injections.
 Pneumatic pressure applications.
 Vehicle cleaning.
 Sewer line cleaning.
 Wet sandblasting
 Boiler feeding
 Hydro testing of tanks, vessels, etc.
 Firefighting system.
 Wastewater treatment system.

Conclusion :
We learnt about the working , construction and applications of the reciprocating Pump.
We were taught several types of reciprocating pumps based upon there mechanisms
and number of cylinder. Overall it was an interesting lab and we came to know much
new things about reciprocating pump.

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Experiment No. 08

8 Title
To study and draw the characteristic curves of a single centrifugal
pump

Figure 8-1: Apparatus Diagram

8.1 Objective

To understand the parts of Centrifugal pump

To learn the working of centrifugal pump
To know the advantage and disadvantages of the centrifugal pump
To draw the curve of pressure difference and volumetric flow rate

8.2 Introduction/Theoretical Background

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Figure 8-2: Types of Pumps

The first machine that was characterized into a centrifugal pump was named as mud
lifting machine. This machine was appeared in the year 1475 by the Francesco di
Giorgio Martini. He is an Italian Renaissance engineer. However, the actual centrifugal
pumps were not implemented until the 17th century, while Denis Papin designed the
pump with the help of straight vanes. In the year 1851, the British inventor namely John
Appold has launched the curved vane.

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8.2.1 Centrifugal Pump :

It is a pump which can be used for

handling huge amount of liquids
to provide extremely high flow
rates, and they have the capability
to regulate their flow of liquid
rates over a wide range.

A single-stage centrifugal pump

consists of one impeller rotating
on a shaft within a pump casing
which is designed to produce
fluid flow when driven by a
motor. It is one of the simplest
designs of pumps available and
many variations in design exist to Figure 8-3: Centrifugal Pump
satisfy the duty requirements of
applications.

8.2.2 Components of centrifugal pump :

The main components of centrifugal pump are described as following:

A. Stuffing Box
B. Packing
C. Shaft
D. Shaft sleeve
E. Vane
F. Casing
G. Eye of impeller
H. impeller
I. Casing wear rings
J. Impeller
K. Discharge nozzle

Figure 8-4: Parts of Centrifugal Pump

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8.2.3 Detail about the components of centrifugal pump:

The detail about the components of centrifugal pump is describe as follows:

Stuffing Box:
A stuffing box is an assembly which is used to house a gland seal. It is used to prevent
leakage of fluid, such as water or steam, between sliding or turning parts of machine
elements.

Packing:
Its function for the packing which is placed in these boxes to prevent air, water, oil or
other liquids from escaping from the pump by accompanying the rotating.

Shaft:
Shaft is mechanical component for transmitting torque from the motor to the impeller.
It is also called the energy transfer device. The impeller is mounted on the shaft.

Shaft sealing:
Centrifugal pumps are provided with the packing rings or the mechanical seals which
helps for prevention of the leakage of the pumped liquid.

Vane:
It is the top view of the centrifugal pump of the closed impeller. It is called vane because
water or the other liquid move through it and delivery is occurred through it.
Types of impeller vane shapes
They include the conventional axial, mixed flow and radial vane forms; however, a
differentiation between different flow directions.

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Casing:
The casing contains the liquid and act as a pressure containment vessel that directs the
flow of liquid in or out of the centrifugal pump.

Eye of impeller:
Eye is the center of the impeller where the fluids enter, and the hub is the internal part
of the impeller which is bored out to receive the impeller shaft. The inlet flow angle at
the eye of the impeller will affect the efficiency of the impeller.

Impeller:
It is the rotating component of the centrifugal pump which transfer energy from motor
that derives the pump to the fluid being pumped by the acceleration of the fluid
outwards the center of rotation. It is also called as rotor.

Casing wears rings:

A device that is used to seal the leakage of the liquid between the inlet of the impeller
and the pump casing. It is usually found on the sewage pump with closed impellers.

Discharge nozzle:
A pump discharge nozzle is the cross-section (circular cross-section) to be defined at
the pump casings outlet side as a boundary between the discharge-side section of the
pump system and the pump.

Diffuser
The purpose of the diffuser is to increase the efficiency of centrifugal pump by allowing
the more gradual expansion and less turbulent area for the liquid to reduce the velocity.
This increase in flow area causes a reduction in flow velocity.

Bearings:
Bearing constrains the relative motion of the shaft(rotor) and reduce the Friction
between the rotating shaft and the stator and there are some types of bearings:
 Plain bearings
 Rolling element bearings
 Jewel bearings
 Fluid bearings
 Magnetic bearings

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8.2.4 Centrifugal Pump’s Working Principle :

The centrifugal pump working principle mainly depends on the flow of forced vortex
which means whenever a certain accumulation of liquid or fluid is permitted to turn
with an exterior torque than there will be an increase within rotating liquid pressure
head takes place.The increase in pressure head can be used to carry water from one site
to another site. It is the force performing on the liquid that makes to supply in the casing.

Performance of a Centrifugal pump:

The performance of a centrifugal pump
is presented as characteristic curves and
is comprised of the following:

 Pumping head versus discharge,

 Brake horsepower (input power)
versus discharge, and
 Efficiency versus discharge.

The characteristic curves of commercial

pumps are provided by manufacturers.
Otherwise, a pump should be tested in the laboratory, under various discharge and
head conditions, to produce such curves.

8.2.5 Types of centrifugal pumps:

The centrifugal pump is classified into following types as discussed as follows:

According to types of impellers:

Open impellers:
Open impellers have vanes free on both sides. Open impellers are structurally weak.
They are usually used in small-diameters, inexpensive pumps and pumps handling
suspended solids.

Semi-open impellers:
The vanes are free on one side and free on the other side. The shrouds add the
mechanical strength. They are offer high efficiency than the open impeller.

Closed impellers:
The vanes are located between the two discs, all in a single casing. They are used in
large pumps with high efficiency and low required Net Positive Head.
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Figure 8-5: Types of Impeller

8.2.6 Priming of Centrifugal Pump :

The pump priming is the most important step while starting a centrifugal pump.
Because these pumps are not capable of pumping vapors otherwise air. It is the one type
of method where the impeller of a pump will obtain totally submerged within fluid
exclusive of some air trap inside. This is particularly needed as there is a primary
startup.

8.2.7 Multistage pump :

Multistage pumps are defined as pumps in which the fluid flows through
several impellers fitted in series.

The head of a single-stage centrifugal pump is

largely governed by the type of impeller and
the circumferential speed. If the rotational
speed cannot be increased due to other operating
conditions and a larger impeller diameter would
lead to very low specific speeds resulting in
uneconomical efficiencies, fitting several stages
in series (also see Series operation) can be an
economic option of increasing the head. If the
number of stages is altered at unchanged
dimensions and speeds, the flow rate of such a
multistage pump remains constant while
the power input and head increase proportionally to the number of stages.

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8.3 Apparatus

1. Basic Hydraulic Bench

2. Parallel/Series Pump Test Bed
3. Centrifugal Pump
4. Stop watch

8.4 Procedure

1. First of all, take the Centrifugal Pump and place it on basic Hydraulic
Bench.
2. Join the water delivery pipe and fill the tank up to certain level.
3. Now open the foot valve of the pump and switch the pump on. Keep the
delivery valve on and note the reading on output or delivery pressure gauge.
4. Open the delivery tube valve so that water is delivered to the output tank.
Note the reading of delivery pressure gauge.
5. Use the stop watch to calculate the time for the particular volume
6. Calculate flow rate for each reading.

8.5 Results and Discussion

Table 8-1: Observations and Calculations

Sr No. P1=Psuction P2=PDelivery P=P2-P1 Volume Time Q=V/t

(Bar) (Bar) (Bar) (m3) (sec) (m3/sec)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

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8.5.1 Calculations

V
Discharge Q =
T

8.5.2 Graph

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8.6 Applications

8.7 Comments

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Experiment No. 09

9 Title

To study and draw the characteristics curves of twin centrifugal pumps connected
in series configuration

Figure 9-1: Apparatus Diagram

9.1 Objective

To understand the parts of Centrifugal pump

To learn the working of centrifugal pump
To know the advantage and disadvantages of the centrifugal pump
To draw the characteristic curves of two pumps when connected in series
configuration

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9.2 Introduction/Theoretical Background

Centrifugal Pump :
Centrifugal pumps are used to transport fluids by the conversion of rotational kinetic
energy to the hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow. The rotational energy typically
comes from an engine or electric motor.

A single-stage centrifugal pump consists of one impeller rotating on a shaft within a

pump casing which is designed to produce fluid flow when driven by a motor. It is
one of the simplest designs of pumps available and many variations in design exist to
satisfy the duty requirements of applications.

Figure 9-2: Assembly and Parts of Centrifugal Pump

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Twin Centrifugal Pumps Connected in Series Configuration :

Twin-impeller centrifugal pump designed for the realization of pressurization units in
water systems and filling of pressure vessels. Suitable for sprinkler systems and other
general water supply uses.A twin pump is a circulating pump consisting of two
separate centrifugal pumps in a common pump casing and a spring-loaded change-over
flap located in the discharge nozzle.

Figure 9-3: Flow Diagram of Centrifugal Pumps connected in series

Configuration

Centrifugal pumps are connected in series if the discharge of the pump on upstream is
connected to the next pump on downstream.
When we say multiple pumps are in series, it means that the discharge of the first pump
provides the suction to the second pump and the discharge of the second pump provides
the suction to the third pump and so on and so forth depending on the number of pumps
in series.
Factors to consider when you connect pumps in series .Series operation is usually but
not always opted for higher head requirements.
When NPSHR of the main pump is very high and a booster pump to provide
high,NPSHA is required. Booster and main pump are operated in series.
When parallel pump operation is not possible because of inherent pump and system
characteristics limitations

9.3

9.4 Apparatus

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 Basic Hydraulic Bench

 Parallel/Series Pump Test Bed
 Centrifugal Pump
 Stop watch

9.5 Procedure

1. First of all, take the Centrifugal Pump and place it on basic Hydraulic Bench.
2. Join the water delivery pipe and fill the tank up to certain level.
3. Now open the foot valve of the pump and switch the pump on. Keep the delivery
valve on and note the reading on output or delivery pressure gauge.
4. For Series connections close the valves of one of the pumps connected to the
container so that only one motor/pump take the faced line/container.
5. Now open the delivery side valve partially so that the water is delivered to the
output tank.
6. Note the pressure of delivery pressure gauge.
7. Use the stop watch to calculate the time for the particular volume
8. Calculate flow rate for each reading.

9.6 Results and Discussion

Table 9-1: Observations and Calculations

P1=Psuction P2=PDelivery P=P2- Volume Time Q=V/t

Sr.No (Bar) (Bar) P1 (m3) sec (m3/sec)
(Bar)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

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9.6.1 Calculations

𝐕
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐐 =
𝐓

9.6.2 Graph

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9.7 Applications

9.8 Comments

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Experiment No. 10

10 Title

To study and draw the characteristics curves of twin centrifugal pumps connected
in parallel configuration

Figure 10-1: Apparatus Diagram

10.1 Objective

To understand the parts of Centrifugal pump

To learn the working of centrifugal pump
To know the advantage and disadvantages of the centrifugal pump
To draw the characteristic curves of two pumps when connected in parallel
configuration

10.2 Introduction/Theoretical Background

Centrifugal Pump :
Centrifugal pumps are used to transport fluids by the conversion of rotational kinetic
energy to the hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow. The rotational energy typically
comes from an engine or electric motor.

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A single-stage centrifugal pump consists of one impeller rotating on a shaft within a

pump casing which is designed to produce fluid flow when driven by a motor. It is
one of the simplest designs of pumps available and many variations in design exist to
satisfy the duty requirements of applications.

Figure 10-2: Assembly and Parts of Centrifugal Pump

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Twin Centrifugal Pumps Connected in Parallel Configuration :

Twin-impeller centrifugal pump designed for the realization of pressurization units in
water systems and filling of pressure vessels. Suitable for sprinkler systems and other
general water supply uses.

Figure 10-3: Flow Diagram of twin Centrifugal pumps connected in parallel

configuration

A twin pump is a circulating pump consisting of two separate centrifugal pumps in a

common pump casing and a spring-loaded change-over flap located in the discharge
nozzle.

When we say multiple pumps are in parallel, the flow to the suction is split depending
on the number of pumps in parallel and when the individual discharge connections
from the individual pumps in parallel unite to form a common discharge pipe or
discharge header the flow recombines as a summation of the individual pump flows.
Working Of Centrifugal Pump:
Water is drawn into the pump from the source of supply through a short length of pipe
(suction pipe). Impeller rotates; it spins the liquid sitting in the cavities between the
vanes outwards and provides centrifugal acceleration with the kinetic energy.
This kinetic energy of a liquid coming out an impeller is harnessed by creating a
resistance to flow. The first resistance is created by the pump volute (casing) that
catches the liquid and shows it down.

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In the discharge nozzle, the liquid further decelerates and its velocity is converted to
pressure according to
Bernoulli’s Principle.
Pumps are operated in parallel when two or more pumps are connected to a common
discharge line, and share the same suction and discharge conditions. The parallel
operation is usually opted to cope up with higher flow demands which crop up as said
earlier because of de-bottle necking or revamp activities in the plant or refinery.
However, parallel operation is not the only choice to achieve higher flow.

10.3 Apparatus

 Basic Hydraulic Bench

 Parallel/Series Pump Test Bed
 Centrifugal Pump
 Stop watch

10.4 Procedure

1. First of all, take the Centrifugal Pump and place it on basic Hydraulic Bench.
2. Join the water delivery pipe and fill the tank up to certain level.
3. Now open the foot valve of the pump and switch the pump on. Keep the delivery
valve on and note the reading on output or delivery pressure gauge.
4. For Parallel connections close the middle valve which connects two pumps of
both pumps in order to prevent mixing of flow.
5. Now open the delivery side valve partially so that the water is delivered to the
output tank.
6. Note the pressure of delivery pressure gauge.
7. Use the stop watch to calculate the time for the particular volume
8. Calculate flow rate for each reading.

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10.5 Results and Discussion

Table 10-1: Observations and Calculations

P1=Psuction P2=PDelivery P=P2- Volume Time Q=V/t

Sr.No. (Bar) (Bar) P1 m3 (m3/sec)
(Bar) (sec)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

10.5.1 Calculations

𝐕
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐐 =
𝐓

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10.5.2 Graph

10.6 Applications

10.7 Comments

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Experiment No. 11

11 Title
To study and draw characteristic curves of Francis Turbine

Figure 11-1: Fransis Turbine

11.1 Objective

To understand the concept of Francis Turbine

To learn the working of moveable guide vane
To learn the use of Laser tachometer
To draw the characteristic curves of Francis Turbine

11.2 Introduction/Theoretical Background

11.2.1 Turbine :

A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and
converts it into useful work.

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11.2.2 Francis Turbine :

The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine. It is an inward-flow reaction turbine that
combines radial and axial flow concepts. Francis turbines are the most common water
turbine in use today, and can achieve over 95% efficiency.
Francis turbines are primarily used for electrical power production. These turbines can
be used for heads as low as 2 meters and as high as 300 meters.

Figure 11-2: Parts of Francis Turbine

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11.2.3 Components of Francis Turbine :

A Francis Turbine consists

of the 5 main parts those
are:

1. Spiral Casing.
2. Stay Vanes.
3. Guide Vanes.
4. Runner Blades.
5. Draft Tube.

1. Spiral Casing Figure 11-3: Components of Francis Turbine

The spiral casing is the inlet medium of water to the turbine. The water flowing
from the reservoir or dam is made to pass through this pipe with high pressure. The
blades of the turbines are circularly placed, which means the water striking the turbine’s
blades should flow in the circular axis for efficient striking. So the spiral casing is used,
but due to the circular movement of the water, it loses its pressure.
2. Stay Vanes
Stay and guide vanes guide the water to the runner blades. Stay vanes remain
stationary at their position and reduces the swirling of water due to radial flow, as it
enters the runner blades, thus, making the turbine more efficient.
3. Guide Vanes
Guide vanes are not stationary, they change their angle as per the requirement
to control the angle of striking of water to turbine blades to increase the efficiency.
They also regulate the flow rate of water into the runner blades thus controlling the
power output of a turbine according to the load on the turbine.
4. Runner Blades
Runner blades are the heart of any Francis turbine. These are the centers where
the fluid strikes and the tangential force of the impact causes the shaft of the turbine to
rotate, producing torque. Close attention to the design of blade angles at inlet and outlet
is necessary, as these are major parameters affecting power production.
5. Draft Tube
The pressure at the exit of the runner of the reaction turbine is generally less
than atmospheric pressure. The water at the exit, cannot be directly discharged to the

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tailrace. A tube or pipe of the gradually increasing area is used for discharging water
from the exit of the turbine to the tailrace.

11.2.4 Operation :

The Francis turbine is a type of reaction turbine, a category of turbine in which the
working fluid comes to the turbine under immense pressure and the energy is extracted
by the turbine blades from the working fluid. A part of the energy is given up by the
fluid because of pressure changes occurring on the blades of the turbine, quantified by
the expression of degree of reaction, while the remaining part of the energy is extracted
by the volute casing of the turbine. At the exit, water acts on the spinning cup-shaped
runner features, leaving at low velocity and low swirl with very little kinetic or potential
energy left. The turbine's exit tube is shaped to help decelerate the water flow and
recover the pressure.

11.3 Apparatus

 Basic Hydraulic Bench

 Francis Turbine
 Tachometer (Non Contact)
 Stop watch

11.4 Procedure

1. First of all, take the Francis Turbine Model(HM-150.20) and place it on

basic Hydraulic Bench.
2. The water supply and flow rate measurements are produced via HM-150.
3. Turbine torque is measured using band brake and is read on spring balance.
4. A non-contact speed sensor(tachometer) is used to measure the rotational
speed of turbine.
5. A manometer shows the water pressure at the turbine inlet.
6. Measure the breaking force with help of the scale on the band.
7. Take coordinate reading and plot the graph.

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11.5 Results and Discussion

Table 11-1: Observations and Calculations

Sr. Net Force Head Torque Output Input Efficiency %=

Speed Pressure Power Power (Output/input)
No. = F1-F2 M=
x 100
RPM P “Bar” =Mx2 =VxPx105
“Newton” F x D/2
“N” N/60 “”
1000x60
“Nm”
“Watt”
“Watt”

11.5.1 Calculations

Dia of Pulley = 50 mm
d
M = F. N.m
2

𝑷 𝑷 .𝑽. .𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎.𝟔𝟎 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕

𝑷 𝟐𝝅𝑵
𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕=𝑴. 𝟔𝟎 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕

Volume V = 48 liters for 60 sec.

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11.5.2 Graph

 Rpm vs Torque

 Rpm vs Efficiency

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 Rpm vs Output Power

11.6 Applications

11.7 Comments

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Experiment No. 12

12 Title
To study and draw characteristic curves of Pelton Wheel / Impulse Turbine

Figure 12-1: Pelton Wheel

12.1 Objective

To understand the working of pelton wheel

To learn the design parameter of pelton wheel
To learn the use of tachometer (Non-Contact)
To draw the characteristic curves of pelton Wheel

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12.2 Introduction/Theoretical Background

12.2.1 Pelton Turbine :

Pelton Turbine is a Tangential flow impulse turbine in which the pressure energy of
water is converted into kinetic energy to form high speed water jet and this jet strikes
the wheel tangentially to make it rotate. It is also called as Pelton Wheel.

12.2.2 Parts of Pelton Turbine :

1. Nozzle and Flow Regulating Arrangement
2. Runner and Buckets
3. Casing
4. Braking Jet

Nozzle and Flow Regulating Arrangement

The water from source is transferred through penstock to which end a nozzle is
provided. Using this nozzle the high speed water jet can be formed. To control the water
jet from nozzle, a movable needle spear is arranged inside the nozzle.

12.2.3 Runner and Buckets

A Pelton turbine consists of a runner, which is a circular disc on the periphery of which
a number of buckets are mounted with equal spacing between them. The buckets
mounted are either double hemispherical or double ellipsoidal shaped.

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12.2.4 Casing

The whole arrangement of runner and buckets, inlet and braking jets are covered by the
Casing. Casing of Pelton turbine does not perform any hydraulic actions but prevents
the splashing of water while working and also helps the water to discharge to the tail
race.

12.2.5 Braking Jet

Braking jet is used to stop the running wheel when it is not working. This situation
arises when the nozzle inlet is closed with the help of spear then the water jet is stopped
on the buckets. But Due to inertia, the runner will not stop revolving even after complete
closure of inlet nozzle.

Design rules

The specific speed parameter is

independent of a particular turbine's
size.

Compared to other turbine designs, the

relatively low specific speed of the
Pelton wheel, implies that the
geometry is inherently a "low gear"
design. Thus it is most suitable to being
fed by a hydro source with a low ratio
of flow to pressure, (meaning relatively
low flow and/or relatively high
pressure).
Figure 12-2: Sectional view of pelton wheel
The specific speed is the main criterion
for matching a specific hydro-electric site with the optimal turbine type. It also allows
a new turbine design to be scaled from an existing design of known performance.

𝐧√𝐏
𝛈 = 𝟓
(𝐠𝐇)𝟒 √𝛒

n = Frequency of rotation (rpm)

P = Power (W)

H = Water head (m)

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rho ρ = Density (kg/m3)

The formula implies that the Pelton turbine is geared most suitably for applications
with relatively high hydraulic head H, due to the 5/4 exponent being greater than
unity, and given the characteristically low specific speed of the Pelton.

A pelton wheel is generally designed for a given head of water ,power to be delivered
and speed of the runner. A pelton wheel is designed to find out the following data :

1. Diameter of Wheel
2. Diameter of jet
3. Size (depth and width ) of bucket
4. Number of buckets

Size of Bucket :

In general, the buckets of pelton wheel have following dimensions :

Width of bucket = 5 * d

Depth of bucket = 1.2 * d

Where d is diameter of jet.

Number of Buckets :

Number of buckets should be minimum as possible to reduce frictional head and is

found by

𝑫
No. Of Buckets = 𝟐𝒅 + 𝟏𝟓

Where D is mean diameter of Bucket

And d is diameter of jet

Number Of Jets Of Pelton Wheel :

A pelton turbine generally has a single jet only. But whenever a single jet cannot
develop required power, we may have to employ more than one jet.The maximum
number of jets provided to a pelton wheel is 6. While designing the jets, care should
be taken to provide the jets at equidistant on the outer periphery of wheel

12.3 Working of Pelton Turbine:

The working of Pelton turbine is as follows:

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 The water is transferred from the high head source through a long conduit called
Penstock.
 Nozzle arrangement at the end of penstock helps the water to accelerate and it
flows out as a high speed jet with high velocity and discharge at atmospheric
pressure.
 The jet will hit the splitter of the buckets which will distribute the jet into two
halves of bucket and the wheel starts revolving.
 The kinetic energy of the jet is reduced when it hits the bucket and also due to
spherical shape of buckets the directed jet will change its direction and takes U-
turn and falls into tail race.
 In general, the inlet angle of jet is in between 10 to 30, after hitting the buckets the
deflected jet angle is in between 1650 to 1700.
 The water collected in tail race should not submerge the Pelton wheel in any case.
 To generate more power, two Pelton wheels can be arranged to a single shaft or
two water jets can be directed at a time to a single Pelton wheel.

12.4 Apparatus

 Basic Hydraulic Bench

 Francis Turbine
 Tachometer (Non Contact)
 Stop watch

12.5 Procedure

8. First of all, take the Francis Turbine Model(HM-150.20) and place it on

basic Hydraulic Bench.
9. The water supply and flow rate measurements are produced via HM-150.
10. Turbine torque is measured using band brake and is read on spring balance.
11. A non-contact speed sensor(tachometer) is used to measure the rotational
speed of turbine.
12. A manometer shows the water pressure at the turbine inlet.
13. Measure the breaking force with help of the scale on the band.
14. Take coordinate reading and plot the graph.

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12.6 Results and Discussion

Table 12-1: Observations and Calculations

Sr. Net Force Head Torque Output Input Efficiency %=

Speed Pressure Power Power (Output/input)
No. = F1-F2 M=
x 100
RPM P “Bar” =Mx2 =VxPx105
“Newton” F x D/2
“N” N/60 “”
1000x60
“Nm”
“Watt”
“Watt”

12.6.1

12.6.2 Calculations

Dia of Pulley = 50 mm
d
M = F. N.m
2

𝑷 𝑷 .𝑽. .𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎.𝟔𝟎 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕

𝑷 𝟐𝝅𝑵
𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕=𝑴. 𝟔𝟎 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕

Volume V = 58 litres for 60 sec.

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12.6.3 Graph

 Rpm vs Torque

 Rpm vs Efficiency

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 Rpm vs Output Power

12.7 Applications

12.8 Comments

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Experiment No. 13

13 Title
To study and draw characteristic curves of Reaction turbine by using data acquisition
system

13.1 Objective

To understand the working of Reaction Turbine

To learn the uses of data Acquisition system
To draw the characteristic curves of reaction turbine

13.2 Introduction/Theoretical Background

The G.U.N.T. HM 288 Radial Flow Reaction Turbine Demonstration Unit with PC
Data Acquisition System is part of range of equipment that enables experiments to be
performed on hydraulic motors and machines such as pumps, fans and water turbines.

1. Using HM 288 demonstration unit, the characteristic behavior of reaction

turbine can be determined
2. Power output as a function of volumetric flow rate, pressure and speed
3. Recording of moment curve
4. Determination of the efficiency of turbine

The unit is only intended for training and experimental use.

13.2.1 UNIT DESCRIPTION:

In addition to the actual demonstration unit, a functional experimental setup includes:

1. An HM 290 Turbine Service Unit

2. An Interface Module (HM280.01)
3. A PC Data Acquisition Card with software (HM 280.03)
4. A set of connecting cables(HM 280.04)

The HM 290, HM 280.01, HM 280.04 units are included and must be ordered
separately. They can also be used with other demonstration units in this range, e.g.,HM
289, 291 etc.

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13.2.2 EXPERIMENTAL MODULE

The experimental module contains the following specific components:

1. The water turbine to be

investigated
2. The water connection
3. Water Inlet in Turbine
4. A braking device with torque
sensor (Strain Gauge force
transducer)
5. Speed sensor (inductive
proximity switch)
6. All components are fitted to
a Sturdy Base Plate
7. Base Plate fixed on tank
using two bolts
8. Bolted Bearing
9. Cantilever Mounted Impeller
10. A shaft seal provides Sealing
11. Braking device consisting of
Braking Belt
12. Belt Pulley
13. Guide Pulley
14. Tensioning Bolt
15. Splash Protected Housing
16. Impeller Shaft Figure 13-1: Experimental Module Layout

The supply of water with the pressure and volumetric flow rate measurement is
performed using the Turbine Service Unit.

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13.2.3 HM 280.01 INTERFACE MODULE:

The interface module provides the power supply for the sensors and feeds the measured
signals to the data acquisition card in the PC.

On the front panel of interface module there are eight 5-pole sockets that are connected
to the sensors using data cables. The sockets 1-8 are for the sensors with voltage output
of 0-5V. Beside these it is also possible to connect TTL-based digital signals.

The pins on the sockets are assigned as follows:

1. Pin 1: +15-V
2. Pin 2: Analogue input (0-5 V)
3. Pin 3: Ground
4. Pin 4: Digital Input (TTL)
5. Pin 5: -15 V

Also on the front panel of module there is an ON/OFF switch (2).

On the rear panel a non-heat resistant mains connector with series fuse is fitted, the
module is supplied with 230V/50Hz via this connector.

Figure 13-2: Interface Module

13.2.4 HM 280.02 POWER METER:

Whilst the interface module is imperative for the operation of the demonstration unit;
the Power Meter is optional.

The following components are fitted to the front of the Power Meter:

1. Digital Display (1) for displaying the power

2. Master Switch (2) for switching on and off the loads
3. Red LED (3) for the indication of over range measurements.
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4. 5-Pole socket (4) as analogue output (0-5V)

The power Meter is inserted in the mains cable to the demonstration unit. A unit is fitted
to the rear panel that comprises a switch, connector and fuse (5), this is used for the
supply from the mains (230V,50Hz). The fan is then supplied via a non-heat resistant
socket (6).

Figure 13-3: Power Meter

13.2.5 PROCEDURE TO OPERATE DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM

13.2.6 NSTALLATION OF THE TURBINE:

1. Fill the supply tank with around 15 liters of clean water

2. Place the HM288 turbine model on the tank and bolt in place using the two
hand bolts.

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Figure 13-4: Fitting of Turbine Module

13.2.7 CONNECTING THE SENSORS:

13.3 The connection between the transducers and the Interface Module is made

using 5-Pole cables.

1. Flow rate F1 (1) on sensor input 1 (HM290)

2. Inlet pressure P1 (2) on sensor input.
3. Speed n1 (3) on sensor input 3 (HM288)
4. Torque 4 on sensor input 4 (HM288)
5. Pump power 5 on sensor input 5 (HM280.02)
If the sensors are connected differently, incorrect measured values will be
displayed.

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13.3.1 CONNECTING TO THE PC:

Data transfer to the PC is performed using a ribbon cable that is inserted in a socket on
the rear of the Interface Module.

Figure 13-5: PC Connection

13.3.2 CONNECTING THE POWER SUPPLY:

The demonstration unit is supplied with Power from the mains (230V. 50 Hz).
The following figure shows the connections.

Figure 13-6: Turbine Setup

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13.3.3 PLACING INTO OPERATION:

1. Switch on interface module

2. Switch on PC, start windows and start the run time software for the
HM280.03.
3. Loosen the tensioning Bolton the braking device until the belt is no longer
under any tension.
4. Switch on the pump, open the valve on the service unit, check connections for
leaks and run up the turbine.
5. Check whether plausible measured values are displayed.
6. Using the tensioning bolt, tension the belt and retard the turbine. The torque
display on the PC should now start to increase.

13.4 RECORDING THE TURBINE CHARACTERISTIC CURVE:

Torque, power and efficiency level are applied over speed to determine the turbine
characteristic curve. The flow rate remains constant for this;

1. Switch on the interface module

2. Close the ball cock on the HM 290 completely
3. Switch on the Pump HM290
4. Using the ball cock adjust the flow rate and pressure to the required levels
5. Loosen the tensioning Bolton the braking device until the belt is no longer
under any tension. The turbine is running at maximum speed.
6. Increase the load gradually using the adjusting screw and record the
subsequent measuring points.
7. Finally increase the load until the turbine locks up. The characteristic curve is
then completely recorded.
8. Recording the turbine characteristic curve can then be repeated for other flow
rates.

13.5 RESULTS:

The following figure shows a graphic of the turbine characteristic curves.

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The output curve reaches its zenith (maximum) of 26 W at about 70% maximum speed.
The turbine also attains its maximum level of efficiency of around 41% at this speed.

Figure 13-7: Characteristic Curves

13.6 Apparatus

 Turbine Test Bed

 Reaction Turbine
 PC Data Acquisition System

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13.7 Results and Discussion

Table 13-1: Observations and Calculations

Sr Vol
Output Input
# Flow Pressure Efficiency Torque Speed
Power Power
Rate P Eta M N
P mech P hyd
V Bar %age N-m rpm
Watt Watt
l/min

10

11

13.7.1 Graph

13.7.2

13.8 Applications

13.9 Comments

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Experiment No. 14

14 Title
To study and draw characteristic curves of Axial Flow Impulse Turbine by using data
acquisition system

Figure 14-1: Axial Flow Impulse Turbine

14.1 Objective

To understand the working of Axial Flow Impulse Turbine

To learn the uses of data Acquisition system
To draw the characteristic curves of Axial Flow Impulse Turbine

14.2 Introduction/Theoretical Background

The G.U.N.T. HM 288 Radial Flow Reaction Turbine Demonstration Unit with PC
Data Acquisition System is part of range of equipment that enables experiments to be
performed on hydraulic motors and machines such as pumps, fans and water turbines.

5. Using HM 288 demonstration unit, the characteristic behavior of reaction

turbine can be determined
6. Power output as a function of volumetric flow rate, pressure and speed
7. Recording of moment curve
8. Determination of the efficiency of turbine

The unit is only intended for training and experimental use.

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14.2.1 UNIT DESCRIPTION:

In addition to the actual demonstration unit, termed experimental module in the

following, a functional test stand includes an HM290 Turbine Service Unit, an Interface
Module (HM280.01), a Data Acquisition Card with Software (HM280.03) and a Set of
Connecting Cables (HM280.04). The HM290, HM280.01 - HM280.04 units are not
included and must be ordered separately. They can also be used for other demonstration
units in this series, e.g., HM288, 289 etc.The HM 290, HM 280.01, HM 280.04 units
are included and must be ordered separately. They can also be used with other
demonstration units in this range, e.g.,HM 289, 291 etc.

14.2.2 EXPERIMENTAL MODULE

Figure 14-2: Turbine and Braking Device

The experimental module includes, in addition to the Axial flow turbine (1) to be
investigated, the water connecting pipe (2), a braking device with torque sensor (4) and
a speed sensor (5). All components are fitted to a sturdy base plate (6) that is placed on
the tank on the HM290 Turbine Service Unit and bolted in place using two bolts (7).
Water is supplied via the Turbine Service Unit where the pressure and volumetric flow
rate are also measured. Specifically, the experimental module consists of the following
components: - Turbine (1) with transparent turbine housing and bolted bearing (8) for

Figure 14-3: Turbine Nozzles and Runner

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the wheel shaft (16). The water leaving the turbine passes through the open base in the
housing direct to the Turbine Service Unit tank below. The over-mounted wheel (9) is
sprayed with four water-jets from the water distributor (10). Using the distributor (17)
the nozzles of the water-distributor are supplied with water. Braking device consisting
of braking belt (11), belt pulley (12), guide roller (13) and tensioning bolt (14). The belt
force is measured using a strain gauge (4). The speed is measured using an inductive
proximity switch (5) on the front of the belt pulley. - The signal processing electronics
for the sensors are in splash protected housings (15) on the base plate. The connection
to the Interface

14.2.3 HM 280.01 INTERFACE MODULE:

The interface module provides the power supply for the sensors and feeds the measured
signals to the data acquisition card in the PC. On the front panel of interface module
there are eight 5-pole sockets that are connected to the sensors using data cables. The
sockets 1-8 are for the sensors with voltage output of 0-5V. Beside these it is also
possible to connect TTL-based digital signals.

The pins on the sockets are assigned as follows:

6. Pin 1: +15-V
7. Pin 2: Analogue input (0-5 V)
8. Pin 3: Ground
9. Pin 4: Digital Input (TTL)
10. Pin 5: -15 V

Also on the front panel of module there is an ON/OFF switch (2). On the rear panel a
non-heat resistant mains connector with series fuse is fitted, the module is supplied with
230V/50Hz via this connector.

Figure 14-4: Interface Module

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14.2.4 HM 280.02 POWER METER:

Whilst the interface module is imperative for the operation of the demonstration unit;
the Power Meter is optional.

The following components are fitted to the front of the Power Meter:

5. Digital Display (1) for displaying the power

6. Master Switch (2) for switching on and off the loads
7. Red LED (3) for the indication of over range measurements.
8. 5-Pole socket (4) as analogue output (0-5V)

The power Meter is inserted in the mains cable to the demonstration unit. A unit is fitted
to the rear panel that comprises a switch, connector and fuse (5), this is used for the
supply from the mains (230V,50Hz). The fan is then supplied via a non-heat resistant
socket (6).

Figure 14-5: Power Meter

14.2.5 PROCEDURE TO OPERATE DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM

14.2.6 NSTALLATION OF THE TURBINE:

Once the HM290 Turbine Service Unit has been set up on a flat surface, the
components can be placed in operation in the following order: - Fill the supply
tank with around 15 litres of clean water. Place the HM291 turbine model on
the tank and bolt in place using the two hand bolts. The projecting part of the
turbine module must point in the direction of the hose connection on the
HM290.

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Figure 14-6: Installation of Turbine

14.2.7 CONNECTING THE SENSORS:

14.3 The connection between the transducers and the Interface Module is made

using 5-Pole cables.

1. Flow rate F1 (1) on sensor input 1 (HM290)

2. Inlet pressure P1 (2) on sensor input.
3. Speed n1 (3) on sensor input 3 (HM288)
4. Torque 4 on sensor input 4 (HM288)
5. Pump power 5 on sensor input 5 (HM280.02)
6. If the sensors are connected differently, incorrect measured values will be
displayed.

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14.3.1 CONNECTING TO THE PC:

Data transfer to the PC is performed using a ribbon cable that is inserted in a socket on
the rear of the Interface Module.

Figure 14-7: PC Connection

14.3.2 CONNECTING THE POWER SUPPLY:

The demonstration unit is supplied with Power from the mains (230V. 50 Hz).
The following figure shows the connections.

Figure 14-8: Power Supply Connection

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14.3.3 PLACING INTO OPERATION:

1. Switch on interface module

2. Switch on PC, start windows and start the run time software for the
HM280.03.
3. Loosen the tensioning Bolton the braking device until the belt is no longer
under any tension.
4. Switch on the pump, open the valve on the service unit, check connections for
leaks and run up the turbine.
5. Check whether plausible measured values are displayed.
6. Using the tensioning bolt, tension the belt and retard the turbine. The torque
display on the PC should now start to increase.

14.4 RECORDING THE TURBINE CHARACTERISTIC CURVE:

Torque, power and efficiency level are applied over speed to determine the turbine
characteristic curve. The flow rate remains constant for this;

1. Switch on the interface module

2. Close the ball cock on the HM 290 completely
3. Switch on the Pump HM290
4. Using the ball cock adjust the flow rate and pressure to the required levels
5. Loosen the tensioning Bolton the braking device until the belt is no longer
under any tension. The turbine is running at maximum speed.
6. Increase the load gradually using the adjusting screw and record the
subsequent measuring points.
7. Finally increase the load until the turbine locks up. The characteristic curve is
then completely recorded.

Recording the turbine characteristic curve can then be repeated for other flow rates.

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Figure 14-9: House Connections Running wheel

14.5 RESULTS:

The following figure shows a graphic of the turbine characteristic curves.

The output curve reaches its zenith (maximum) of 26 W at about 70% maximum speed.
The turbine also attains its maximum level of efficiency of around 41% at this speed.

Figure 14-10: Characteristic Curves

14.6 Apparatus

 Turbine Test Bed

 Axial Flow Impulse Turbine
 PC Data Acquisition System

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14.7 Results and Discussion

Table 14-1: Observations with ______ Nozzle

Sr Vol
Output Input
# Flow Pressure Efficiency Torque Speed
Power Power
Rate P Eta M N
P mech P hyd
V Bar %age N-m rpm
Watt Watt
l/min

10

11

Graph:

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