APA Referencing

THIS IS A QUICK GUIDE TO THE APA REFERENCING STYLE (6TH EDITION)

The American Psychological Association reference style uses the Author-Date forma

At the end of your assignment, you are required to provide the full bibliographic information for each source.

IN-TEXT

Direct quotation – use quotation marks around the quote and include page numbers

Samovar and Porter (1997) point out that "language involves attaching meaning to symbols" (p.188). Alternatively,
“Language involves attaching meaning to symbols" (Samovar & Porter, 1997, p.188).

Indirect quotation/paraphrasing – no quotation marks

Attaching meaning to symbols is considered to be the origin of written language (Samovar & Porter, 1997).

N.B. Page numbers are optional when paraphrasing, although it is useful to include them
(Publication Manual, p. 171).

Citations from a secondary source

As Hall (1977) asserts, “culture also defines boundaries of different groups” (as cited in Samovar and Porter, 1997,
p. 14).

References must be listed in alphabetical order by author.

Examples of References by TYPE

In a reference list In-text citation

1. Book with one author

King, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame. Auckland, New (King, 2000) or King (2000)
Zealand: Viking. compares Frame ...

N.B. The first letter of the first word of the main title, subtitle and all proper nouns
have capital letters.

2. Book with two to five authors (see Library APA referencing webpage for six or
more authors)
(Krause, Bochner, & Duchesne,
Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S. (2006). Educational psychology for learning 2006) then (Krause et al., 2006)
and teaching (2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Vic., Australia: Thomson.

N.B. Use & between authors’ names, except when paraphrasing in text. When a
work has three, four or five authors, cite all authors the first time, and in
subsequent citations include only the first author followed by et al.

3. Book or report by a corporate author e.g. organisation, association, (University of Waikato, 1967)
government department
Some group authors may be
University of Waikato. (1967). First hall of residence (Information series No. 3). abbreviated in subsequent
Hamilton, New Zealand: Author. citations if they are readily
N.B. When the author and the publisher are the same, use Author in the publisher recognisable.
field.

4. Book chapter in edited book

Helber, L. E. (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts for new markets. In M. V. Conlin & T. (Helber, 1995) or
Baum (Eds.), Island tourism: Management principles and practice (pp. 105-113).
Chichester, England: John Wiley. Helber (1995) compares luxury
resorts ...
N.B. Include the page numbers of the chapter after the book title.

5. Conference paper online - (see Library APA referencing webpage for

addressed in developing a mentoring program. Paper presented at the Australian According to Bochner (1996) ...
Association for Research in Education Conference. Retrieved from
http://www.aare.edu.au/96pap/bochs96018.txt

6. Course handout/Lecture notes

Salter, G. (2007). Lecture 3: SPLS205-07A [PowerPoint slides]. Hamilton, New (Salter, 2007)
Zealand: University of Waikato.

N.B. Put format in square brackets - e.g. [PowerPoint slides] [Lecture notes]

7. Film – (see Library APA referencing webpage for music and other media)

Zhang, Y. (Producer/Director). (2000). Not one less [Motion picture]. China: (Zhang, 2000)

Columbia Pictures.

N.B. For films, DVDs or videorecordings use [Motion picture] in square brackets.
Give the country of origin and the name of the motion picture studio.

8. Journal article – academic/scholarly (electronic version) with DOI (see also (Hohepa, Schofield, & Kolt, 2006)
Library APA referencing webpage) then subsequently, if 3-5
authors (Hohepa, et al., 2006)
Hohepa, M., Schofield, G., & Kolt, G. S. (2006). Physical activity: What do high school
students think? Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(3), 328-336.
doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.12.024

N.B. A capital letter is used for key words in the journal title. The journal title and
volume number are italicised, followed by the issue number in brackets (not
italicised).

9. Journal article – academic/scholarly (electronic version) with no DOI (Harrison & Papa, 2005) or

Harrison, B., & Papa, R. (2005). The development of an indigenous knowledge Harrison and Papa (2005)
recommend ...
program in a New Zealand Maori-language immersion school. Anthropology and
Education Quarterly, 36(1), 57-72. Retrieved from ProQuest Education Journals
database.

N.B. Undergraduates: Give the name of the database. Researchers: Give the URL
of the journal homepage. e.g. Retrieved from
http://ucpressjournals.com/journal.asp?j=aeq

10. Journal article - academic/scholarly (print version) (Gibbs, 2005) or Gibbs (2005)
contradicts ...
Gibbs, M. (2005). The right to development and indigenous peoples: Lessons from New
Zealand. World Development, 33(8), 1365-1378.

11. Journal article - academic/scholarly (Internet only – no print version) (Snell & Hodgetts, n.d.)

Snell, D., & Hodgetts, D. (n.d.). The psychology of heavy metal communities and white or
supremacy. Te Kura Kete Aronui, 1. Retrieved from
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/wfass/tkka Snell and Hodgetts (n.d.) suggest
“...” (para. 3)
N.B. (n.d.) = no date. For html version only, cite the paragraph number in text

12. Magazine article – popular/trade/general interest (Goodwin, 2002) or Goodwin

N.B. Full date is used for weekly magazines; month and year for monthly
magazines

13. Newspaper article – (Print version)

Hartevelt, J. (2007, December 20). Boy racers. The Press, p. 3. N.B. Include p. or pp. (Hartevelt, 2007)
before the page number – for newspapers only, not magazines

14. Newspaper article (Database like Newztext Plus) (also see Library referencing
webpage for Internet version)
(Cumming, 2003)
Cumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. The New Zealand
(Cumming, 2003) Herald. Retrieved from Newztext Plus database.

15. Newspaper article with no author

Report casts shadow on biofuel crops. (2007, October 16). Waikato Times, p. 21. (“Report Casts Shadow,” 2007)

N.B. Article title comes first. In the text, abbreviate title and use double quotation
marks.

16. Personal Communication (letters, telephone conversations, emails, interviews) (H. Clarke, personal
communication, March 19, 2004)
N.B. No reference list entry as the information is not recoverable.

17. Thesis – print version - outside the US (NEW)

Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University (Dewstow, 2006) or Dewstow
(2006) identified ...
of Waikato (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Waikato, Hamilton, New
Zealand.

18. Thesis – Institutional or personal webpage - outside the US (NEW)

Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University of (Dewstow, 2006)
Waikato (Master’s thesis, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand).

Retrieved from http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/handle/10289/2241

19. Webpages (When multiple webpages are referenced, reference the homepage)

Statistics New Zealand. (2007). New Zealand in profile 2007. Retrieved from (Statistics New Zealand, 2007)

http://www.stats.govt.nz
 N.B. Author (could be organisation), date (either date of publication or latest
update), document title, date retrieved if contents are likely to change, URL

Source: Adapted from ‘The Library: APA Quick Guide, The University of Waikato, 2011’.