Summary:

Types of Sentences

Simple sentence

A simple sentence is one independent clause.

---------s------- --v---
Freshwater boils at 100 degrees Celsius at sea level.

-----s--------- ---v--- ---v---

Freshwater boils at 100 degrees and freezes at 0 degrees Celsius.

---------s----- ------s----- -----v----- -----v-----

Freshwater and salt water do not boil and do not freeze at the same temperatures.

Notice that the second sentence has two verbs, boils and freezes. This is called a compound verb. The third
sentence has both a compound subject and a compound verb. All three examples are simple sentences
because they have only one clause.

Examples:

1. Write two simple sentences with one subject and one verb.
The cat meows.
She sings.
2. Write two simple sentences with one subject and two verbs.
The dog barks and runs.
He eats and sleeps.
3. Write two simple sentences with two subjects and one verb.
John and Mary play tennis.
The cat and the dog chase each other.
4. Write two simple sentences with two subjects and two verbs.
Sarah and Emily study and read books.
Lisa and Sandra cooked dinner and set the table.

Compound sentence
A compound sentence is two or more independent clauses joined together. There are three ways to join the
clauses:
1. With a coordinator (Coordinating Conjunctions)

Salt water boils at a higher temperature than freshwater, so food cooks faster in salt water.

We put a comma before the coordinating conjunction.

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There are seven coordinators, which are also called coordinating conjunctions. You can remember them by
the phrase FAN BOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So).

2. With a conjunctive adverb

Conjunctive adverbs, also known as adverbial conjunctions or transitional adverbs, are words or phrases
that function both as adverbs and conjunctions. They connect and show relationships between two
independent clauses or complete sentences within a larger sentence. Conjunctive adverbs help express
various logical relationships, such as cause and effect, contrast, comparison, time, and sequence.

Common examples of conjunctive adverbs include words like "however," "nevertheless," "moreover,"
"therefore," “in constrast,” "as a result," "consequently," "hence," "thus,"

here are some compound sentences using conjunctive adverbs:

1. Sarah worked hard on her presentation; however, her laptop malfunctioned during the meeting.
2. The team practiced tirelessly for the championship game; nevertheless, they faced a formidable
opponent.
3. Alex wanted to join the hiking trip; moreover, he needed to buy some essential gear.
4. The movie was long and thrilling; therefore, we took a break to grab some popcorn.
5. Jane loves chocolate; in contrast, her brother prefers vanilla ice cream.
6. John studied diligently for the exam; as a result, he aced it with flying colors.
7. She was feeling tired; nevertheless, she decided to go for a run to clear her mind.
8. The weather was hot and sunny; consequently, they spent the day at the beach.
9. Jack forgot his umbrella at home; hence, he got drenched in the unexpected rain.
10. They were exhausted after the long hike; thus, they decided to camp for the night.

3. With a semicolon

Salt water boils at a higher temperature than freshwater; food cooks faster in salt water.

EXERCISE 1

Read through the following simple sentences and transform them into compound sentences by using
appropriate coordinating conjunctions.

1. Following the trail, we reached our destination. / We followed the trail and reached our destination.

2. Being sick, I went to the doctor. / I was sick, so I went to the doctor.

3. In spite of the rain, the children went out to play. / It was raining but the children went out to play

4. Having handed over the flowers to my mom, I hugged her./ I handed over the flowers to my mom and
hugged her.

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5. In the event of you not reaching in time, we will postpone the operation./ You should reach in time or we
will postpone the operation.

6. Despite the train being late, Preetha waited for the train. / The train was late yet Preetha waited for the
train.

7. On account of the new rules and regulations, we were asked to work for an extended period. / There were
new rules and regulations, so we were asked to work for an extended period.

8. On seeing his mom, the little boy ran to her. / The little boy saw his mom and at once ran to her

9. I was too tired to do any more work. / I was very tired, so I could not do any more work.

10. In order to reduce weight, Anjali has to eat a balanced diet. / Anjali has to reduce weight, so she has to
eat a balanced diet

Exercise 2
Fill the blanks with appropriate conjunctive adverb.
1. The student studied very well, and _________ , got the maximum marks. [ However, otherwise, thus,
hence ]
2. The boy is a genius ; ____________ , it’s not at all surprising that he gets a good job. [ Besides,
therefore, contrarily, however]
3. They wanted to play in the playground ; __________ , it rained so they can’t play. [However,
moreover, unless, additionally]
4. You need to focus on your study ; _________ , you won’t get success. [ Otherwise, moreover, thus,
Unless ]
5. I love to read story books ; ____________ , my best friend give me some story books. [Accordingly,
otherwise, moreover, subsequently]
6. Rohan kept noising in library ; ____________ , he got punished.
7. The boy likes the girl a lot ; __________ , he thinks that they should be good friends. [Accordingly, in
fact, thus, hence ]
8. The little girl didn’t like eating potatoes ; ________ , snacks is her favorite food. [ Equally,
comparatively, conversely, in addition]
9. They wanted to come ; ___________ , I was too busy. [ However, nevertheless, further, rather ]
10. The boy is determined ; _____________ , to improve his score. [ Nonetheless, comparatively, equally,
similarly]
Answer :
1. Thus
2. Therefore
3. However
4. Otherwise
5. Accordingly
6. Therefore
7. In fact
8. Conversely
9. However
10. Nonetheless

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 Complex sentences
a complex sentence consists of an independent clause and a at least one subordinate clause.
Subordinate clauses employ subordinate conjunctions

Here are some common subordinate conjunctions:

1. although - Although I wanted to go, I was obliged to stay .

2. because - I stayed indoors because it was raining.
3. since - Since it's late, we should go to bed.
4. if - If you finish your work, you can go outside.
5. when - I'll call you when I get home.
6. while - She read a book while waiting for her appointment.
7. unless - You won't pass unless you study.
8. although - Although she was tired, she continued working.

Subordinate conjunctions play a crucial role in forming complex sentences and indicating relationships
between different parts of a sentence.

Exercise: write five complex sentences using subordinate conjunctions.

Complex Sentences with Adverb Clauses

Few of those subordinate conjunctions act as adverbs. Adverb clauses provide additional information
about the action in the main clause, such as when, where, why, how, to what extent.

Here are examples of complex sentences with adverb clauses:

1. **When** it started to rain, *I decided to stay indoors.*

- The adverb clause "when it started to rain" tells us when the action in the main clause happened.

2. **Because** I studied hard, *I aced the exam.*

- The adverb clause "because I studied hard" explains why the action in the main clause occurred.

3. **Wherever you go, *I will follow you.*

- The adverb clause "wherever you go" specifies the location or condition under which the action in
the main clause will occur.

4. **Although** she was tired, *she continued working.*

- The adverb clause "although she was tired" presents a contrasting condition or circumstance
related to the action in the main clause.

5. **If** you don't finish your homework, *you will get a lower grade.*
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 - The adverb clause "if you don't finish your homework" presents a condition that must be met for
the action in the main clause to occur.

In each example, the adverb clause provides additional information, context, or a condition for the
action in the main clause. This combination of an independent clause and an adverb clause creates a
complex sentence, allowing for more detailed and nuanced communication.

Complex Sentences with Adjective Clauses

Complex sentences with adjective clauses contain an independent clause (a complete thought) and one or
more dependent clauses (adjective clauses) that function as adjectives to modify a noun or pronoun in the
independent clause. Adjective clauses provide additional information about the noun or pronoun they
modify, often answering questions like "which one?" or "what kind?" These clauses add depth and detail to
a sentence by describing or identifying the noun more specifically.

Here are examples of complex sentences with adjective clauses:

1. The book *that I borrowed from the library* is an excellent read.

- The adjective clause "that I borrowed from the library" describes the book more specifically.

2. The car *that she drives to work every day* is very fuel-efficient.
- The adjective clause "that she drives to work every day" tells us which car is being discussed.

3. The cake *that my grandmother baked for my birthday* was delicious.

- The adjective clause "that my grandmother baked for my birthday" provides additional information about
the cake.

4. The movie *that we watched last night* was a thrilling action film.
- The adjective clause "that we watched last night" specifies which movie is being discussed.

1. The woman who lives next door is a talented artist.

- In this sentence, "who lives next door" is an adjective clause modifying "the woman."

2. The car whose color is red belongs to my friend.

- "Whose color is red" is an adjective clause modifying "the car."

3. The book, which was written by a famous author, is a bestseller.

- "Which was written by a famous author" is an adjective clause modifying "the book."

4. The house where I grew up is in a quiet neighborhood.

- "Where I grew up" is an adjective clause modifying "the house."

5. The student whom the teacher praised received an award.

- "Whom the teacher praised" is an adjective clause modifying "the student."

1. **Whose**: "Whose" is used to show possession or ownership

- Example: The woman whose car was stolen is my neighbor.

2. **Whom**: Whom" is used when someone or something is the receiver of an action

- Example: The student whom the teacher praised is diligent.

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3. **Which**: "Which" is used to introduce an adjective clause that provides additional information about a
thing or an animal.
- Example: The book which is on the top shelf is my favorite.

4. **Who**: "Who" is used when the relative pronoun is the subject of the verb in the adjective clause and
refers to a person.
- Example: The man who is speaking is my brother.

5. **That**: "That" is a versatile relative pronoun and can be used in both restrictive and non-restrictive
adjective clauses for people or things. It is often used in spoken and informal English.
- Example: The dog that barks all night is annoying.

EXERCISE :

Combine the two sentences to make one, using an adjective clause. For example, "I met Mary in the
hall. She is a tour guide." becomes "I met Mary, who is a tour guide, in the hall."

1The man was sick. He looked very pale. The man, who looked very pale, was sick.

2He was sitting in the emergency room. It was very crowded. / He was sitting in the emergency room,
which was very crowded.

A nurse was nearby. He called to her. He called to a nurse who was nearby."

The nurse called a doctor. She came quickly. The nurse called a doctor, who came quickly

The doctor asked him to lie down. She looked very worried. The doctor, who looked very worried,
asked him to lie down.

She gave the man an injection. It made him go to sleep. She gave the man an injection that made him
go to sleep.

Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses

Complex sentences with noun clauses contain an independent clause (a complete thought) and one or more
dependent clauses (noun clauses) that function as nouns within the sentence. Noun clauses can serve as
subjects, objects, or complements, making them versatile components of complex sentences. Here are
examples:

1. **Subject Noun Clause:**

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 - What she said surprised everyone.

2. **Object Noun Clause:**

- They wonder if they should go on the trip.

3. **Object of Preposition Noun Clause:**

- He has a strong belief in the idea that honesty is the best policy.

4. **Direct Object Noun Clause:**

- I know what she wants.

5. **Subject Complement Noun Clause:**

- Her dream is to travel the world.

6. **Object Complement Noun Clause:**

- She considered him her greatest achievement.

7. **Appositive Noun Clause:**

- The question remains: what should we do next?

In these examples, the noun clauses "what she said," "if they should go on the trip," "that honesty is the best
policy," "what she wants," "to travel the world," "her greatest achievement," and "what should we do next"
are functioning as nouns in the sentences. They can serve various grammatical roles within the complex
sentences, such as subjects, objects, or complements, depending on their position and usage in the sentence.
Noun clauses add depth and substance to complex sentences by functioning as essential elements of the
sentence's structure.

Practice:
 Step 1 Underline the independent clause of each sentence with a solid line.
 Step 2 Underline the dependent clause with a broken line. One sentence has two dependent
clauses.
Sub.
1. because the cost of education is rising, many students must work part-time.
2. When students from other countries come to the United States, they often suffer from culture shock.
3. Because financial aid is difficult to obtain, many students have to work part-time.
4. Please tell me where the student union is.
5. Engineers, who have an aptitude for drafting and mechanics, must also be artistic and imaginative.
6. While the contractor follows the blueprint, the engineer checks the construction in progress.
7. Since the blueprint presents the details of the engineer's plans, it must be interpreted accurately by the
contractor.
8. Students should declare a major by their junior year unless they have not made up their minds.
9. Even though students declare a major now, they can change it later.
10. The government says that inflation is holding steady.
11. Economists are concerned that the rate of inflation will double if the government does not take
immediate steps to control it.

Compound Complex Sentences :

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A compound-complex sentence is a sentence that combines elements of both compound and complex
sentences. It contains two or more independent clauses (compound part) and at least one dependent clause
(complex part). Here's an example of a compound-complex sentence:

"While I was studying for my exams (complex part), my friend came over (independent clause), and we
reviewed the material together (independent clause)."

In the following examples, independent clauses are underlined with a solid line and dependent clauses with a
dotted line.

1. I wanted to travel after I graduated from college ; however, I had to go to work immediately.

2. After I graduated from college, I wanted to travel, but I had to go to work immediately.

3. I wanted to travel, After I graduated from college, but I had to go to work immediately because i had

to support my family.

 Punctuate the compound part of a compound-complex sentence like a compound sentence; that is,
use a semicolon/comma combination (sentence 1), or put a comma before a coordinator joining two
independent clauses (sentences 2, 3, and 4).
 Punctuate the complex part like a complex sentence. With adverb clauses, put a comma after a
dependent adverb clause (sentence 2) but not before it (sentence 3). With noun clauses (sentence 4),
use no commas.

Examples of Compound Complex sentences

1. Independent Clause + Independent Clause + Dependent Clause:

- She wanted to go to the concert, but she didn't have enough money because she had spent it all on
clothes.

2. Dependent Clause + Independent Clause + Independent Clause:

- Because it was raining, they decided to stay at home, and they watched a movie.

3. Independent Clause + Dependent Clause + Independent Clause:

- I will go to the store after I finish my work, or I might just order groceries online.

4. Independent Clause + Independent Clause + Dependent Clause + Independent Clause:

- They went to the beach, and they played volleyball, even though they had not brought any
sunscreen.

5. Independent Clause + Dependent Clause + Independent Clause + Dependent Clause:

- He finished his homework before dinner, although he had a lot of other assignments to complete,
and he watched TV afterward.

6. Dependent Clause + Independent Clause + Dependent Clause + Independent Clause:

- When the sun sets, it's time to light the campfire, and as the fire crackles, we can tell stories.

7. Independent Clause + Dependent Clause + Independent Clause + Independent Clause:

- Sarah couldn't attend the meeting because she was feeling unwell, and John took notes during the
entire presentation.
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 8. Dependent Clause + Independent Clause + Independent Clause + Independent Clause:
- Although it was late, she went to the gym, and then she cooked dinner for the family, and after
that, she cleaned the house.

These are just a few examples of the different ways compound-complex sentences can be
constructed. They allow for more complex and varied sentence structures, making your writing more
engaging and expressive.

Because we needed to buy some groceries , …..which I really liked

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Milk if it is hungry , or it will drink water if it is thirsty
Once the driver get in their cars
When they finished their work …that nobody heard off previously
When it was hungry
Before the show ended
Since it was late at night
If you want to perform alone on stage ….if oy want to perform with your friends
When she finishes the course, before leaving the classroom

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