COLLEGE CODE: CEVP

CHAITANYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

MADHURAWADA, VISAKHAPATNAM

HOSTEL
&
BUS
FACILITY
AVAILABLE

APPROVED BY AFFILIATED ACCREDITED BY

TO
2023
AICTE JNTU-V NBA | NAAC

STUDY MATERIAL COUNSELLING CODE:

INTERMEDIATE CEVP

1
KOMMADI VILLAGE,MADHURAWADA,VISAKHAPATNAM,AP-530048
 1 COMPLEX NUMBERS 3 - 39

2 DE MOIVRE’S THEOREM 40 – 63

3 QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS 64 – 93

4 THEORY OF EQUATIONS 94 – 140

5 PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS 141 – 178

6 BIONOMIAL THEOREM 179 – 251

7 PARTICAL FRACTIONS 252 – 265

8 MEASURES OF DISPERSION 266 – 279

9 PROBABILITY 280 – 312

10 RANDOM VARIABLES AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS 313 - 327

NOTE*THIS MATERIAL IS EXTRACTED FROM APBOARDSOLUTIONS.COM AND MODIFICATIONS AND DESIGNING DONE BY CHAITANYA GROUP
FOR THE CONVENIENCE OF THE STUDENTS. OUR HEARTFUL THANKS TO THE TEAM OF APBOARDSOLUTIONS & CHAITANYA TEAM.

2
Complex Numbers Solutions Exercise 1(a)
I.
Question 1.
If z1 = (2, -1), z2 = (6, 3), find z1 – z2.
Solution:
z1 = (2, -1), z2 = (6, 3)
∴ z1 – z2 = (2 – 6, -1 – 3) = (-4, -4)

Question 2.
If z1 = (3, 5) and z2 = (2, 6), find z1 . z2
Solution:
Given z1 = (3, 5) = 3 + 5i
and z2 = (2, 6) = 2 + 6i
z1 . z2 = (3 + 5i) . (2 + 6i)
= 6 + 10i + 18i + 30i2
= 6 + 28i + 30(-1) [since i2 = -1]
= -24 + 28i
= (-24, 28)

Question 3.
Write the additive inverse of the following complex numbers.
(i) (√3, 5)
(ii) (-6, 5) + (10, -4)
(iii) (2, 1) (-4, 6)
Solution:
The additive inverse of (a, b) is (-a, -b)
(i) The additive inverse of (√3, 5) is (-√3, -5)
(ii) (-6, 5) + (10, -4)
= (-6 + 10, 5 + (-4))
= (4, 1)
∴ The additive inverse of (4, 1) is (-4, -1)
(iii) (2, 1) . (-4, 6)
= ((2 × -4 – 1 × 6), (1 × -4 + 2 × 6))
= (-8 – 6, -4 + 12)
= (-14, 8)
∴ The additive inverse of (-14, 8) is (14, -8)

3
II.
Question 1.
If z1 = (6, 3); z2 = (2, -1), find z1/z2.
Solution:
Given z1 = (6, 3) = 6 + 3i
and z2 = (2, -1) = 2 – i

Question 2.
If z = (cos θ, sin θ), find (z – 1z)
Solution:
Given z = (cos θ, sin θ) = cos θ + i sin θ
⇒ 1z = cos θ – i sin θ
∴ z – 1z = (cos θ + i sin θ) – (cos θ – i sin θ)
= 2 i sin θ
= 0 + i (2 sin θ)
= (0, 2 sin θ)

Question 3.
Write the multiplicative inverse of the following complex numbers.
(i) (3, 4)
(ii) (sin θ, cos θ)
(iii) (7, 24)
(iv) (-2, 1)

4
Complex Numbers Solutions Exercise 1(b)
I.
Question 1.
Write the following complex numbers in the form A + iB.
(i) (2 – 3i) (3 + 4i)
(ii) (1 + 2i)3
(iii) a−iba+ib
(iv) 4+3i(2+3i)(4−3i)
(v) (-√3 + √-2) (2√3 – i)
(vi) (-5i) (i8)
(vii) (-i) 2i
(viii) i9
(ix) i-19
(x) 3(7 + 7i) + i(7 + 7i)
(xi) 2+5i3−2i+2−5i3+2i
Solution:
(i) (2 – 3i) (3 + 4i) = 6 + 8i – 9i – 12i2
= 6 – i + 12
= 18 – i
= 18 + i(-1)

(ii) (1 + 2i)3 = 1 + 3 . i2 . 2i + 3 . 1 . 4i2 + 8i3

= 1 + 6i – 12 – 8i
= -11 – 2i
= (-11) + i(-2)

5
(v) (-√3 + √-2) (2√3 – i) = (-√3 + i√2) (2√3 – i)
= -6 + i√3 + i2√6 + √2
= (-6 + √2) + i(√3 + 2√6)
(vi) (-5i) (i8) = −5i28
= 58 + i(0)
(vii) (-i)(2i) = -2i2
= -2(-1)
=2
= 2 + i(0)
(viii) i9 = i4 . i4 . i
=1.1.i
=i
= 0 + i(1)

(ix) i-19 = 1i19

= ii20
= i(i4)5
= ii5
=i
= 0 + i(1)

(x) 3(7 + 7i) + i(7 + 7i)

= 21 + 21i + 7i – 7
= 14 + 28i

6
Question 2.
Write the conjugate of the following complex numbers.
(i) 3 + 4i
(ii) (15 + 3i) – (4 – 20i)
(iii) (2 + 5i) (-4 + 6i)
(iv) 5i7+i
Solution:
(i) Let z = 3 + 4i
z¯ = 3 – 4i
(ii) Let z = (15 + 3i) – (4 – 20i)
= 15 + 3i – 4 + 20i
= 11 + 23i
z¯ = 11 – 23i
(iii) Let z = (2 + 5i) (-4 + 6i)
= -8 + 12i – 20i – 30
= -38 – 8i
z¯ = -38 + 8i

7
Question 3.
Simplify
(i) i2 + i4 + i6 + …….. + (2n + 1) terms
(ii) i18 – 3 . i7 + i2 (1 + i4) (-i)26
Solution:
(i) i2 + i4 + i6 + …….. + (2n + 1) terms
= -1 + 1 – 1 + (2n + 1) terms
= -1
(ii) i18 – 3i2 + i2 (1 + i4) (-i)26
= i16 . i2 – 3 . i4 . i3 + i2 (1 + 1) i24 . i2
= 1 . (-1) – 3 . 1 . (-i) + (-1) (2) (1) (-1)
= -1 + 3i + 2
= 1 + 3i

Question 4.
Find a square root for the following complex numbers.
(i) 7 + 24i
(ii) -8 – 6i
(iii) (3 + 4i)
(iv) (-47 + i8√3)
Solution:

8
9
Question 5.
Find the multiplicative inverse of the following complex numbers.
(i) √5 + 3i
(ii) -i
(iii) i-35
Solution:
(i) √5 + 3i
The multiplicative inverse of x + iy is x−iyx2+y2

10
II.
Question 1.
(i) If (a + ib)2 = x + iy, find x2 + y2
Solution:
(a + ib)2 = x + iy
⇒ a2 + i(2ab) – b2 = x + iy
⇒ (a2 – b2) + i(2ab) = x + iy
⇒ (a2 – b2) + i(2ab) = x + iy
Equating real and imaginary parts on both sides, we have
x = a2 – b2 and y = 2ab
x2 + y2 = (a2 – b2)2 + (2ab)2
= a4 – 2a2b2 + b4 + 4a2b2
= a4 + 2a2b2 + b4
= (a2 + b2)2

(ii) If x + iy = 32+cosθ+isinθ then show that x2 + y2 = 4x – 3

Solution:
x + iy = 32+cosθ+isinθ (2+cosθ)−isinθ(2+cosθ)−isinθ

11
(iii) If x + iy = 11+cosθ+isinθ, show that 4x2 – 1 = 0.
Solution:

12
Equating real parts on both sides, we have
x = 12
⇒ 2x = 1
⇒ 4x2 = 1
⇒ 4x2 – 1= 0
(iv) If u + iv = 2+iz+3 and z = x + iy, find u, v.
Solution:

Question 2.
(i) If z = 3 – 5i Show that z3 – 10z2 + 58z – 136 = 0.
Solution:
Given z = 3 – 5i
⇒ z – 3 = -5i
⇒ (z – 3)2 = 25i2
⇒ z2 – 6z + 9 = -25
⇒ z2 – 6z + 34 = 0
∴ z3 – 10z2 + 58z – 136 = z(z2 – 6z + 34) – 4z2 + 24z – 136
= z(0) – 4(z2 – 6z + 34)
= 0 – 4(0)
=0
∴ z3 – 10z2 + 58z – 136 = 0
13
(ii) If z = 2 – i√7 , then show that 3z3 – 4z2 + z + 88 = 0.
Solution:
Given z = 2 – i√7
⇒ z – 2 = -i√7
⇒ (z – 2)2 = (-i√7)2
⇒ z2 – 4z + 4 = 7i2
⇒ z2 – 4z + 4 = -7
⇒ z2 – 4z + 11 = 0
∴ 3z3 – 4z2 + z + 88 = 3z(z2 – 4z + 11) + 8z2 – 32z + 88
= 3z(0) + 8(z2 – 4z + 11)
= 0 + 8(0)
=0
∴ 3z3 – 4z2 + z + 88 =0

(iii) Show that 2−i(1−2i)2 and (−2−11i25) conjugate to each other.

Solution:

14
Question 3.
(i) If (x – iy)1/3 = a – ib then show that xa+yb = 4(a2 – b2)
Solution:
Given (x – iy)1/3 = (a – ib)
⇒ x – iy = (a – ib)3
⇒ x – iy = a3 – 3a2ib + 3ai2b2 – i3b3
⇒ x – iy = (a3 – 3ab2) – i(3a2b – b3)
Equating real and imaginary parts
x = a3 – 3ab2
⇒ xa = a2 – 3b2
y = 3a2b – b3
⇒ yb = 3a2 – b2
∴ xa+yb = a2 – 3b2 + 3a2 – b2
= 4a2 – 4b2
= 4(a2 – b2)
∴ xa+yb = 4(a2 – b2)

(ii) Write (a+iba−ib)2−(a−iba+ib)2 in the form of x + iy.

Solution:

15
(iii) If x and y are real numbers such that (1+i)x−2i3+i+(2−3i)y+i3−1=i, then determine the
values of x and y.
Solution:

16
Question 4.
(i) Find the least positive integer n, satisfying (1+i1−i)n = 1
Solution:

(ii) If (1+i1−i)3−(1−i1+i)3 = x + iy, find x and y.

Solution:

17
(iii) Find real values of ‘θ’ in order that 3+2isinθ1−2isinθ is a
(a) real numbers
(b) Purely imaginary number
Solution:

18
(iv) Find the real values of x and y if x−13+i+y−13−i=i
Solution:
Given x−13+i+y−13−i=i
⇒ (x−1)(3−i)+(y−1)(3+i)9−i2=i
⇒ 3x – xi – 3 + i + 3y – iy – 3 – i = 10i
⇒ (3x + 3y – 6) + i(-x + y) = 0 + 10i
Now equating real and imaginary parts
3x + 3y – 6 = 0
⇒ x + y – 2 = 0 ……..(1)
-x + y = 10
⇒ x – y + 10 = 0 ………(2)
(1) + (2) ⇒ 2x + 8 = 0
⇒ x = -4
From (1),
-4 + y – 2 = 0
⇒y=6
∴ x = -4, y = 6

19
Complex Numbers Solutions Exercise 1(c)
I.
Question 1.
Express the following complex numbers in modulus-amplitude form.
(i) 1 – i
Solution:
1–i
Let 1 – i = r(cos θ + i sin θ)
Equating real and imaginary parts
r cos θ = 1, r sin θ = -1
⇒ θ lies in IV quadrant
Squaring and adding
r2 (cos2θ + sin2θ) = 1 + 1 = 2
⇒ r2 = 2
⇒ r = √2
tan θ = – 1
⇒ θ = −π4
∴ 1 – i = √2(cos(−π4) + i sin(−π4))

(ii) 1 + i√3
Solution:
1 + i√3 = r (cos θ + i sin θ)
Equating real and imaginary parts
r cos θ = 1 ………(1)
r sin θ = √3 ……..(2)
θ lies in the I quadrant
Squaring and adding (1) and (2)
r2 (cos2θ + sin2θ) = 1 + 3
⇒ r2 = 4
⇒r=2
Dividing (2) by (1)
rsinθrcosθ = √3
⇒ tan θ = √3
⇒ θ = π3
∴ 1 + i√3 = 2(cos π3 + i sin π3)

20
(iii) -√3 + i
Solution:
-√3 + i = r(cos θ + i sin θ)
Equating real and imaginary parts
r cos θ = -√3 …….(1)
r sin θ = 1 …….(2)
⇒ θ lies in II quadrant
Squaring and adding (1), (2)
r2 (cos2θ + sin2θ) = 3 + 1 = 4
⇒ r2 = 4
⇒r=2
Dividing (2) by (1)
rsinθrcosθ=−13√
⇒ tan θ = −13√ and θ lies in II quadrant
⇒ θ = 180° – 30° = 150° = 5π6
∴ -√3 + i = 2(cos 5π6 + i sin 5π6)

(iv) -1 – i√3
Solution:
1 – i√3 = r (cos θ + i sin θ)
Equating real and imaginary parts
r cos θ = -1, r sin θ = -√3
Squaring and adding
r2 (cos2θ + sin2θ) = 1 + 3
⇒ r2 = 4
⇒r=2
∴ cos θ = −12, sin θ = −3√2
⇒ θ = -120° = −2π3
∴ -1 – i√3 = 2[cos(−2π3) + i sin(−2π3)]

Question 2.
Simplify -2i(3 + i) (2 + 4i) (1 + i) and obtain the modulus of that complex number.
Solution:
-2i(3 + i) (2 + 4i) (1 + i)
= (-6i – 2i2) (2 + 2i + 4i + 4i2)
= (2 – 6i) (-2 + 6i)
= -4 + 12i – 36i2 + 12i
= 32 + 24i
= 8(4 + 3i)
Modulus = |8(4 + 3i)|
= √8(4)2+(3)2
= 8(5)
= 40
21
Question 3.
(i) If z ≠ 0, find Arg z + Arg (z¯).
Solution:
If z = x + iy, then Arg(z) = tan−1(yx)
and (z¯) = x – iy, then Arg (z) = tan−1(−yx) = –tan−1(yx)
∴ Arg (z) + Arg (z¯) = tan−1(yx) + (-tan−1(yx)) = 0
(ii) If z1 = -1 and z2 = -i, then find Arg(z1z2)
Solution:
z1 = -1
⇒ z1 = cos π + i sin π
⇒ Arg z1 = π
z2 = -i
⇒ z2 = cos(−π2)+isin(−π2)
⇒ Arg z2 = −π2
∴ Arg (z1z2) = Arg z1 + Arg z2
= π – π2
= π2
(iii) If z1 = -1, z2 = i then find Arg(z1z2)
Solution:
z1 = -1 = cos π + i sin π
⇒ Arg z1 = π
z2 = i = cos π2 + i sin π2
⇒ Arg z2 = π2
∴ Arg(z1z2) = Arg z1 – Arg z2
= π – π2
= π2

Question 4.
(i) If (cos 2α + i sin 2α) (cos 2β + i sin 2β) = cos θ + i sin θ, then find the value of θ.
Solution:
cos θ + i sin θ
= (cos 2α + i sin 2α) (cos 2β + i sin 2β)
= cos 2α . cos 2β + i sin 2α . cos 2β + i cos 2α sin 2β + i2 sin 2α . sin 2β
= (cos 2α . cos 2β – sin 2α . sin 2β) + i(sin 2α cos 2β + cos 2α sin 2β)
= cos 2(α + β) + i sin 2(α + β)
∴ θ = 2(α + β)

22
(ii) If √3 + i = r (cos θ + i sin θ), then find the value of θ in radian measure.
Solution:
Given that
√3 + i = r(cos θ + i sin θ)
⇒ r cos θ = √3, r sin θ = 1
⇒ r2 (cos2θ + sin2θ) = 3 + 1
⇒ r2 = 4
⇒r=2
∴ cos θ = 3√2 and sin θ = 12
⇒ θ = π6

(iii) If x + iy = cis α . cis β then find the value of x2 + y2.

Solution:
Given x + iy = cis α . cis β
⇒ x + iy = (cos α + i sin α) (cos β + i sin β)
⇒ x + iy = cos(α + β) + i sin(α + β)
Equating real and imaginary parts
x = cos(α + β) and y = sin(α + β)
∴ x2 + y2 = cos2(α + β) + sin2(α + β) = 1

(iv) If z2z1, (z1 ≠ 0) is an imaginary number, then find the value of ∣∣2z1+z22z1−z2∣∣
Solution:
z2z1, (z1 ≠ 0) is purely imaginary.
We can suppose that z2z1 = iy, where y ∈ R – {0}

23
(v) If (√3 + i)100 = 299 (a + ib), then show that a2 + b2 = 4.
Solution:

Question 5.
(i) If z = x + iy and |z| = 1, find the locus of z.
Solution:
Given z = x + iy
Also |z| = 1
⇒ |x + iy| = 1
⇒ x2+y2−−−−−−√=1
⇒ x2 + y2 = 1
∴ Locus of z is x2 + y2 = 1

24
(ii) If the amplitude of (z – 1) is π2, then find the locus of z.
Solution:
Given z = x + iy
z – 1 = x + iy – 1 = (x – 1) + iy
Since Amplitude (z – 1) is π2
Real part of z – 1 is zero.
∴x–1=0
∴ Locus of z is x – 1 = 0

(iii) If the Arg z¯¯¯1 and Arg z2 are π5 and π3 respectively, find (Arg z1 + Arg z2)
Solution:
Arg z¯¯¯1 = π5
⇒ Arg z¯¯¯1 = -Arg z1 = −π5
Arg z2 = π3
∴ Arg z1 + Arg z2 = −π5+π3 = 2π15

(iv) If z = 1+2i1−(1−i)2 then find Arg(z).

Solution:
Given z = 1+2i1−(1−i)2
= 1+2i1−(1−2i+i)2
= 1+2i1+2i
=1
= cos 0° + i sin 0°
∴ Arg (z) = 0°

25
II.
Question 1.
Simplify the following complex numbers and find their modulus.
(i) (2+4i)(−1+2i)(−1−i)(3−i)
(ii) (1+i)3(2+i)(1+2i)
Solution:

26
Question 2.
(i) If (1 – i) (2 – i) ( 3 – i) …… (1 – ni) = x – iy then prove that 2 . 5 . 10 …….. (1 + n2) = x2 +
y2.
Solution:
Given (1 – i) (2 – i) (3 – i) (1 – ni) = x – iy
|1 – i| |2 – i| |3 – i| …… |1 – ni| = |x – iy|
√1+1 √4+1 √9+1…√1+n2=√x2+y2
∴ 2 . 5 . 10 ……. (1 + n2) = x2 + y2
(ii) If the real part of z+1z+i is 1, then find the locus of z.
Solution:

(iii) If |z – 3 + i | = 4 determine the locus of z.

Solution:
Let z = x + iy
Given |z – 3 + i| = 4
⇒ |x + iy – 3 + i | = 4
⇒ (x – 3) + i(y + 1) = 4
⇒ (x−3)2+(y+1)2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√ = 4
⇒ (x – 3)2 + (y + 1)2 = 16
⇒ x2 – 6x + 9 + y2 + 2y + 1 = 16
⇒ x2 + y2 – 6x + 2y – 6 = 0
∴ The locus of z is x2 + y2 – 6x + 2y – 6 = 0

27
(iv) If |z + ai| = |z – ai| then find the locus of z.
Solution:
Let z = x + iy
Given |z + ai | = |z – ai|
⇒ |x + iy + ai| = |x + iy – ai|
⇒ |x + i(y + a)| = |x + i(y – a)|
⇒ x2+(y+a)2−−−−−−−−−−−√=x2+(y−a)2−−−−−−−−−−−√
⇒ x2 + (y + a)2 = x2 + (y – a)2
⇒ (y + a)2 – (y – a)2 = 0
⇒ 4ay = 0
⇒y=0
∴ The locus of z is y = 0

Question 3.
If z = (x + iy) and if the point P in the Argand plane represents z, then describe geometrically the
locus of P satisfying the equation.
(i) |2z – 3| = 7
Solution:
|2z – 3| = 7
Let z = x + iy
Given |2z – 3| = 7
⇒ |2(x + iy) – 3| = 7
⇒ |(2x – 3) + i(2y)| = 7
⇒√ (2x−3)2+(2y)2 = 7
⇒ 4x2 – 12x + 9 + 4y2 = 49
⇒ 4x2 + 4y2 – 12x – 40 = 0
⇒ x2 + y2 – 3x – 10 = 0
∴ The locus of z is x2 + y2 – 3x – 10 = 0
This equation represents a circle.
Centre = (32, 0)
Radius = 94−(−10)−−−−−−−−−√ = 72 units
(ii) |z|2 = 4 Re(z + 2)
Solution:
|z|2 = 4 Re (z + 2)
Given |z|2 = 4 Re (z + 2)
⇒ |x + iy|2 = 4 Re (x + iy + z)
⇒ (x2+y2−−−−−−√) = 4(x + 2)
⇒ x2 + y2 = 4x + 8
∴ The locus of z is x2 + y2 – 4x – 8 = 0
This equation represents a circle. Center = (2, 0)
Radius = 4−(−8)−−−−−−−√ = 2√3 units.

28
(iii) |z + i|2 – |z – i|2 = 2
Solution:
Given |z + i|2 – |z – i|2 = 2
⇒ |x + iy + i|2 – |x + iy – i|2 = 2
⇒ |x + i(y + 1)|2 – |x + i(y – 1)|2 = 2
⇒ [x2+(y+1)2−−−−−−−−−−−√]2 – [x2+(y−1)2−−−−−−−−−−−√]2 = 2
⇒ x2 + (y + 1 )2 – [x2 + (y – 1)2] = 2
⇒ x2 + (y + 1)2 – x2 – (y – 1)2 = 2
⇒ 4y = 2
⇒ 2y – 1 = 0
The locus of P is 2y – 1 = 0
This equation represents a straight line parallel to the x-axis.

(iv) |z + 4i| + |z – 4i| = 10

Solution:
Given |z + 4i| + |z – 4i| = 10
⇒ |x + iy + 4i| + |x + iy – 4i| = 10
⇒ |x + i(y + 4)| + |x + i(y – 4)| = 10
⇒ x2+(y+4)2−−−−−−−−−−−√+x2+(y−4)2−−−−−−−−−−−√
⇒ x2+(y+4)2−−−−−−−−−−−√ = 10 – x2+(y−4)2−−−−−−−−−−−√
⇒ x2 + (y + 4)2 = 100 + x2 + (y – 4)2 – 20 x2+(y−4)2−−−−−−−−−−−√
⇒ 16y – 100 = – 20x2+(y−4)2−−−−−−−−−−−√
⇒ 4y – 25 = -5x2+(y−4)2−−−−−−−−−−−√
⇒ (4y – 25)2 = 25[x2 + (y – 4)2]
⇒ 16y2 – 200y + 625 = 25x2 + 25y2 – 200y + 400
⇒ 25x2 + 9y2 = 225
∴ The locus of P is 25x2 + 9y2 = 225
⇒ x29+y225 = 1
This equation represents an ellipse.
Center = (0, 0)
a2 = 9, b2 = 25
We know a2 – b2(1 – e2)
⇒ 9 = 25(1 – e2)
⇒ 1 – e2 = 925
⇒ e = 1 – 925 = 1625
∴ Eccentricity = 45 and major axis parallel to y-axis.

29
Question 4.
(i) If z1, z2 are two non-zero complex numbers satisfying |z1 + z2| = |z1| + |z2|, show that
Arg z1 – Arg z2 = 0.
Solution:

30
(ii) z = x + iy and the point P represents z in the Argand plane and ∣∣z−az+a¯∣∣ = 1, Re(a)
≠ 0, then find the locus of P.
Solution:
Let z = x + iy and a = α + iβ
z−az+a¯=(x+iy)−(α+iβ)(x+iy)+(α−iβ)
∣∣z−az+a¯∣∣ = 1
⇒ |z−a||z+a¯| = 1
⇒ |z – a| = |z + a¯¯¯|
⇒ |(x – α)| + i(y – β)| = |(x + α) + i(y – β)|
⇒ (x−α)2+(y−β)2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√=(x+α)2+(y−β)2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√
⇒ (x – α)2 + (y – β)2 = (x + α)2 + (y – β)2
⇒ (x – α)2 = (x + α)2
⇒ (x + α)2 – (x – α)2 = 0
⇒ 4αx = 0
Re(a) ≠ 0
⇒a≠0
⇒x=0
Locus of P is x = 0 i.e., Y-axis

31
Complex Numbers Solutions Exercise 1(d)
I.
Question 1.
(i) Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining the
points 7 + 7i, 7 – 7i in the Argand diagram.
Solution:
A(7, 7); B(7, -7) represents the given complex numbers in the Argand diagram.

O is the mid-point of AB.

Co-ordinates of O are (7+72,7−72) = (7, 0)
Slope of AB←→=7+77−7=140 = ∞
AB is parallel to Y-axis
PQ is perpendicular to AB
PQ is parallel to X-axis
Slope of PQ = 0
Equation of PQ is y – 0 = 0(x – 7)
i.e., y = 0

(ii) Find the equation of the straight line joining the point -9 + 6i, 11 – 4i in the Argand
plane.
Solution:
Given points are -9 + 6i, 11 – 4i
Let A = (-9, 6); B = (11, -4)
Equation of the straight line AB is y – 6 = −4−611+9 (x + 9)
⇒ y – 6 = −12 (x + 9)
⇒ 2y – 12 = -x – 9
⇒ x + 2y – 3 = 0

32
Question 2.
If Z = x + iy and if the point P in the Argand plane represents Z, then describe
geometrically the locus of z satisfying the equation.
(i) |z – 2 – 3i| = 5
(ii) 2|z – 2| = |z – 1|
(iii) Img z2 = 4
(iv) Arg(z−1z+1)=π4
Solution:
(i) z = x + iy and |z – 2 – 3i| = 5
|z – 2 – 3i| = 5
⇒ |x + iy – 2 – 3i| = 5
⇒ |(x – 2) + i(y – 3)| = 5
⇒ (x−2)2+(y−3)2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√ = 5
⇒ (x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = 25
⇒ x2 – 4x + 4 + y2 – 6y + 9 = 25
∴ Locus of P is x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0

(ii) 2|z – 2| = |z – 1|
2|x + iy – 2| = |x + iy – 1|
⇒ 2|(x – 2) + iy| = |(x – 1) + iy|
⇒ 2(x−2)2+y2−−−−−−−−−−−√=(x−1)2+y2−−−−−−−−−−−√
Squaring both sides
⇒ 4[(x – 2)2 + y2] = (x – 1)2 + y2
⇒ 4(x2 – 4x + 4 + y2) = x2 – 2x + 1 + y2
⇒ 4x2 + 4y2 – 16x + 16 = x2 + y2 – 2x + 1
∴ Locus of P is 3x2 + 3y2 – 14x + 15 = 0

(iii) Img z2 = 4
∵ z = x + iy
⇒ z2 = (x + iy)2
⇒ z2 = x2 + i2y2 + 2ixy
⇒ z2 = (x2 – y2) + i(2xy)
∴ Img (z2) = 2xy = 4
∴ The locus of P is xy = 2

33
(iv) Arg(z−1z+1)=π4

Since Arg(z−1z+1)=π4
∴ 2yx2+y2−1=tanπ4
⇒ 2y = x2 + y2 – 1
⇒ x2 + y2 – 2y – 1 = 0
∴ The locus of z is x2 + y2 – 2y – 1 = 0.

Question 3.
Show that the points in the Argand diagram represented by the complex numbers 2 + 2i, -2 – 2i,
2√3 + 2√3 i are the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
Solution:
A(2, 2), B(-2, -2), C(-2√3, 2√3) represent the given complex number in the Argand diagram.

AB2 = (2 + 2)2 + (2 + 2)2

= 16 + 16
= 32
BC2 = (-2 + 2√3)2 + (-2 – 2√3)2
= 4 + 12 – 8√3 + 4 + 12 + 8√3
= 32
AC2 = (-2√3 – 2)2 + (2√3 – 2)2
= 12 + 4 + 8√3 + 12 + 4 – 8√3
= 32
AB2 = BC2 = AC2
⇒ AB = BC = CA
∴ ∆ABC is an Equilateral triangle.

34
Question 4.
Find the eccentricity of the ellipse whose equation is |z – 4| + |z – 125| = 10
Solution:
SP + S’P = 2a
S = (4, 0), S’ = (125, 0)
2a = 10 ⇒ a = 5
SS’ = 2ae
⇒ 4 – 125 = 2 × 5e
⇒ 85 = 10e
⇒ e = 425

II.
Question 1.
If z3−z1z2−z1 is a real number, show that the points represented by the complex numbers
z1, z2, z3 are collinear.
Solution:
Let z1 = x1 + iy1; z2 = x2 + iy2; z3 = x3 + iy3

Given z3−z1z2−z1 is a real number.

Imaginary part = 0
⇒ (y3 – y1) (x2 – x1) – (x3 – x1) (y2 – y1) = 0
⇒ (y3 – y1) (x2 – x1) = (x3 – x1) (y2 – y1)
⇒ y3−y1x3−x1=y2−y1x2−x1
The points A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) represents the complex numbers z1, z2,
z3 respectively.
Slope of AC↔ = Slope of AB↔
∴ A, B, C are collinear.

35
Question 2.
Show that the points in the Argand plane represented by the complex numbers 2 + i, 4
+ 3i, 2 + 5i, 3i are the vertices of a square.
Solution:
A(2, 1), B(4, 3) C(2, 5), D(0, 3) represent the given complex number in the Argand plane

AB2 = (2 – 4)2 + (1 – 3)2 = 4 + 4 = 8

BC2 = (4 – 2)2 + (3 – 5)2 = 4 + 4 = 8
CD2 = (2 – 0)2 + (5 – 3)2 = 4 + 4 = 8
DA2 = (0 – 2)2 + (3 – 1)2 = 4 + 4 = 8
AB2 = BC2 = CD2 = DA2
⇒ AB = BC = CD = DA ………(1)
AC2 = (2 – 2)2 + (1 – 5)2 = 0 + 16 = 16
BD2 = (4 – 0)2 + (3 – 3)2 = 16 + 0 = 16
AC2 = BD2
⇒ AC = BD …….(2)
By (1), (2)
A, B, C, D are the vertices of a square.

Question 3.
Show that the points in the Argand plane represented by the complex numbers -2 +
7i, −32+12i, 4 – 3i, 72(1 + i) are the vertices of a rhombus.
Solution:
A(-2, 7), B(−32, 12), C(4, -3), D(72, 72) represents the given complex numbers in the
Argand diagram.

∴ AB2 = BC2 = CD2 = DA2

⇒ AB = BC = CD = DA ……….(1)
AC2 = (-2 – 4)2 + (7 + 3)2
36
= 36 + 100
= 136
BD2 = (−32−72)2+(12−72)2
= 25 + 9
= 34
AC ≠ BD ……..(2)
∴ A, B, C, D are the vertices of a Rhombus.

Question 4.
Show that the points in the Argand diagram represented by the complex numbers z1, z2,
z3 are collinear, if and only if there exist three real numbers p, q, r not all zero, satisfying
pz1 + qz2 + rz3 = 0 and p + q + r = 0.
Solution:
pz1 + qz2 + rz3 = 0
⇔ rz3 = -pz1 – qz2
⇔ z3 = −pz1−qz2r [∵ r ≠ 0]
∵p+q+r=0
⇔ r = -p – q
⇔ z3 = −(pz1+qz2)−(p+q)
⇔ z3 = pz1+qz2p+q
⇔ z3 divides the line segment joining z1, z2 in the ratio q : p
⇔ z1, z2, z3 are collinear

Question 5.
The points P, Q denotes the complex numbers z1, z2 in the Argand diagram. O is the
origin. If z¯1z¯2+z¯2z¯1=0, show that POQ = 90°.
Solution:
Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2
Then P(x1, y1), Q(x2, y2), O(0, 0)
z¯¯¯1 = x1 – iy1, z¯¯¯2 = x2 – iy2
z¯1z¯2+z¯2z¯1 = (x1 + iy1) (x2 – iy2) + (x2 + iy2) (x1 – iy1) = 0
⇒ x1x2 + y1y2 – ix1y2 + ix2y1 + x1x2 + y1y2 – ix2y1 + ix1y2 = 0
⇒ 2(x1x2 + y1y2) = 0
⇒ x1x2 + y1y2 = 0
⇒ x1x2 = -y1y2
⇒ (−x1y1)(−x2y2)=−1
Slope of OP × Slope of OQ = -1
∴ OP, OQ are perpendicular
⇒ ∠POQ = 90°

37
Question 6.
The complex number z has argument θ, 0 < θ < π2 and satisfy the equation |z – 3i| = 3.
Then prove that (cot θ – 6z) = i
Solution:
Let z = cos θ + i sin θ
Given |z – 3i| = 3.
⇒ |(cos θ + i sin θ) – 3i| = 3
⇒ |cos θ + i(sin θ – 3)| = 3
⇒ √cos2θ+(sinθ−3)2 = 3
⇒ cos2θ + sin2θ – 6 sin θ + 9 = 9
⇒ 1 – 6 sin θ = 0
⇒ 6 sin θ = 1
⇒ sin θ = 16
since 0 < θ < π2

∴ cos θ = 35√6
cot θ = √35
∴ cot θ – 6z = cot θ – 6cosθ+isinθ
= cot θ – 6(cos θ – i sin θ)
= √35 – 6[35√6−i⋅16]
= √35 – √35 + i
=i
Hence cot θ – 6z = i

38
De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Exercise 2(a)

I.
Question 1.
If n is an integer then show that (1 + i)2n + (1 – i)2n = 2n+1 cos nπ2
Solution:

39
Question 2.
Find the values of the following:
(i) (1 + i√3)3
Solution:
Let 1 + i√3 = r (cos θ + i sin θ)
Equating real and imaginary parts
r cos θ = 1 and r sin θ = √3
⇒ r2 (1) = 1 + 3 = 4
⇒r=2
cos θ = 1/2 and sin θ = 3/√2
⇒ θ = π/3

(ii) (1 – i)8
Solution:

40
(iii) (1 + i)16
Solution:

(iv) (√3/2+i/2)5−(√3/2−i/2)5
Solution:

41
II.
Question 1.
If α, β are the roots of the equation x2 – 2x + 4 = 0 then for any n ∈ N show that αn +
βn = 2n+1 cos(nπ3)
Solution:

42
Question 2.
If cos α + cos β + cos γ = 0 = sin α + sin β + sin γ then show that
(i) cos 3α + cos 3β + cos 3γ = 3 cos(α + β + γ)
(ii) sin 3α + sin 3β + sin 3γ = 3 sin(α + β + γ)
(iii) cos(α + β) + cos(β + γ) + cos(γ + α) = 0
Solution:
Given that cos α + cos β + cos γ = 0 and sin α + sin β + sin γ = 0
From the hypothesis, we have
(cos α + cos β + cos γ) + i (sin α + sin β + sin γ) = 0
i.e., (cos α + i sin α) + (cos β + i sin β) + (cos γ + i sin γ) = 0
We know that if a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
Hence (cos α + i sin α)3 + (cos β + i sin β)3 + (cos γ + i sin γ)3 = 3 (cos α + i sin α) (cos β
+ i sin β) + (cos γ + i sin γ)
i.e., cos 3α + i sin 3α + cos 3β + i sin 3β + cos 3γ + i sin 3γ = 3[cos(α + β + γ) + i sin(α
+ β + γ)] …….(1)
On equating the real parts on both sides of equation (1) we get
(i) cos 3α + cos 3β + cos 3γ = 3 cos(α + β + γ)
On equation thenmaginary parts on both sides of equation (1) we get,
(ii) sin 3α + sin 3β + sin 3γ = 3 sin(α + β + γ)
(iii) Let a = cos α + i sin α then 1a = cos α – i sin α
b = cos β + i sin β and 1b = cos β – i sin β
c = cos γ + i sin γ and 1c = cos γ – i sin γ
Now 1a+1b+1c = (cos α + cos β + cos γ) – i (sin α + sin β + sin γ)
⇒ 1a+1b+1c = 0 – i(0)
⇒ 1a+1b+1c = 0
⇒ bc + ca + ab = 0
⇒ [cos(β + γ) + i sin(β + γ)] + [cos(γ + α) + i sin(γ + α)] + [cos(α + β) + i sin(α + β)] = 0
⇒ [cos(α + β) + cos(β + γ) + cos(γ + α)] + i [sin(α + β) + sin(β + γ) + sin(γ + α)] = 0
By equation real parts on both sides
cos (α + β) + cos (β + γ) + cos (γ + α) = 0

43
Question 3.
If n is an integer and z = cis θ, (θ ≠ (2n + 1) π/2), then show that z2n−1z2n+1 = i tan nθ.
Solution:
z = cis θ = cos θ + i sin θ, θ ≠ (2n + 1) π/2

(∵ i2 = -1)
= i tan(nθ)
= R.H.S

Question 4.
If (1 + x)n = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ……… + anxn, then show that
(i) a0 – a2 + a4 – a6 + …….. = 2n/2cosnπ4
(ii) a1 – a3 + a5 – a7 + ……… = 2n/2sinnπ4
Solution:

44
De Moivre’s Theorem Solutions Exercise 2(b)
I. Find all the values of the following.
Question 1.
(i) (1 – i√3)1/3
Solution:

45
(ii) (-i)1/6
Solution:

(iii) (1 + i)2/3
Solution:

46
(iv) (-16)1/4
Solution:

(v) (-32)1/5
Solution:

Question 2.
If A, B, C are angles of a triangle such that x = cis A, y = cis B, z = cis C, then find the
value of xyz.
Solution:
∴ A, B, C are angles of a triangle
⇒ A + B + C = 180° ………..(1)
x = cis A, y = cis B, Z = cis C
xyz = cis (A + B + C)
= cos (A + B + C) + i sin (A + B + C)
= cos (180°) + i sin (180°)
= -1 + i(0)
= -1
∴ xyz = -1
47
Question 3.
(i) If x = cis θ, then find the value of [x6+1x6]
Solution:
∵ x = cos θ + i sin θ
⇒ x6 = (cos θ + i sin θ)6 = cos 6θ + i sin 6θ
⇒ 1x6 = cos 6θ – i sin 6θ
∴ x6+1x6 = 2 cos 6θ

(ii) Find the cube roots of 8.

Solution:
Let x3 = 8
⇒ x = 81/3
⇒ x = (23)1/3 (1)1/3
⇒ x = 2 (1)1/3
Since cube roots of unity are 1, ω, ω2
∴ The cube roots or 8 are 2, 2ω, 2ω2

Question 4.
If 1, ω, ω2 are the cube roots of unity, then prove that
(i) 12+ω−11+2ω=11+ω
Solution:
ω is a cube root of unity.
1 + ω + ω2 = 0 and ω3 = 1

48
(ii) (2 – ω) (2 – ω2) (2 – ω10) (2 – ω11) = 49
Solution:
∵ 1, ω, ω2 are the cube roots of unity.
ω3 = 1 and 1 + ω + ω2 = 0
2 – ω10 = 2 – ω9 . ω
= 2 – (ω3)3 ω
= 2 – (1)3 ω
=2–ω
and 2 – ω11 = 2 – (ω3)3 . ω2
= 2 – (1)3 ω2
= 2 – ω2
(2 – ω) (2 – ω2) = 4 – 2ω – 2ω2 + ω3
= 4 – 2(ω + ω2) + 1
= 4 – 2(-1) + 1
=4+2+1
=7
∴ (2 – ω) (2 – ω2) (2 – ω10) (2 – ω11) = (2 – ω) (2 – ω2) (2 – ω) (2 – ω2)
= ((2 – ω) (2 – ω2))2
= 72
= 49

(iii) (x + y + z) (x + yω + zω2) (x + yω2 + zω) = x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz

Solution:
∵ 1, ω, ω2 are the cube roots of unity.
⇒ 1 + ω + ω2 = 0 and ω3 = 1
Now consider,
(x + yω + zω2) (x + yω2 + zω)
= x2 + xyω2 + zxω + xyω + y2ω3 + yzω2 + zxω2 + yzω4 + z2ω3
= x2 + y2 (1) + z2 (1) + xy (ω + ω2) + yz (ω4 + ω2) + zx (ω + ω2)
= x2 + y2 + z2 + xy (-1) + yz (ω + ω2) + zx (-1)
= x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx ……….(1)
L.H.S = (x + y + z) (x + yω + zω2) (x + yω2 + zω)
= (x + y + z) (x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx) [by (1)]
= x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz
= R.H.S

49
Question 5.
Prove that -ω, and -ω2 are the roots of z2 – z + 1 =0, where ω and ω2 are the complex
cube roots of unity.
Solution:
Since ω and ω2 are the complex cube roots of unity
∴ 1 + ω + ω2 = 0 and ω2 = 1
z2 – z + 1 = (-ω)2 – (-ω) + 1
= ω2 + ω + 1
=0
∴ -ω is a root of the equation z2 – z + 1 = 0
z2 – z + 1 = (-ω2)2 – (-ω2) + 1
= ω4 + ω2 + 1
= ω3 . ω + ω2 + 1
= ω + ω2+ 1
=0
∴ -ω2 is a root of the equation z2 – z + 1 = 0

Question 6.
If 1, ω, ω2 are the cube roots of unity, then find the values of the following.
(i) (a + b)3 + (aω + bω2)3 + (aω2 + bω)3
Solution:
Since 1, ω, ω2 are the cube roots of unity
∴ 1 + ω + ω2 = 0 and ω3 = 1
Now (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 ……..(1)
(aω + bω2)3 = [ω(a + bω)]3
= ω3 (a + bω)3
= (1) (a + bω)3
= a3 + 3a2bω + 3ab2ω2 + b3ω3
= a3 + 3a2bω + 3ab2ω2 + b3 ……….(2)
∵ ω3 = 1
and (aω2 + bω)3 = [ω(aω + b)]3
= ω3 (aω + b)3
= (1) (aω + b)3
= a3ω3 + 3a2bω2 + 3ab2ω + b3
= a3(1) + 3a2bω2 + 3ab2ω + b3
∴ (aω2 + bω)3 = a3 + 3a2bω2 + 3ab2ω + b3 ……….(3)
Adding (1), (2) and (3)
(a + b)3 + (aω + bω2)3 + (aω2 + bω)3 = 3a3 + 3a2b (1 + ω + ω2) + 3ab2 (1 + ω + ω2) + 3b3
= 3(a3 + b3) + 3a2b (0) + 3ab2 (0)
= 3(a3 + b3)
∴ (a + b)3 + (aω + bω2)3 + (aω2 + bω)3 = 3 (a3 + b3)
50
(ii) (a + 2b)2 + (aω2 + 2bω)2 + (aω + 2bω2)2
Solution:
(a + 2b)2 = a2 + 4ab + 4b2 ……….(1)
(aω2 + 2bω)2 = a2ω4 + 4abω3 + 4b2ω2
= a2ω3ω + 4ab (1) + 4b2ω2
= a2ω + 4ab + 4b2ω2 ………..(2)
and (aω + 2bω2)2 = a2ω2 + 4abω3 + 4b2ω4
= a2ω2 + 4ab (1) + 4b2ω3ω
= a2ω2 + 4ab + 4b2 (1) ω
∴ (aω + 2bω2)2 = a2ω2 + 4ab + 4b2ω ……….(3)
By Adding (1), (2) and (3)
(a + 2b)2 + (aω2 + 2bω)2 + (aω + 2bω2)2
= a2 (1 + ω + ω2) + 12ab + 4b2 (1 + ω + ω2)
= a2 (0) + 12ab + 4b2 (0)
= 12ab
∴ (a + 2b)2 + (aω2 + 2bω)2 + (aω + 2bω2)2 = 12ab

(iii) (1 – ω + ω2)3
Solution:
(1 – ω + ω2)3 = (-ω – ω)3
= (-2ω)3
= -8ω3
= -8(1)
= -8 (∵ 1 + ω + ω2 = 0)
(iv) (1 – ω) (1 – ω2) (1 – ω4) (1 – ω8)
Solution:
1 – ω4 = 1 – (ω3) ω
= 1 – (1) ω
=1–ω
1 – ω8 = 1 – (ω3)2 ω2
= 1 – (1) ω2
= 1 – ω2
∴ (1 – ω) (1 – ω2) (1 – ω4)(1 – ω8) = (1 – ω) (1 – ω2) (1 – ω) (1 – ω2)
= [(1 – ω) (1 – ω2)]2
= (1 – ω – ω2 + ω3)2
= [1 – (ω + ω2) + 1] (∵ 1 + ω + ω2 = 0)
= [1 – (-1) + 1]2
= (3)2
=9
∴ (1 – ω) (1 – ω2) (1 – ω4) (1 – ω8) = 9
51
(v) [a+bω+cω2c+aω+bω2]+[a+bω+cω2b+cω+aω2]
Solution:
∴ 1, ω, ω2 are the cube roots of unity
⇒ ω3 = 1 and 1 + ω + ω2 = 0 ………..(1)

(vi) (i + ω)3 + (1 + ω2)3

Solution:
(i + ω)3 + (1 + ω2)3 = (-ω2)3 +(-ω)3
= -ω6 – ω3
= -1 – 1
= -2
∴ (1 + ω)3 + (1 + ω2)3 = -2

(vii) (1 – ω + ω2)5 + (1 + ω – ω2)5

Solution:
(1 – ω + ω2)5 + (1 + ω – ω2)5 = (-ω – ω)5 + (-ω2 – ω2)5
= (-2ω)5 + (-2ω2)5
= -32ω5 – 32ω10
= -32(ω5 + ω10)
= -32(ω2 + ω)
= -32(-1)
= 32
∴ (1 – ω + ω2)5 + (1 + ω – ω2)5 = 32

52
II.
Question 1.
Solve the following equations.
(i) x4 – 1 = 0
Solution:
x4 – 1 = 0
⇒ x4 = 1
⇒ x4 = cos 0° + i sin 0°
⇒ x4 = cos 2kπ + i sin 2kπ
⇒ x = (cos 2kπ + i sin 2kπ)1/4
= cos kπ2, k = 0, 1, 2, 3
i.e., cos 0° + i sin 0°, cos π2 + i sin π2, cos π + i sin π, cos 3π2 + i sin 3π2,
i.e., 1, i, -1, -i = ±1, ±i

(ii) x5 + 1 = 0
Solution:
x5 + 1 = 0
⇒ x5 = -1
⇒ x5 = cos π + i sin π
⇒ x5 = cos(2k + 1) π + i sin(2k + 1) π, k ∈ z
⇒ x = [cos(2k + 1) π + i sin(2k + 1) π]1/5
⇒ x = cis (2k+1)π5, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

(iii) x9 – x5 + x4 – 1 = 0
Solution:
x9 – x5 + x4 – 1 = 0
⇒ x5 (x4 – 1) + 1 (x4 – 1) = 0
⇒ (x4 – 1) (x5 + 1) = 0
⇒ x4 – 1 = 0
Solving the roots are ±1, ±i
(see the above problem)
x5 + 1 = 0
Solving the roots are cis (2k+1)π5
k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 (see the above problem)
∴ The roots of the given equation are ±1, ±i, cis (2k + 1) π5, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
i.e., ±1, ±i, cis(±π5), cis(±3π5)

53
(iv) x4 + 1 = 0
Solution:
x4 + 1 = 0
⇒ x4 = -1
⇒ x4 = cos π + i sin π
∴ x4 = cos(2kπ + π) + i sin(2kπ + π),
∴ x = [cis(2k + 1)π]1/4
= cis(2k + 1) π4, where k = 0, 1, 2, 3
∴ x = cisπ4,cis(3π4),cis(5π4) and cis(7π4)
These four values of x are the solutions to the given equation.

Question 2.
Find the common roots of x12 – 1 = 0 and x4 + x2 + 1 = 0
Solution:
Consider x12 – 1 = 0
⇒ x12 = 1
⇒ x12 = (cos 0 + i sin 0)
⇒ x12 = (cos 2kπ + i sin 2kπ), k is a positive integer
⇒ x = (cos 2kπ + i sin 2kπ)1/2

54
55
Question 3.
Find the number of 15th roots of unity, which are also the 25th roots of unity.
Solution:
The number of common roots = H.C.F of {15, 25} = 5
Question 4.
If the cube roots of unity are 1, ω, ω2, then find the roots of the equation (x – 1)3 + 8 =
0.
Solution:
Given (x – 1)3 + 8 = 0
⇒ (x – 1)3 = -8
⇒ (x – 1)3 = (-2)3 (1)3
⇒ (x – 1) = (-2) (1)1/3
⇒ x – 1 = -2, -2ω, -2ω2
⇒ x = 1 – 2, 1 – 2ω, 1 – 2ω2
⇒ x = -1, 1 – 2ω, 1 – 2ω2

Question 5.
Find the product of all the values of (1 + i)4/5.
Solution:

56
Question 6.
If z2 + z + 1 =0, where z is a complex number, prove that
(z+1/z)2+(z2+1/z2)2+(z3+1/z3)2 + (z4+1/z4)2+(z5+1/z5)2+(z6+1/z6) = 12
Solution:
Given z2 + z + 1 = 0
⇒ z = −1±1−4.1.1√2
= −1±i3√2
= −1+i3√2,−1−i3√2
= ω, ω2
∴ 1 + ω + ω2 = 0 and ω3 = 1
If z = ω then

= (ω + ω2)2 + (ω2 + ω)2 + (1 + 1)2 + (ω + ω2)2 + (ω2 + ω)2 + (1 + 1 )2

= (-1)2 + (-1)2 + 4 + (-1)2 + (-1)2 + 4
=1+1+4+1+1+4
= 12
Similarly If z = ω2 then
(z+1z)2+(z2+1z2)2+(z3+1z3)2 + (z4+1z4)2+(z5+1z5)2+(z6+1z6) = 12

57
III.
Question 1.
If 1, α, α2, α3, ……., αn-1 be the nth roots of unity, then prove that 1p + αp + (α2)p + (α3)p +
…… + (αn-p)2p = 0
= 0; if p ≠ kn
= n; if p ≠ kn, where p, k ∈ N
Solution:
nth roots of unity are 1, α, α2, ………., αn-1

∴ Each term of the series in (1) is 1

Hence the sum of the series 1 + αp + (α2)p + (α3)p + …….. + (αn-1)p
= 1 + 1 + 1 + ……… + 1 (n times)
= n(1)
=n
58
Question 2.
Prove that the sum of 99th powers of the roots of the equation x7 – 1 = 0 is zero and
hence deduce the roots of x6 + x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 0.
Solution:

59
Question 3.
If n is a positive integer, show that (p+iq)1/n+(p−iq)1/n=2(p2+q2)1/2n . cos(1n,tanqp)
Solution:

60
Question 4.
Show that one value of (1+sinπ8+icosπ81+sinπ8−icosπ8)8/3 is -1.
Solution:

61
Question 5.
Solve (x – 1)n = xn, n is a positive integer.
Solution:
Since x = 0 is not a solution of the given equation, it is equivalent to the
equation (x−1x)n=1
Clearly (x−1x)n=1
⇒ x−1x is an nth root of unity other than one.
Suppose that ω is an nth root of unity and ω ≠ 1.
Then, x−1x = ω
⇒ x – 1 = xω
⇒ (1 – ω) x = 1
⇒ x = 11−ω, (∵ ω ≠ 1) ……….(1)

62
Quadratic Expressions Solutions Exercise 3(a)
I.
Question 1.
Find the roots of the following equations.
(i) x2 – 7x + 12 = 0
Solution:
a = 1, b = -7, c = 12

∴ The roots are 4, 3

(ii) -x2 + x + 2 = 0
Solution:
a = -1, b = 1, c = 2

∴ The roots are 2, -1

63
(iii) 2x2 + 3x + 2 = 0
Solution:
a = 2, b = 3, c = 2

(iv) √3x2 + 10x – 8√3 = 0

Solution:
a = √3 , b = 10, c = -8√3

∴ The roots are 23√, -4√3

(v) 6√5x2 – 9x – 3√5 = 0
Solution:
a = 6√5 , b = -9, c = -3√5

∴ The roots are 5√2,−15√

64
Question 2.
Form a quadratic equation whose roots are:
(i) 2, 5
Solution:
α+β=2+5=7
αβ = 2 × 5 = 10
The required equation is x2 – (α + β)x + αβ = 0
⇒ x2 – 7x + 10 = 0
(ii) mn,−nm, (m ≠ 0, n ≠ 0)
Solution:

(iii) p−qp+q,−p+qp−q, (p ≠ ±q)

Solution:

65
(iv) 7 ± 2√5
Solution:
α + β = 7 + 2√5 + 7 – 2√5 = 14
αβ = (7 + 2√5) (7 – 2√5)
= 49 – 20
= 29
The required equation is x2 – (α + β)x + αβ = 0
⇒ x2 – 14x + 29 = 0

(v) -3 ± 5i
Solution:
α + β = -3 + 5i – 3 – 5i = -6
αβ = (-3 + 5i) (-3 – 5i)
= 9 + 25
= 34
The required equation is x2 – (α + β)x + αβ = 0
⇒ x2 + 6x + 34 = 0

Question 3.
Find the nature of the roots of the following equation, without finding the roots.
(i) 2x2 – 8x + 3 = 0
Solution:
a = 2, b = -8, c = 3
b2 – 4ac = 64 – 24 = 40 > 0
∴ The roots are real and distinct.

(ii) 9x2 – 30x + 25 = 0

Solution:
a = 9, b = -30, c = 25
b2 – 4ac = 900 – 900 = 0
∴ The roots are rational and equal.

(iii) x2 – 12x + 32 = 0
Solution:
a = 1, b = -12, c = 32
b2 – 4ac = 144 – 128
= 16
= (4)2
= perfect square
∴ The roots are rational and distinct.
66
(iv) 2x2 – 7x + 10 = 0
Solution:
a = 2, b = -7, c = 10
b2 – 4ac = 49 – 80 = -31 < 0
∴ The roots are complex conjugate numbers.

Question 4.
If α, β are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, find the values of the following
expressions in terms of a, b, c.
(i) 1α+1β
(ii) 1α2+1β2
(iii) α4β7 + α7β4
(iv) (αβ−βα)2, if c ≠ 0
(v) α2+β2α−2+β−2
Solution:
α, β are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
α + β = −ba, αβ = ca

67
68
Question 5.
Find the values of m for which the following equations have equal roots.
(i) x2 – 15 – m(2x – 8) = 0
Solution:
Given equation is x2 – 15 – m(2x – 8) = 0
⇒ x2 – 2mx + 8m – 15 = 0
a = 1, b = -2m, c = 8m – 15
b2 – 4ac = (-2m)2 – 4(1) (8m – 15)
= 4m2 – 32m + 60
= 4(m2 – 8m + 15)
= 4(m – 3) (m – 5)
If the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has equal roots then its discriminant is zero.
∴ The roots are equal
⇒ b2 – 4ac = 0
⇒ 4(m – 3) (m – 5) = 0
⇒ m – 3 = 0 or m – 5 = 0
⇒ m = 3 or 5

(ii) (m + 1)x2 + 2(m + 3)x + (m + 8) = 0

Solution:
Given equation is (m + 1 )x2 + 2(m + 3)x + (m + 8) = 0
a = m + 1, b = 2(m + 3), c = m + 8
b2 – 4ac = [2(m + 3)]2 – 4(m + 1) (m + 8)
= 4(m2 + 6m + 9) – 4(m2 + 8m + m + 8)
= 4m2 + 24m + 36 – 4m2 – 36m – 32
= -12m + 4
= -4(3m – 1)
∴ The roots are equal
⇒ b2 – 4ac = 0
⇒ -4(3m – 1) = 0
⇒ 3m – 1 = 0
⇒ 3m = 1
⇒ m = 13

69
(iii) x2 + (m + 3)x + m + 6 = 0
Solution:
Given equation is x2 + (m + 3)x + m + 6 = 0
a = 1, b = m + 3, c = m + 6
∴ The roots are equal
⇒ b2 – 4ac = 0
⇒ (m + 3)2 – 4(1) (m + 6) = 0
⇒ m2 + 6m + 9 – 4m – 24 = 0
⇒ m2 + 2m – 15 – 0
⇒ m2 + 5m – 3m – 15 = 0
⇒ m(m + 5) – 3(m + 5) = 0
⇒ (m + 5) (m – 3) = 0
⇒ m = -5, 3

(iv) (3m + 1)x2 + 2(m + 1)x + m = 0

Solution:
Given equation is (3m + 1)x2 + 2(m + 1)x + m = 0
a = 3m + 1, b = 2(m + 1), c = m
b2 – 4ac = 4(m + 1)2 – 4m(3m + 1)
= 4[(m + 1)2 – m(3m + 1)]
= 4(m2 + 2m + 1 – 3m2 – m)
= 4(-2m2 + m + 1)
= -4(2m2 – m – 1)
= -4(m – 1) (2m + 1)
∴ The roots are equal
⇒ discriminant = 0
⇒ b2 – 4ac = 0
⇒ -4(m – 1) (2m + 1) = 0
⇒ m – 1 = 0 or 2m + 1 = 0
⇒ m = 1 or m = −12

(v) (2m + 1)x2 + 2(m + 3)x + (m + 5) = 0

Solution:
Given equation is (2m + 1)x2 + 2(m + 3)x + m + 5 = 0
a = 2m + 1, b = 2(m + 3), c = m + 5
∴ The roots are equal
⇒ b2 – 4ac = 0
⇒ 4(m + 3)2 – 4(2m + 1) (m + 5) = 0
⇒ 4(m2 + 6m + 9 – 2m2 – 10m – m – 5) = 0
⇒ -m2 – 5m + 4 = 0
⇒ m2 + 5m – 4 = 0
⇒ m = −5±25+16√2
⇒ m = −5±41√2

70
Question 6.
If α and β are the roots of x2 + px + q = 0, form a quadratic equation whose roots are (α
– β)2 and (α + β)2.
Solution:
∵ α, β are the roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0
α + β = -p, αβ = q
(α – β)2 + (α + β)2 = 2(α2 + β2)
= 2[(α + β)2 – 2αβ]
= 2[p2 – 2q]
(α – β)2 (α + β)2 = [(α + β)2 – 4αβ)] (α + β)2
= (p2 – 4q) (p2)
∴ The required equation is x2 – (sum of the roots) x + product of the roots = 0
∴ x2 – 2(p2 – 2q)x + p2(p2 – 4q) = 0

Question 7.
If x2 + bx + c = 0, x2 + cx + b = 0 (b ≠ c) have a common root, then show that b + c + 1
= 0.
Solution:
If α is a common root of x2 + bx + c = 0, x2 + cx + b = 0 then
α2 + bα + c = 0 ………..(1)
α2 + cα + b = 0 ……….(2)
(1) – (2) ⇒ (b – c)α + (c – b) = 0
⇒α–1=0
⇒α=1
From (1), 1 + b + c = 0
Hence b + c + 1 = 0

Question 8.
Prove that the roots of (x – a) (x – b) = h2 are always real.
Solution:
Given equation is (x – a) (x – b) = h2
x2 – (a + b)x + (ab – h2) = 0
Discriminant = (a + b)2 – 4(ab – h2)
= (a + b)2 – 4ab + 4h2
= (a – b)2 + (2h)2 > 0
∴ The roots are real.

71
Question 9.
Find the condition that one root of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 shall be n
times the other, where n is a positive integer.
Solution:
Let the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 be α, nα

Question 10.
Find two consecutive positive even integers, the sum of whose squares is 340.
Solution:
Let the two consecutive positive even integers be 2λ, 2λ + 2
Sum of squares = 340
⇒ (2λ)2 + (2λ + 2)2 = 340
⇒ λ2 + (λ + 1)2 = 85
⇒ λ2 + λ2 + 2λ + 1 – 85 = 0
⇒ 2λ2 + 2λ – 84 = 0
⇒ λ2 + λ – 42 = 0
⇒ (λ + 7) (λ – 6) = 0
⇒ λ = 6, λ = -7
∵ Given numbers are positive λ = 6
∴ The two consecutive positive even integers are
2λ = 2(6) = 12 and 2λ + 2 = 12 + 2 = 14

72
II.
Question 1.
If x1, x2 are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 and c ≠ 0, find the value
of (ax1 + b)-2 + (ax2 + b)-2 terms of a, b, c.
Solution:
x1, x2 are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0

73
Question 2.
If α, β are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, form a quadratic
equation whose roots are α2 + β2 and α-2 + β-2.
Solution:
α, β are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then

74
Question 3.
Solve the following equation:
2x4 + x3 – 11x2 + x + 2 = 0
Solution:
2x4 + x3 – 11x2 + x + 2 = 0
Dividing by x2

Substituting in (1)
2(a2 – 2) + a – 11 = 0
⇒ 2a2 – 4 + a – 11 = 0
⇒ 2a2 + a – 15 = 0
⇒ (a + 3) (2a – 5) = 0
⇒ a + 3 = 0 or 2a – 5 = 0
⇒ a = -3 or 2a = 5
⇒ a = -3 or a = 52

⇒ 2x2 + 2 = 5x
⇒ 2x2 – 5x + 2 = 0
⇒ (2x – 1) (x – 2) = 0
⇒ 2x – 1 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
⇒ x = 12, 2
∴ The roots are 12, 2, −3±5√2

75
Question 4.
Solve 31+x + 31-x = 10
Solution:
31+x + 31-x = 10
3. 3x+33x=10
Put a = 3x so that 3a + 3a = 10
⇒ 3a2 + 3 = 10a
⇒ 3a2 – 10a + 3 = 0
⇒ (a – 3) (3a – 1) = 0
⇒ a – 3 = 0 or 3a – 1 = 0
⇒ a = 3 or a = 13
Case (i): a = 3
⇒ 3 x = 31
⇒x=1
Case (ii): a = 13
⇒ 3x = 3-1
⇒ x = -1
∴ The roots are 1, -1

Question 5.
Solve 4x-1 – 3 . 2x-1 + 2 = 0
Solution:
4x-1 – 3 . 2x-1 + 2 = 0
Put a = 2x-1 so that a2 = (2x-1)2 = 4x-1
∴ a2 – 3a + 2 = 0
⇒ (a – 2) (a – 1) = 0
⇒ a – 2 = 0 or a – 1 = 0
⇒ a = 2 or 1
Case (i): a = 2
2x-1 = 21
⇒x–1=1
⇒x=2
Case (ii): a = 1
2x-1 = 20
⇒x–1=0
⇒x=1
∴ The roots are 1, 2

76
Question 6.
xx−3−−−√+x−3x−−−√=52, when x ≠ 0 and x ≠ 3
Solution:
xx−3−−−√+x−3x−−−√=52
Put a = xx−3−−−√
a+1a=52
⇒ a2+1a=52
⇒ 2a2 + 2 = 5a
⇒ 2a2 – 5a + 2 = 0
⇒ (2a – 1) (a – 2) = 0
⇒ 2a – 1 = 0 or a – 2 = 0
⇒ a = 12 or 2
Case (i): a = 2
xx−3−−−√ = 2
⇒ xx−3 = 4
⇒ x = 4x – 12
⇒ 3x = 12
⇒x=4
Case (ii): a = 12
xx−3−−−√=12
⇒ xx−3=14
⇒ 4x = x – 3
⇒ 3x = -3
⇒ x = -1
∴ The roots are -1, 4.

Question 7.
3xx+1−−−√+x+13x−−−√=2, when x ≠ 0 and x ≠ -1
Solution:
Put a = 3xx+1−−−√
a+1a=2
⇒ a2+1a = 2
⇒ a2 + 1 = 2a
⇒ a2 – 2a + 1 = 0
⇒ (a – 1)2 = 0
⇒a–1=0
⇒ a = 1, 1
∴ 3xx+1−−−√ = 1
⇒ 3xx+1
⇒ 3x = x + 1
⇒ 2x = 1
⇒ x = 12
∴ The root is 12

77
Question 8.
Solve 2(x+1x)2−7(x+1x)+5=0, when x ≠ 0.
Solution:
2(x+1x)2−7(x+1x)+5=0
Put a = x + 1x
⇒ 2a2 – 7a + 5 = 0
⇒ (2a – 5)(a – 1) = 0
⇒ 2a – 5 = 0 or a -1 = 0
⇒ a = 52 or 1
Case (i): a = 52
x + 1x = 52
⇒ x2+1x=52
⇒ 2x2 + 2 = 5x
⇒ 2x2 – 5x + 2 = 0
⇒ (2x – 1) (x – 2) = 0
⇒ 2x – 1 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
⇒ x = 12 or 2
Case (ii): a = 1
x+1x=1
⇒ x2+1x
⇒ x2 + 1 = x
⇒ x2 – x + 1 = 0
⇒ x = 1±1−4√2=1±3i√2
∴ The roots are 1±3i√2,12, 2

Question 9.
Solve (x2+1x2)−5(x+1x)+6=0, when x ≠ 0
Solution:
Put a = x + 1x
⇒ a2 = (x+1x)2
⇒ a2 = x2+1x2+2
⇒ x2+1x2 = a2 – 2
∴ a2 – 2 – 5a + 6 = 0
⇒ a2 – 5a + 4 = 0
⇒ (a – 1) (a – 4) = 0
⇒ a = 1 or 4
Case (i): a = 1
x + 1x = 1
⇒ x2+1x = 1
⇒ x2 + 1 = x
78
⇒ x2 – x + 1 = 0
⇒ x = 1±1−4√2=1±3i√2
Case (ii): a = 4
x + 1x = 4
⇒ x2+1x = 4
⇒ x2 + 1 = 4x
⇒ x2 – 4x + 1 = 0
⇒ x = 4±16−4√2
⇒ x = 4±23√2
⇒ x = 2 ± √3
∴ The roots are 2 ± √3, 1±3i√2

Question 10.
Find a quadratic equation for which the sum of the roots is 7 and the sum of the
squares of the roots is 25.
Solution:
Let α, β be the roots of quadratic equation
α + β = 7, α2 + β2 = 25
⇒ (α + β)2 – 2αβ = 25
⇒ 49 – 25 = 2αβ
⇒ αβ = 12
The required equation is x2 – (α + β)x + αβ = 0
⇒ x2 – 7x + 12 = 0

Quadratic Expressions Solutions Exercise 3(b)

I.
Question 1.
If the quadratic equations ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 and ax2 + 2cx + b = 0, (b ≠ c) have a common root,
then show that a + 4b + 4c = 0
Solution:
Let α be the common roots of the equations ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 and ax2 + 2cx + b = 0
aα2 + 2bα + c = 0
aα2 + 2cα + b = 0
on Subtracting,
2α(b – c) + c – b = 0
2α(b – c) = b – c
2α = 1 (b ≠ c)
α = 12
Substitute α = 12 in ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 is
a(14)+2b12+c=0
⇒ a + 4b + 4c = 0
∴ a + 4b + 4c = 0
79
Question 2.
If x2 – 6x + 5 = 0 and x2 – 12x + p = 0 have a common root, then find p.
Solution:
Given x2 – 6x + 5 = 0, x2 – 12x + p = 0 have a common root.
If α is the common root then
α2 – 6α + 5 = 0, α2 – 12α + p = 0
α2 – 6α + 5 = 0
⇒ (α – 1) (α – 5) = 0
⇒ α = 1 or 5
If α = 1 then α2 – 12α + p = 0
⇒ 1 – 12 + p = 0
⇒ p = 11
If α = 5 then α2 – 12α + p = 0
⇒ 25 – 60 + p = 0
⇒ p = 35
∴ p = 11 or 35

Question 3.
If x2 – 6x + 5 = 0 and x2 – 3ax + 35 = 0 have a common root, then find a.
Solution:
The roots of the equation x2 – 6x + 5 = 0 are
(x – 1) (x – 5) = 0
⇒ x = 1, x = 5
Case (i): x = 1 is a common root then it is also root for the equation x2 – 3ax + 35 = 0
⇒ 1 – 3a(1) + 35 = 0
⇒ a = 12
Case (ii): x = 5 is a common root then
(5)2 – 3a(5) + 35 = 0
⇒ 60 – 15a = 0
⇒a=4
∴ a = 12 (or) a = 4

Question 4.
If the equation x2 + ax + b = 0 and x2 + cx + d = 0 have a common root and the first
equation has equal roots, then prove that 2(b + d) = ac.
Solution:
Let α be the common root.
∴ x2 + ax + b = 0 has equal roots.
Its roots are α, α
α + α = -a
80
⇒ α = −a2
α.α=b
⇒ α2 = b
∴ α is a root of x2 + cx + d = 0
⇒ α2 + cα + d = 0
⇒ b + c(−a2) + d = 0
⇒ 2(b + d) = ac

Question 5.
Discuss the signs of the following quadratic expressions when x is real.
(i) x2 – 5x + 4
Solution:
x2 – 5x + 4 = (x – 1) (x – 4)
a=1>0
The expression x2 – 5x + 2 is positive if x < 1 or x > 4 and is negative if 1 < x < 4
(ii) x2 – x + 3
Solution:
∆ = b2 – 4ac
= (-1)2 – 4 (1) (3)
= 1 – 12
= -11 < 0
a = 1 > 0, ∆ < 0
⇒ The given expression is positive for all real x.

Question 6.
For what values of x, the following expressions are positive?
(i) x2 – 5x + 6
Solution:
x2 – 5x + 6 = (x – 2) (x – 3)
Roots of x2 – 5x + 6 = 0 are 2, 3 which are real.
The expression x2 – 5x + 6 is positive if x < 2 or x > 3
∴a=1>0
(ii) 3x2 + 4x + 4
Solution:
Here a = 3, b = 4, c = 4
∆ = b2 – 4ac
= 16 – 48
= -32 < 0
∴ 3x2 + 4x + 4 is positive ∀ x ∈ R
∴ a = 3 > 0 and ∆ < 0
ax2 + bx + c and ‘a’ have same sign ∀ x ∈ R, if ∆ < 0

81
(iii) 4x – 5x2 + 2
Solution:
Roots of 4x – 5x2 + 2 = 0 are −4±16+40√−10
i.e., 2±14√5 which is real
∴ The expression 4x – 5x2 + 2 is positive when
2−14√5<x<2+14√5 [∵ a = -5 < 0]

(iv) x2 – 5x + 14
Solution:
Here a = 1, b = -5, c = 14
∆ = b2 – 4ac
= 25 – 56
= -31 < 0
∴ ∆ < 0 ∵ a = 1 > 0 and ∆ < 0
⇒ x2 – 5x + 14 is positive ∀ x ∈ R.

Question 7.
For what values of x, the following expressions are negative?
(i) x2 – 7x + 10
Solution:
x2 – 7x + 10 = (x – 2)(x – 5)
Roots of x2 – 7x + 10 = 0 are 2, 5 which are real.
∴ The expression x2 – 7x + 10 is negative if 2 < x < 5, ∵ a = 1 > 0

(ii) 15 + 4x – 3x2
Solution:
The roots of 15 + 4x – 3x2 = 0 are −4±16+180√−6
i.e., −53, 3
∴ The expression 15 + 4x – 3x2 is negative if
-5x < −53 or x > 3, ∵ a = -3 < 0

(iii) 2x2 + 5x – 3
Solution:
The roots of 2x2 + 5x – 3 = 0 are −5±25+24√4
i.e., -3, 12
∴ The expression 2x2 + 5x – 3 is negative if -3 < x < 12, ∵ a = 2 > 0

82
(iv) x2 – 5x – 6
Solution:
x2 – 5x – 6 = (x – 6) (x + 1)
Roots of x2 – 5x – 6 = 0 are -1, 6 which are real.
∴ The expression x2 – 5x – 6 is negative if -1 < x < 6, ∵ a = 1 > 0

Question 8.
Find the changes in the sign of the following expressions and find their extreme values.
Hint: Let α, β are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 and α < β
(1) If x < α or x > β, ax2 + bx + c and ‘a’ have same sign.
(2) If α < x < β, ax2 + bx + c and ‘a’ have opposite sign.
(i) x2 – 5x + 6
Solution:
x2 – 5x + 6 = (x – 2) (x – 3)
(1) If 2 < x < 3, the sign of x2 – 5x + 6 is negative, ∵ a = 1 > 0
(2) If x < 2 or x > 3, the sign of x2 – 5x + 6 is positive, ∵ a = 1 > 0
Since a > 0, the minimum value of x2 – 5x + 6 is 4ac−b24a
= 4(1)(6)−(−5)24(1)
= 24−254
= −14
Hence the extreme value of the expression x2 – 5x + 6 is −14

(ii) 15 + 4x – 3x2
Solution:
15 + 4x – 3x2 = 15 + 9x – 5x – 3x2
= 3(5 + 3x) – x(5 + 3x)
= (3 – x) (5 + 3x)
(1) If −53 < x < 3 the sign of 15 + 4x – 3x2 is positive, ∵ a = -3 < 0
(2) If x < −53 or x > 3, the sign of 15 + 4x – 3x2 is negative, ∵ a = -3 < 0
Since a < 0, the maximum value of 15 + 4x – 3x2 is 4ac−b24a
= 4(−3)(15)−164(−3)
= 493
Hence the extreme value of the expression 15 + 4x – 3x2 is 493

83
Question 9.
Find the maximum or minimum of the following expressions as x varies over R.
(i) x2 – x + 7
Solution:
a = 1 > 0,
minimum value = 4ac−b24a
= 28−14
= 274

(ii) 12x – x2 – 32
Solution:
a = -1 < 0,
maximum value = 4ac−b24a
= 128−144−4
=4

(iii) 2x + 5 – 3x2
Solution:
a = -3 < 0,
maximum value = 4ac−b24a
= (4)(−3)(5)−(2)24×−3
= 163

(iv) ax2 + bx + a
Solution:
If a < 0, then maximum value = 4a⋅a−b24a = 4a2−b24a
If a > 0, then minimum value = 4a⋅a−b24a = 4a2−b24a

II.
Question 1.
Determine the range of the following expressions.
(i) x2+x+1x2−x+1
Solution:
Let y = x2+x+1x2−x+1
⇒ x2y – xy + y = x2 + x + 1
⇒ x2y – xy + y – x2 – x – 1 = 0
⇒ x2 (y – 1) – x(y + 1) + (y – 1) = 0
∴ x is real ⇒ b2 – 4ac ≥ 0
⇒ (y + 1 )2 – 4(y – 1 )2 ≥ 0
⇒ (y + 1)2 – (2y – 2)2 ≥ 0
84
⇒ (y + 1 + 2y – 2) (y + 1 – 2y + 2) ≥ 0
⇒ (3y – 1) (-y + 3) ≥ 0
⇒ -(3y – 1) (y – 3) ≥ 0
a = Coeff of y2 = -3 < 0
But The expression ≥ 0
⇒ y lies between 13 and 3
∴ The range of x2+x+1x2−x+1 is [13, 0]

(ii) x+22x2+3x+6
Solution:
Let y = x+22x2+3x+6
Then 2yx2 + 3yx + 6y = x + 2
⇒ 2yx2 + (3y – 1)x + (6y – 2) = 0
∴ x is real ⇒ discriminant ≥ 0
⇒ (3y – 1)2 – 4(2y)(6y – 2) ≥ 0
⇒ 9y2 + 1 – 6y – 48y2 + 16y ≥ 0
⇒ -39y2 + 10y + 1 ≥ 0
⇒ 39y2 – 10y – 1 < 0
⇒ 39y2 – 13y + 3y – 1 < 0
⇒ 13y(3y – 1) + 1(3y – 1) ≤ 0
⇒ (3y – 1) (13y + 1) ≤ 0
∴ a = Coeff of y2 = 39 > 0 and the exp ≤ 0
⇒ y lies between −113 and 13
∴ Range of x+22x2+3x+6 is [−113,13]

(iii) (x−1)(x+2)x+3
Solution:
Let y = (x−1)(x+2)x+3
⇒ yx + 3y = x2 + x – 2
⇒ x2 + (1 – y)x – 3y – 2 = 0
x ∈ R ⇒ (1 – y2) – 4(-3y – 2) ≥ 0
⇒ 1 + y2 – 2y + 12y + 8 ≥ 0
⇒ y2 + 10y + 9 ≥ 0
y2 + 10y + 9 = 0
⇒ (y + 1) (y + 9) = 0
⇒ y = -1, -9
y2 + 10y + 9 ≥ 0
∴ a = Coeff of y2 = 1 > 0 and exp ≥ 0
⇒ y ≤ -9 or y ≥ -1
∴ Range = (-∞, -9] ∪ [-1, ∞)
85
(iv) 2x2−6x+5x2−3x+2
Solution:
Let y = 2x2−6x+5x2−3x+2
⇒ yx2 – 3yx + 2y = 2x2 – 6x + 5
⇒ (y – 2)x2 + (6 – 3y)x + (2y – 5) = 0
x ∈ R ⇒ (6-3y)2 – 4(y – 2) (2y – 5) ≥ 0
⇒ 36 + 9y2 – 36y – 4(2y2 – 9y + 10) ≥ 0
⇒ 36 + 9y2 – 36y – 8y2 + 36y – 40 ≥ 0
⇒ y2 – 4 ≥ 0
y2 – 4 = 0
⇒ y2 = 4
⇒ y = ±2
y2 – 4 ≥ 0
⇒ y ≤ -2 or y ≥ 2
⇒ y does not lie between -2, 2,
∵ y2 Coeff is > 0 and exp is also ≥ 0
∴ Range of 2x2−6x+5x2−3x+2 is (-∞, -2] ∪ [2, ∞)

Question 2.
Prove that 13x+1+1x+1−1(3x+1)(x+1) does not lie between 1 and 4, if x is real.
Solution:
Let y = 13x+1+1x+1−1(3x+1)(x+1)
⇒ y = x+1+3x+1−1(3x+1)(x+1)
⇒ y = 4x+13x2+4x+1
⇒ 3yx2 + 4yx + y = 4x + 1
⇒ 3yx2 + (4y – 4)x + (y – 1) = 0
x ∈ R ⇒ (4y – 4)2 – 4(3y)(y – 1) ≥ 0
⇒ 16y2 + 16 – 32y – 12y2 + 12y ≥ 0
⇒ 4y2 – 20y + 16 ≥ 0
4y2 – 20y + 16 = 0
⇒ y2 – 5y + 4 = 0
⇒ (y – 1)(y – 4) = 0
⇒ y = 1, 4
4y2 – 20y + 16 ≥ 0
⇒ y ≤ 1 or y ≥ 4
⇒ y does not lie between 1 and 4
Since y2 Coeff is the and exp ≥ 0.

86
Question 3.
If x is real, prove that xx2−5x+9 lies between 1 and −111.
Solution:
Let y = xx2−5x+9
⇒ yx2 + (-5y – 1)x + 9y = 0
x ∈ R ⇒ (5y – 1)2 – 4y(9y) ≥ 0
⇒ 25y2 + 1 + 10y – 36y2 ≥ 0
⇒ -11y2 + 10y + 1 ≥ 0 ……….(1)
-11y2 + 10y + 1 = 0
⇒ -11y2 + 11y – y + 1 = 0
⇒ 11y(-y + 1) + 1(-y + 1) = 0
⇒ (-y + 1) (11y + 1) = 0
⇒ y = 1, −111
-11y2 + 10y + 1 ≥ 0
∴ y2 Coeff is -ve, but the exp is ≥ 0 from (1)
⇒ −111 ≤ y ≤ 1
⇒ y lies between 1 and −111

Question 4.
If the expression x−px2−3x+2 takes all real value for x ∈ R, then find the bounts for p.
Solution:
Let y = x−px2−3x+2, given y is real
Then yx2 – 3yx + 2y = x – p
⇒ yx2 + (-3y – 1)x + (2y + p) = 0
∵ x is real ⇒ (-3y – 1)2 – 4y(2y + p) ≥ 0
⇒ 9y2 + 6y + 1 – 8y2 – 4py ≥ 0
⇒ y2 + (6 – 4p)y + 1 ≥ 0
∵ y is real ⇒ y2 + (6 – 4p)y + 1 ≥ 0
⇒ The roots are imaginary or real and equal
⇒∆≤0
⇒ (6 – 4p)2 – 4 ≤ 0
⇒ 4(3 – 2p)2 – 4 ≤ 0
⇒ (3 – 2p)2 – 1 ≤ 0
⇒ 4p2 – 12p + 8 ≤ 0
⇒ p2 – 3p + 2 ≤ 0
⇒ (p – 1)(p – 2) ≤ 0
If p = 1 or p = 2 then x−px2−3x+2 is not defined.
∴1<p<2

87
Question 5.
If c2 ≠ ab and the roots of (c2 – ab)x2 – 2(a2 – bc)x + (b2 – ac) = 0 are equal, then show
that a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc or a = 0.
Solution:
Given equation is (c2 – ab)x2 – 2(a2 – bc)x + (b2 – ac) = 0
Discriminant = 4(a2 – bc)2 – 4(c2 – ab) (b2 – ac)
= 4[(a2 – bc)2 – (c2 – ab) (b2 – ac)]
= 4(a4 + b2c2 – 2a2bc – b2c2 + ac3 + ab3 – a2bc)
= 4(a4 + ab3 + ac3 – 3a2bc)
= 4a(a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc)
The roots are equal ⇒ discriminant = 0
4a(a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc) = 0
a = 0 or a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = 0
i.e., a = 0 or a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc

Quadratic Expressions Solutions Exercise 3(c)

I.
Question 1.
Solve the following inequations by the algebraic method.
(i) 15x2 + 4x – 4 ≤ 0
Solution:
15x2 + 4x – 4 ≤ 0
⇒ 15x2 – 6x + 10x – 4 ≤ 0
⇒ 3x(5x – 2) + 2(5x – 2) ≤ 0
⇒ (3x + 2) (5x – 2) ≤ 0
Co-efficient of x2 = 15 > 0,
Given Expression is ≤ 0
⇒ x lies between −23 and 25
i.e., −23≤x≤25

(ii) x2 – 2x + 1 < 0
Solution:
x2 – 2x + 1 < 0
⇒ (x – 1)2 < 0
There is no real value of ‘x’ satisfying this inequality
Solution set = Φ (or) Solution does not exist.

88
(iii) 2 – 3x – 2x2 ≥ 0
Solution:
-(2x2 + 3x – 2) ≥ 0
⇒ -(2x2 + 4x – x – 2) ≥ 0
⇒ -[2x(x + 2) – 1(x + 2)] ≥ 0
⇒ -(2x – 1) (x + 2) ≥ 0
Co-efficient of x2 = -2 < 0,
The given expression is ≥ 0
⇒ x lies between -2 and 12
i.e., -2 ≤ x ≤ 12

(iv) x2 – 4x – 21 ≥ 0
Solution:
x2 – 4x – 21 ≥ 0
⇒ x2 – 7x + 3x – 21 ≥ 0
⇒ x(x – 7) + 3(x – 7) ≥ 0
⇒ (x + 3) (x – 7) ≥ 0
Co-efficient of x2 = 1 > 0,
The given expression is ≥ 0
x does not lie between -3 and 7
i.e., {x/x ∈ (-∞, -3] ∪ [7, ∞)}
II.
Question 1.
Solve the following inequations by graphical method.
(i) x2 – 7x + 6 > 0
Solution:
f(x) = x2 – 7x + 6

89
f(x) > 0 ⇒ y > 0
Solutions are given by x < 1 and x > 6
(ii) 4 – x2 > 0
Solution:
Let f(x) = 4 – x2

f(x) > 0 ⇒ y > 0

Solution set = {x/-2 < x < 2}
(iii) 15x2 + 4x – 4 < 0
Solution:
Let f(x) = 15x2 + 4x – 4

90
f(x) ≤ 0 ⇒ y ≤ 0
Solution set = {x/−23≤x≤25}
(iv) x2 – 4x – 21 ≥ 0
Solution:
Let f(x) = x2 – 4x – 21

f(x) ≥ 0 ⇒ y ≥ 0
Solution set = {x/x ∈ (-∞, -3] ∪ [7, ∞)}

Question 2.
Solve the following inequations.
(i) 3x−8−−−−−√ < -2
Solution:
L.H.S. is positive and R.H.S. is negative.
∴ The given inequality holds for no real x.
Solution set = Φ (or) Solution does not exist.

(ii) −x2+6x−5−−−−−−−−−−−√ > 8 – 2x

Solution:
−x2+6x−5−−−−−−−−−−−√ > 8 – 2x
⇔ -x2 + 6x – 5 > 0
and (i) 8 – 2x < 0 (or) (ii) 8 – 2x ≥ 0
We have -x2 + 6x – 5 = -(x2 – 6x + 5) = -(x – 1) (x – 5)
Hence -x2 + 6x – 5 ≥ 0 ⇔ x ∈ [1, 5]

91
(i) -x2 + 6x – 5 ≥ 0 and 8 – 2x < 0
⇔ x ∈ [1, 5] and x > 4
⇔ x ∈ [4, 5] ………(1)
(ii) -x2 + 6x – 5 ≥ 0 and 8 – 2x ≥ 0
∵ (−x2+6x−5)−−−−−−−−−−−−√ > 8 – 2x
⇔ -x2 + 6x – 5 > (8 – 2x)2 and 8 – 2x ≥ 0
⇔ -x2 + 6x – 5 > 64 + 4x2 – 32x and x ≤ 4
⇔ -5x2 + 38x – 69 > 0 and x ≤ 4
⇔ 5x2 – 38x + 69 < 0 and x ≤ 4
⇔ 5x2 – 15x – 23x + 69 < 0 and x ≤ 4
⇔ (5x – 23)(x – 3) < 0 and x ≤ 4
⇔ x ∈ (3, 235) and x ≤ 4
⇔ x ∈ (3, 235) ∩ (-∞, 4)
⇔ x ∈ (3, 4)
Hence the solution set of the given equation is x ∈ (4, 5) ∪ (3, 4)
⇒ x ∈ (3, 5) (or) 3 < x ≤ 5.

92
Theory of Equations Solutions Exercise 4(a)
I.
Question 1.
Form polynomial equations of the lowest degree, with roots as given below.
(i) 1, -1, 3
Solution:
Equation having roots α, β, γ is (x – α) (x – β) (x – γ) = 0
Sol. Required equation is (x – 1) (x + 1) (x – 3) = 0
⇒ (x2 – 1) (x – 3) = 0
⇒ x3 – 3x2 – x + 3 = 0

(ii) 1 ± 2i, 4, 2
Solution:
In an equation, imaginary roots occur in conjugate pairs.
Equation having roots α, β, γ, δ is (x – α) (x – β) (x – γ) (x – δ) = 0
Required equation is [x – (1 + 2i)] [x – (1 – 2i)] (x – 4) (x – 2) = 0
(x – (1 + 2i)] [x – (1 – 2i)] = [(x – 1) – 2i] [(x – 1) + 2i]
= (x – 1)2 – 4i2
= (x – 1)2 + 4
= x2 – 2x + 1 + 4
= x2 – 2x + 5
(x – 4) (x – 2) = x2 – 4x – 2x + 8 = x2 – 6x + 8
Required equation (x2 – 2x + 5) (x2 – 6x + 8) = 0
⇒ x4 – 2x3 + 5x2 – 6x3 + 12x2 – 30x + 8x2 – 16x + 40 = 0
⇒ x4 – 8x3 + 25x2 – 46x + 40 = 0

(iii) 2 ± √3, 1 ± 2i
Solution:
Required equation is [x – (2 + √3)] [x – (2 – √3)] [x – (1 + 2i)] [ x – (1 – 2i)] = 0
[x – (2 + √3)] [x – (2 – √3)]
= [(x – 2) – √3] [(x – 2) + √3]
= (x – 2)2 – 3
= x2 – 4x + 4 – 3
= x2 – 4x + 1
[x – (1 + 2i)] [x – (1 – 2i)] = [(x – 1) – 2i] [(x – 1) + 2i]
= (x – 1)2 – 4i2
= x2 – 2x + 1 + 4
93
= x2 – 2x + 5
Substituting in (1), the required equation is
(x2 – 4x + 1) (x2 – 2x + 5) = 0
⇒ x4 – 4x3 + x2 – 2x3 + 8x2 – 2x + 5x2 – 20x + 5 = 0
⇒ x4 – 6x3 + 14x2 – 22x + 5 = 0

(iv) 0, 0, 2, 2, -2, -2
Solution:
Required equation is (x – 0) (x – 0) (x – 2) (x – 2) (x + 2) (x + 2) = 0
⇒ x2 (x – 2)2 (x + 2)2 = 0
⇒ x2 (x2 – 4)2 = 0
⇒ x2 (x4 – 8x2 + 16) = 0
⇒ x6 – 8x4 + 16x2 = 0

(v) 1 ± √3, 2, 5
Solution:
Required equation is [x – (1 + √3)] [x – (1 – √3)][(x – 2) (x – 5)] = 0 ………(1)
[x – (1 + √3)] [x – (1 – √3)] = [(x – 1) – √3] [(x – 1) + √3]
= (x – 1)2 – 3
= x2 – 2x + 1 – 3
= x2 – 2x – 2
(x – 2) (x – 5) = x2 – 2x – 5x + 10 = x2 – 7x + 10
Substituting in (1), the required equation is
(x2 – 2x – 2) (x2 – 7x + 10) = 0
⇒ x4 – 2x3 – 2x2 – 7x3 + 14x2 + 14x + 10x2 – 20x – 20 = 0
⇒ x4 – 9x3 + 22x2 – 6x – 20 = 0

94
(vi) 0, 1, −32, −52
Solution:
Required equation is

Question 2.
If α, β, γ are the roots of 4x3 – 6x2 + 7x + 3 = 0, then find the value of αβ + βγ + γα.
Solution:
α, β, γ are the roots of 4x3 – 6x2 + 7x + 3 = 0
α + β + γ = −a1a0=64
αβ + βγ + γα = a2a0=74
αβγ = −a3a0=−34
∴ αβ + βγ + γα = 74

Question 3.
If 1, 1, α are the roots of x3 – 6x2 + 9x – 4 = 0, then find α.
Solution:
1, 1, α are roots of x3 – 6x2 + 9x – 4 = 0
Sum = 1 + 1 + α = 6
⇒α=6–2=4

Question 4.
If -1, 2 and α are the roots of 2x3 + x2 – 7x – 6 = 0, then find α.
Solution:
-1, 2, α are roots of 2x3 + x2 – 7x – 6 = 0
Sum = -1 + 2 + α = −12
⇒ α = −12 – 1 = −32

95
Question 5.
If 1, -2 and 3 are roots of x3 – 2x2 + ax + 6 = 0, then find a.
Solution:
1, -2 and 3 are roots of x3 – 2x2 + ax + 6 = 0
⇒ 1(-2) + (-2)3 + 3 . 1 = a
⇒ a = -2 – 6 + 3 = -5

Question 6.
If the product of the roots of 4x3 + 16x2 – 9x – a = 0 is 9, then find a.
Solution:
α, β, γ are the roots of 4x3 + 16x2 – 9x – a = 0
αβγ = 9
⇒ a4 = 9
⇒ a = 36

Question 7.
Find the values of s1, s2, s3, and s4 for each of the following equations.
(i) x4 – 16x3 + 86x2 – 176x + 105 = 0
(ii) 8x4 – 2x3 – 27x2 + 6x + 9 = 0

Solution:
(i) Given equation is x4 – 16x3 + 86x2 – 176x + 105 = 0
We know that

96
(ii) Equation is 8x4 – 2x3 – 27x2 + 6x + 9 = 0

II.
Question 1.
If α, β and 1 are the roots of x3 – 2x2 – 5x + 6 = 0, then find α and β.
Solution:
α, β and 1 are the roots of x3 – 2x2 – 5x + 6 = 0
Sum = α + β + 1 = 2
⇒α+β=1
product = αβ = -6
(α – β)2 = (α + β)2 – 4αβ
= 1 + 24
= 25
α – β = 5, α + β = 1
Adding
2α = 6
⇒α=3
α+β=1
⇒β=1–α
=1–3
= -2
∴ α = 3 and β = -2

Question 2.
If α, β and γ are the roots of x3 – 2x2 + 3x – 4 = 0, then find
(i) Σα2β2
(ii) Σαβ(α + β)
Solution:
Since α, β, γ are the roots of x3 – 2x2 + 3x – 4 = 0 then
α+β+γ=2
αβ + βγ + γα = 3
αβγ = 4

97
(i) Σα2β2 = α2β2 + β2γ2 + γ2α2
= (αβ + βγ + γα)2 – 2αβγ(α + β + γ)
=9–2.2.4
= 9 – 16
= -7

(ii) Σαβ(α + β) = α2β + β2γ + γ2α + αβ2 + βγ2 + γα2

= (αβ + βγ + γα) (α + β + γ) – 3αβγ
=2.3–3.4
= 6 – 12
= -6

Question 3.
If α, β and γ are the roots of x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0, then find the following.
(i) ∑1α2β2
(ii) β2+γ2βγ+γ2+α2γα+α2+β2αβ or Σβ2+γ2βγ
(iii) (β + γ – 3α) (γ + α – 3β) (α + β – 3γ)
(iv) Σα3β3
Solution:
α, β and γ are the roots of x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0,
α + β + γ = -p
αβ + βγ + γα = q
αβγ = -r

98
(iii) (β + γ – 3α) (γ + α – 3β) (α + β – 3γ) = (α + β + γ – 4α) (α + β + γ – 4β) (α + β + γ –
4γ)
= (-p – 4α) (-p – 4β) (-p – 4γ)
= -(p + 4α) (p + 4β) (p + 4γ)
= -(p3 + 4p2 (α + β + γ) + 16p (αβ + βγ + γα) + (64αβγ)
= -(p3 – 4p3 + 16pq – 64r)
= 3p3 – 16pq + 64r
(iv) Σα3β3 = α3β3 + β3γ3 + γ3α3
(αβ + βγ + γα)2 = α2β2 + β2γ2 + γ2α2 + 2αβγ (α + β + γ)
⇒ q2 = α2β2 + β2γ2 + γ2α2 + 2pr
⇒ α2β2 + β2γ2 + γ2α2 = q2 – 2pr
∴ α3β3 + β3γ3 + γ3α3 = (α2β2 + β2γ2 + γ2α2) (αβ + βγ + γα) – αβγ Σα2β
= (q2 – 2pr) . q + r[(αβ + βγ + γα) (α + β + γ) – 3αβγ]
= q3 – 2pqr + r(-pq + 3r)
= q3 – 2pqr – pqr + 3r2
= q3 – 3pqr + 3r2

III.
Question 1.
If α, β, γ are the roots of x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 = 0, then find the equation whose roots are
α2 + β2, β2 + γ2, γ2 + α2.
Solution:
1st Method:
Let α, β, γ are the roots of the equation x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 = 0
∴ α + β + γ = 6, αβ + βγ + γα = 11
Let y = α2 + β2 = α2 + β2 + γ2 – γ2
⇒ y = (α + β + γ)2 – 2(αβ + βγ + γα) – x2
⇒ y = 36 – 22 – x2
⇒ x2 = 14 – y
⇒ x = 14−y−−−−−√
Substitute x = 14−y−−−−−√ in x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 = 0
⇒ (14−y−−−−−√)3 – 6(14−y−−−−−√)2 + 11(14−y−−−−−√) – 6 = 0
⇒ (14 – y) 14−y−−−−−√ – 6(14 – y) + 11 14−y−−−−−√ – 6 = 0
⇒ -6(14 – y + 1) = 14−y−−−−−√ [-11 – 14 + y]
⇒ -6(15 – y) = (14−y−−−−−√) (y – 25)
Squaring on both sides
i.e., [-6(15 – y)]2 = [14−y−−−−−√(y – 25)]2
⇒ 36(225 – 30y + y2) = (14 – y)(y2 – 50y + 625)
⇒ 8100 – 1080y + 36y2 = 14y2 – 700y + 8750 – y3 + 50y2 – 625y
⇒ 8100 – 1080y + 36y2 = -y3 + 64y2 – 1325y + 8750
99
⇒ y3 – 28y2 + 245y – 650 = 0
∴ The required equation is x3 – 28x2 + 245x – 650 = 0
2nd Method:
Let α, β, γ are the roots of x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 = 0
It is an odd-degree reciprocal equation of class two.
∴ x – 1 is a factor of x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6

∴ x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 = (x – 1) (x2 – 5x + 6) = (x – 1) ( x – 2) (x – 3)

∴ The roots of x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 = 0 are α = 1, β = 2, γ = 3
Now α2 + β2 = 12 + 22 = 5
β2 + γ2 = 22 + 32 = 13
γ2 + α2 = 32 + 12 = 10
Therefore the cubic equation with roots α2 + β2, β2 + γ2, γ2 + α2 is (x – 5) (x – 13) (x – 10)
=0
⇒ x3 – (5 + 13 + 10) x2 + (65 + 130 + 50)x – 650 = 0
⇒ x3 – 28x2 + 245x – 650 = 0

Question 2.
If α, β, γ are the roots of x3 – 7x + 6 = 0, then find the equation whose roots are (α – β)2,
(β – γ)2, (γ – α)2
Solution:
1st Method:
Let α, β, γ are the roots of the equation x3 – 7x + 6 = 0 …….(1)
α + β + γ = 0, αβγ = -6
Let y = (α – β)2 = (α + β)2 – 4αβ
⇒ y = (-γ)2 – 4(6γ)
⇒ y = γ2 + 24γ
⇒ y = x2 + 24x
⇒ xy = x3 + 24
⇒ xy = 7x – 6 + 24 [from (1)]
⇒ x(y – 7) = 18
⇒ x = 18y−7
Substituting x = 18y−7 in x3 – 7x + 6 = 0
(18y−7)3 – 6(18y−7) + 6 = 0
⇒ (18)3 – 7(18) (y – 7)2 + 6(y – 7)3 = 0
⇒ 5832 – 126(y2 – 14y + 49) + 6(y3 – 21y2 + 147y – 343) = 0
⇒ 972 – 21(y2 – 14y + 49) + (y3 – 21y2 + 147y – 343) = 0
100
⇒ y3 – 42y2 + 441y – 400 = 0
∴ The equation with roots (α – β)2, (β – γ)2, (γ – α)2 is x3 – 42x2 + 441x – 400 = 0
2nd Method:
α, β, γ are the roots of x3 – 7x + 6 = 0
By trial and error method x = 1 satisfies this equation.
∴ x – 1 is a factor of x3 – 7x + 6

∴ x3 – 7x + 6 = (x – 1) (x2 + x – 6) = (x – 1)(x + 3)(x – 2)

∵ α, β, γ are the roots of x3 – 7x + 6 = 0
α = 1, β = -3, γ = 2,
Now (α – β)2 = [1 – (-3)]2 = (4)2 = 16
(β – γ)2 = [-3 – 2]2 = 25
(γ – α)2 = [2 – 1]2 = 1
∴ The cubic equation whose roots are (α – β)2, (β – γ)2, (γ – α)2 is (x – 16) (x – 25) (x – 1)
=0
⇒ x3 – (16 + 25 + 1) x2 + (400 + 25 + 16)x – 400 = 0
⇒ x3 – 42x2 + 441x – 400 = 0

Question 3.
If α, β, γ are the roots of x3 – 3ax + b = 0, prove that Σ(α – β) (α – γ) = 9a.
Solution:
α, β, γ are the roots of x3 – 3ax + b = 0
∴ α + β + γ = 0, αβ + βγ + γα = -3a, αβγ = -b
Σ(α – β) (α – γ) = Σ[α2 – α(β + γ) + βγ]
= Σ[α2 + α2 + βγl
= 2(α2 + β2 + γ2) + (βγ + γα + αβ)
= 2(α + β + γ)2 – 4(αβ + βγ + γα) + (αβ + βγ + γα)
= 0 – 4(-3a) + (-3a)
= 9a

101
Theory of Equations Solutions Exercise 4(b)
I.
Question 1.
Solve x3 – 3x2 – 16x + 48 = 0, given that the sum of two roots is zero.
Solution:
Let α, β, γ are the roots of x3 – 3x2 – 16x + 48 = 0
α+β+γ=3
Given α + β = 0 (∵ Sum of two roots is zero)
∴γ=3
i.e. x – 3 is a factor of x3 – 3x2 – 16x + 48 = 0

x2 – 16 = 0
⇒ x2 = 16
⇒ x = ±4
∴ The roots are -4, 4, 3

Question 2.
Find the condition that x3 – px2 + qx – r = 0 may have the sum of its roots zero.
Solution:
Let α, β, γ be the roots of x3 – px2 + qx – r = 0
α + β + γ = p ………(1)
αβ + βγ + γα = q ………..(2)
αβγ = r ………..(3)
Given α + β = 0 (∵ Sum of two roots is zero)
From (1), γ = p
∴ γ is a root of x3 – px2 + qx – r = 0
γ3 – pγ2 + qγ – r = 0
But γ = p
p3 – p(p2) + q(p) – r = 0
p3 – p2 + qp – r = 0
∴ qp = r is the required condition.

102
Question 3.
Given that the roots of x3 + 3px2 + 3qx + r = 0 are in
(i) A.P., show that 2p3 – 3qp + r = 0
(ii) G.P., show that p3r = q3
(iii) H.P., show that 2q3 = r(3pq – r)
Solution:
Given equation is x3 + 3px2 + 3qx + r = 0

(i) The roots are in A.P.

Suppose a – d, a, a + d are the roots
Sum = a – d + a + a + d = -3p
⇒ 3a = -3p
⇒ a = -p ……….(1)
∵ ‘a’ is a root of x3 + 3px2 + 3qx + r = 0
⇒ a3 + 3pa2 + 3qa + r = 0
But a = -p
⇒ p3 + 3p(-p)2 + 3q(-p) + r = 0
⇒ 2p3 – 3pq + r = 0 is the required condition

(ii) The roots are in G.P.

Suppose the roots be aR, a, aR
Given (aR) (a) (aR) = -r
⇒ a = -r
⇒ a = (-r)1/3
∵ ‘a’ is a root of x3 + 3px2 + 3qx + r = 0
⇒ (-r1/3)3 + 3p(-r1/3)2 + 3q(-r1/3) + r = 0
⇒ -r + 3pr2/3 – 3qr1/3 + r = 0
pr2/3 = qr1/3
⇒ pr1/3 = q
⇒ p1/3r = q is the required condition

(iii) The roots of x3 + 3px2 + 3qx + r = 0 are in H.P.

x3 + 3px2 + 3qx + r = 0 ……..(1)
Let y = 1x so that 1y3+3py2+3qy+r = 0
Roots of ry3 + 3qy2 + 3py + 1 = 0 are in A.P.
ry3 + 3qy2 + 3py + 1 = 0 ……..(2)
Suppose a – d, a, a + d be the roots of (2)
Sum = a – d + a + a + d = −3qr
3a = −3qr
a = −qr ………(1)
103
∵ ‘a’ is a root of ry3 + 3qy2 + 3py + 1 = 0
⇒ ra3 + 3qa2 + 3pa + 1 = 0
But a = −qr
⇒ r(−qr)3+3q(−qr)2+3p(−qr)+1=0
⇒ −q3r2+3q3r2−3pqr+1=0
⇒ -q3 + 3q3 – 3pqr + r2 = 0
⇒ 2q3 = r(3pq – r) is the required condition.

Question 4.
Find the condition that x3 – px2 + qx – r = 0 may have the roots in G.P.
Solution:
Let aR, a, aR be the roots of x3 – px2 + qx – r = 0
The product of the roots = aR . a . aR = a3
product of the roots = r
⇒ a = r1/3
∵ a is a root of x3 – px2 + qx – r = 0
⇒ a3 – pa2 + qa – r = 0
But a = r1/3
⇒ (r1/3)3 – p(r1/3)2 + q(r1/3) – r = 0
⇒ r – p . r2/3 + q . r1/3 – r = 0
⇒ p . r2/3 = qr1/3
By cubing on both sides
⇒ p3r2 = q3r
⇒ p3r = q3 is the required condition
II.
Question 1.
Solve 9x3 – 15x2 + 7x – 1 = 0, given that two of its roots are equal.
Solution:
Suppose α, β, γ are the roots of 9x3 – 15x3 + 7x – 1 = 0
α + β + γ = 159=53
αβ + βγ + γα = 79
αβγ = 19
Given α = β (∵ two of its roots are equal)
2α + γ = 53
⇒ γ = 53 – 2α
α2 + 2αγ = 79
⇒ α2 + 2α (53 – 2α) = 79
⇒ α2 + 2α(5−6α)3=79
⇒ 9α2 + 6α(5 – 6α) = 7
⇒ 9α2 + 30α – 36α2 = 7
104
⇒ 27α2 – 30α + 7 = 0
⇒ (3α – 1)(9α – 7) = 0
⇒ α = 13 or 79

The roots are 13, 13, 1

Question 2.
Given that one root of 2x3 + 3x2 – 8x + 3 = 0 is double of another root, find the roots of
the equation.
Solution:
Suppose α, β, γ are the roots of 2x3 + 3x2 – 8x + 3 = 0
α + β + γ = −32 ……..(1)
αβ + βγ + γα = -4 ……..(2)
αβγ = −32
Given α = 2β (∵ one root is double the other)
Substituting in (1)
3β + γ = −32
⇒ γ = −32 – 3β …….(4)
Substituting in (2)
αβ + γ(α + β) = -4
⇒ 2β2 + 3βγ = -4
⇒ 2β2 + 3β(−32 – 3β) = -4
⇒ 2β2 – 3β(3+6β)2 = -4
⇒ 4β2 – 9β – 18β2 = -8
⇒ 14β2 + 9β – 8 = 0
⇒ (2β – 1)(7β + 8) = 0
⇒ 2β – 1 = 0 or 7β + 8 = 0

105
⇒ β = 12 or β = −87

∴ The roots are 12, 1 and -3

Question 3.
Solve x3 – 9x2 + 14x + 24 = 0, given that two of the roots are in the ratio 3 : 2.
Solution:
Suppose α, β, γ are the roots of x3 – 9x2 + 14x + 24 = 0
α + β + γ = 9 ………(1)
αβ + βγ + γα = 14 ……….(2)
αβγ = -24 ……….(3)
∵ two roots are in the ratio 3 : 2
Let α : β = 3 : 2
⇒ β = 2α3
Substituting in (1)
5α3 + γ = 9
⇒ γ = 9 – 5α3 ………(4)
Substituting in (2)
⇒ 23 α2 + γ(α + β) = 14
⇒ 23α2+(9−5α3)⋅5α3 = 14

106
⇒ 2α2 + 5α(9 – 5α3) = 42
⇒ 2α2 + 5α (27−5α)3 = 42
⇒ 6α2 + 135α – 25α2 = 126
⇒ 19α2 – 135α + 126 = 0
⇒ 19α2 – 114α – 21α + 126 = 0
⇒ 19α(α – 6) – 21(α – 6) = 0
⇒ (19α – 21)(α – 6) = 0
⇒ 19α – 21 = 0 or α – 6 = 0
⇒ α = 2119 or α = 6
Case (i): α = 6
β = 2α3
= 23 × 6
=4
γ = 9 – 5α3
= 9 – 53 × 6
= 9 – 10
= -1
α = 6, β = 4, γ = -1 satisfy αβγ = -24
∴ The roots are 6, 4, -1
Case (ii): α = 2119
β = 23×2119=1419
γ = 9 – 5α3
= 9 – 53⋅2119
= 13619
These values do not satisfy αβγ= -24
∴ The roots are 6, 4, -1.

Question 4.
Solve the following equations, given that the roots of each are in A.P.
(i) 8x3 – 36x2 – 18x + 81 = 0
Solution:
Given the roots of 8x3 – 36x2 – 18x + 81 = 0 are in A.P.
Let the roots be a – d, a, a + d
Sum of the roots = 368
⇒ a – d + a + a + d = 92
⇒ 3a = 92
⇒ a = 32
∴ (x – 32) is a factor of 8x3 – 36x2 – 18x + 81 = 0

107
⇒ 8x2 – 24x – 54 = 0
⇒ 4x2 – 12x – 27 = 0
⇒ 4x2 – 18x + 6x – 27 = 0
⇒ 2x(2x – 9) + 3(2x – 9) = 0
⇒ (2x + 3) (2x – 9) = 0
⇒ x = −32,92
∴ The roots are −32,32,92

(ii) x3 – 3x2 – 6x + 8 = 0
Solution:
The roots of x3 – 3x2 – 6x + 8 = 0 are in A.P
Suppose a – d, a, a + d be the roots
Sum = a – d + a + a + d = 3
⇒ 3a = 3
⇒a=1
∴ (x – 1) is a factor of x3 – 3x2 – 6x + 8 = 0

⇒ x2 – 2x – 8 = 0
⇒ x2 – 4x + 2x – 8 = 0
⇒ x(x – 4)+ 2(x – 4) = 0
⇒ (x – 4) (x + 2) = 0
⇒ x = 4, -2
∴ The roots are -2, 1, 4

108
Question 5.
Solve the following equations, given that the roots of each are in G.P.
(i) 3x3 – 26x2 + 52x – 24 = 0
Solution:
Given equation is 3x3 – 26x2 + 52x – 24 = 0
The roots are in G.P.
Suppose ar, a, ar are the roots.
Product = ar . a . ar = −(−243)
⇒ a3 = 8
⇒a=2
∴ (x – 2) is a factor of 3x3 – 26x2 + 52x – 24

Hint: 3 × 12 = 3 ×6 × 2 = (-18)(-2)
⇒ 3x2 – 20x + 12 = 0
⇒ 3x2 – 18x – 2x + 12 = 0
⇒ 3x(x – 6) – 2(x – 6) = 0
⇒ (3x – 2) (x – 6) = 0
⇒ x = 23, 6
∴ The roots are 23, 2, 6.
(ii) 54x3 – 39x2 – 26x + 16 = 0
Solution:
Given equation is 54x3 – 39x2 – 26x + 16 = 0
The roots are in G.P.
Suppose ar, a, ar be the roots.
Product = ar . a . ar = −1654

Hint: 18 × 8 = 9 × 2 × 8 = (-9) (-16)

⇒ 54x2 – 75x + 24 = 0
⇒ 18x2 – 25x + 8 = 0
⇒ 18x2 – 9x – 16x + 8 = 0
⇒ 9x(2x – 1) – 8(2x- 1) = 0
⇒ (9x – 8) (2x – 1) = 0
⇒ x = 89,12
∴ The roots are 89,−23,12
109
Question 6.
Solve the following equations, given that the roots of each are in H.P.
(i) 6x3 – 11x2 + 6x – 1 = 0
Solution:
Given equation is 6x3 – 11x2 + 6x – 1 = 0 …….(1)
Put y = 1x so that 6y3−11y2+6y−1 = 0
⇒ 6 – 11y + 6y2 – y3 = 0
⇒ y3 – 6y2 + 11y – 6 = 0 ………(2)
Roots of (1) are in H.P.
⇒ Roots of (2) are in A.P.
Let a – d, a, a + d be the roots of (2)
Sum = a – d + a + a + d = 6
⇒ 3a = 6
⇒a=2
Product = a(a2 – d2) = 6
⇒ 2(4 – d2) = 6
⇒ 4 – d2 = 3
⇒ d2 = 1
⇒d=1
a – d = 2 – 1 = 1,
a=2
a+d=2+1=3
The roots of (2) are 1, 2, 3
The roots of (1) are 1, 12, 13

(ii) 15x3 – 23x2 + 9x – 1 = 0

Solution:
Given equation is 15x3 – 23x2 + 9x – 1 = 0 …….(1)
Put y = 1x so that 15y3−23y2+9y−1 = 0
⇒ 15 – 23y + 9y2 – y3 = 0
⇒ y3 – 9y2 + 23y – 15 = 0 ………(2)
Roots of (1) are in H.P. So that roots of (2) are in A.P.
Let a – d, a, a + d be the roots of (2)
Sum = a – d + a + a + d = 9
⇒ 3a = 9
⇒a=3
Product = a(a2 – d2) = 15
⇒ 3(9 – d2) = 15
⇒ 9 – d2 = 5
110
⇒ d2 = 4
⇒d=2
a–d=3–2=1
a=3
a+d=3+2=5
Roots of (2) are 1, 3, 5
Hence roots of (1) are 1, 13, 15

Question 7.
Solve the following equations, given that they have multiple roots.
(i) x4 – 6x3 + 13x2 – 24x + 36 = 0
Solution:
(i) Let f(x) = x4 – 6x3 + 13x2 – 24x + 36
⇒ f'(x) = 4x3 – 18x2 + 26x – 24
⇒ f'(3) = 4(27) – 18(9) + 26(3) – 24
⇒ f'(3) = 108 – 162 + 78 – 24
⇒ f'(3) = 0
f(3) = 81 – 162 + 117 – 72 + 36 = 0
Hint: Choose the value of x from the factors of the G.C.D of constant terms in f(x) and
f'(x).
∴ x – 3 is a factor of f'(x) and f(x)
∴ 3 is the repeated foot of f(x)

x2 + 4 = 0
⇒ x = ±2i
∴ The roots of the given equation are 3, 3, ±2i

(ii) 3x4 + 16x3 + 24x2 – 16 = 0

Solution:
Let f(x) = 3x4 + 16x3 + 24x2 – 16
f(x) = 12x3 + 48x2 + 48x
= 12x(x2 + 4x + 4)
= 12x (x + 2)2
f'(-2) = 0
f(-2) = 3(16) + 16(-8) + 24(4) – 16 = 0
111
∴ x + 2 is a factor of f'(x) and f(x)
∴ -2 is a multiple root of f(x) = 0

3x2 + 4x – 4 = 0
⇒ 3x2 + 6x – 2x – 4 = 0
⇒ 3x(x + 2) – 2(x + 2) = 0
⇒ (x + 2) (3x – 2) = 0
⇒ x = -2, 23
∴ The roots of the given equation are -2, -2, -2, 23

III.
Question 1.
Solve x4 + x3 – 16x2 – 4x + 48 = 0, given that the product of two of the roots is 6.
Solution:
Suppose α, β, γ, δ are the roots of
x4 + x3 – 16x2 – 4x + 48 = 0 ………..(1)
Sum of the roots = -1
⇒ α + β + γ + δ = -1
and Product of the roots = αβγδ = 48
∵ Product of two roots is 6
Let αβ = 6
From (1), γδ = 48αβ=486 = 8
Let α + β = p and γ + δ = q
The equation having roots α, β is x2 – (α + β) x + αβ = 0
⇒ x2 – px + 6 = 0 ………..(2)
The equation having the roots γ, δ is x2 – (γ + δ) x + γδ = 0
⇒ x2 – qx + 8 = 0 ……….(3)
∴ From (1), (2) and (3)
x4 + x3 – 16x2 – 4x + 48 = (x2 – px + 6) (x2 – qx + 8)
= x4 – (p + q) x3 + (pq + 14) x2 – (8p + 86q) x + 48
Comparing the like terms,
p + q = -1
8p + 6q = 4 ⇒ 4p + 3q = 2
Solving, q = -6

112
∴ p = -1 + 6 = 5
Substitute the value of p in eq. (2),
x2 – 5x + 6 = 0 ⇒ x = 2, 3
Substitute/the value of q in eq. (3),
x2 + 6x + 8 = 0 ⇒ x = -2, – 4
∴ The roots of the given equation are -4, -2, 2, 3

Question 2.
Solve 8x4 – 2x3 – 27x2 + 6x + 9 = 0 given that two roots have the same absolute value,
but are opposite in signs.
Solution:
Suppose α, β, γ, δ are the roots of the equation
8x4 – 2x3 – 27x2 + 6x + 9 = 0
⇒ x4−14x3−278x2+34x+98=0 …………(1)
Sum of the roots = α + β + γ + δ = 14 and
Product of the roots = αβγδ = 98
Given β = -α
⇒α+β=0
∴ 0 + γ + δ = 14
⇒ γ + δ = 14
Let αβ = p, γδ = q, so that pq = 98
The equation having the roots α, β is x2 – (α + β)x + αβ = 0
⇒ x2 + p = 0 ……….(2)
The equation having the roots γ, δ is x2 – (γ + δ)x + γδ = 0
⇒ x2 – 14 x + q = 0 ……..(3)
From (1), (2) and (3)
x4−14x3−278x2+34x+98 = (x2 + p) (x2−14x+q)
= x4−14x3+(p+q)x2−p4x+pq
Comparing the coefficients of x and constants
−p4=34 ⇒ p = -3
pq = 98
⇒ q = 98×−13=−38
Substitute the value of p in eq. (2),
x2 – 3 = 0 ⇒ x = ±√3
Substitute the value of q in eq. (3),
x2−14x−38=0
⇒ 8x2 – 2x – 3 = 0
⇒ (2x + 1) (4x – 3) = 6
⇒ x = −12,34
∴ The roots of the given equation are -√3, −12,34, √3
113
Question 3.
Solve 18x3 + 81x2 + 121x + 60 = 0 given that one root is equal to half the sum of the
remaining roots.
Solution:
Suppose α, β, γ are the roots of 18x3 + 81x2 + 121x + 60 = 0
sum = α + β + γ = −8118=−92 ……….(1)
αβ + βγ + γα = 12118 …………(2)
αβγ = −6018=−103 ………(3)
∵ One root is equal to half of the sum of the remaining two,
Let α = 12 (β + γ)
Substitute in (1)

114
Question 4.
Find the condition in order that the equation ax4 + 4bx3 + 6cx2 + 4dx + e = 0 may have
a pair of equal roots.
Solution:
Let α, α, β, β are the roots of the equation.
ax4 + 4bx3 + 6cx2 + 4dx + e = 0
⇒ x4+4bax2+6cax2+4dax+ea=0
Sum of the roots, 2(α + β) = −4ba
⇒ α + β = −2ba
⇒ αβ = k (say)
Equation having roots α, β is x2 – (α + β) x + αβ = 0

115
Question 5.
(i) Show that x5 – 5x3 + 5x2 – 1 = 0 has three equal roots and find this root.
Solution:
Let f(x) = x5 – 5x3 + 5x2 – 1
f'(x) = 5x4 – 15x2 + 10x = 5x(x3 – 3x + 2)
f'(1) = 5(1) (1 – 3 + 2) = 0
f(1) = 1 – 5 + 5 – 1 = 0
x – 1 is a factor of f'(x) and f(x)
∴ 1 is a repeated root of f(x).

x3 + 2x2 – 2x – 1 = 0
⇒ 1 is a root of the above equation (∵ sum of the coefficients is zero)
∴ 1 is the required root.

(ii) Find the repeated roots of x5 – 3x4 – 5x3 + 27x2 – 32x + 12 = 0

Solution:
Let f(x) = x5 – 3x4 – 5x3 + 27x2 – 32x + 12
f'(x) = 5x4 – 12x3 – 15x2 + 54x – 32
f'(2) = 5(2)4 – 12(2)3 – 15(2)2 + 54(2) – 32
= 80 – 96 – 60 + 108 – 32
=0
f(2) = (2)5 – 3(2)4 – 5(2)3 + 27(2)2 – 32(2) + 12
= 32 – 48 – 40 + 108 – 64 + 12
= 152 – 152
=0
∴ x – 2 is a common factor of f'(x) and f(x)
2 is a multiple root of f(x) = 0

Let g(x) = x3 + x2 – 5x + 3

116
g'(x) = 3x2 + 2x – 5 = (3x + 5) (x – 1)
g(1) = 1 + 1 – 5 + 3 = 0
∴ x – 1 is a common factor of g'(x) and g(x)
∴ 1 is a multiple root of g(x) = 0

x + 3 = 0 ⇒ x and = -3
∴ The roots are 2, 2, 1, 1, -3

Question 6.
Solve the equation 8x3 – 20x2 + 6x + 9 = 0 given that the equation has multiple roots.
Solution:
Let f(x) = 8x3 – 20x2 + 6x + 9
f'(x) = 24x2 – 40x + 6
= 2 (12x2 – 20x + 3)
= 2[12x2 – 18x – 2x + 3]
= 2[6x(2x – 3) – 1(2x – 3)]
= 2(2x – 3) (6x – 1)
f'(x) = 0
⇒ x = 32, x = 16
f(32)=8(32)3−20(32)2+6(32)+9
= 27 – 45 + 9 + 9
=0
Hence x – 32 is a factor of f(x) and f'(x)
∴ 32 is a multiple root of f(x) = 0

8x – 4 = 0
⇒ x = 48=12
∴ The roots of the equation f(x) = 0 are 3/2,3/2,1/2
117
Theory of Equations Solutions Exercise 4(c)
I.
Question 1.
Form the polynomial equation whose roots are
(i) 2 + 3i, 2 – 3i, 1 + i, 1 – i
Solution:
The required equation is [x – (2 + 3i)] [x – (2 – 3i)] [x – (1 + i)][x – (1 – i)] = 0
⇒ [(x – 2) – 3i)] [(x – 2) + 3i] [(x – 1) – i] [(x – 1) + i] = 0
⇒ [(x – 2)2 – 9i2] [(x – 1)2 – i2] = 0
⇒ (x2 – 4x + 4 + 9) (x2 – 2x + 1 + 1) = 0
⇒ (x2 – 4x + 13) (x2 – 2x + 2) = 0
⇒ x4 – 4x3 + 13x2 – 2x3 + 8x2 – 26x + 2x2 – 8x + 26 = 0
⇒ x4 – 6x3 + 23x2 – 34x + 26 = 0

(ii) 3, 2, 1 + i, 1 – i
Solution:
Required equation is (x – 3) (x – 2) [x – (1 + i)] [ x – (1 – i)] = 0
⇒ (x2 – 5x + 6) [(x – 1) – i] [(x – 1) + i] = 0
⇒ (x2 – 5x + 6) [(x – 1)2 – i2] = 0
⇒ (x2 – 5x + 6) (x2 – 2x + 1 + 1) = 0
⇒ (x2 – 5x + 6) (x2 – 2x + 2) = 0
⇒ x4 – 5x3 + 6x2 – 2x3 + 10x2 – 12x + 2x2 – 10x + 12 = 0
⇒ x4 – 7x3 + 18x2 – 22x + 12 = 0

(iii) 1 + i, 1 – i, -1 + i, -1 – i
Solution:
Required equation is [x – (1 + i)] [x – (1 – i)] [x – (-1 + i)] [x – (-1 – i)] = 0
⇒ [(x – 1) – i][(x – i) + i] [(x + 1) – i] [(x + 1) + i] = 0
⇒ [(x – 1)2 – i2] [(x + 1)2 – i2] = 0
⇒ (x2 – 2x + 1 + 1) (x2 + 2x + 1 + 1) = 0
⇒ (x2 – 2x + 2) (x2 + 2x + 2) = 0
⇒ x4 – 2x3 + 2x2 + 2x3 – 4x2 + 4x + 2x2 – 4x + 4 = 0
⇒ x4 + 4 = 0

118
(iv) 1 + i, 1 – i, 1 + i, 1 – i
Solution:
Required equation is [x – (1 + i)] [x – (1 – i)] [x – (1 + i)] [x – (1 – i)] = 0
⇒ [(x – 1) – i]2 [(x – 1) + i]2 = 0
⇒ [(x – 1)2 – i2] = 0
⇒ (x2 – 2x + 1 + 1)2 = 0
⇒ x4 + 4x2 + 4 – 4x3 + 4x2 – 8x = 0
⇒ x4 – 4x3 + 8x2 – 8x + 4 = 0

Question 2.
Form the polynomial equation with rational coefficients whose roots are
(i) 4√3, 5 + 2i
Solution:
For the polynomial equation with rational coeffs. the roots are conjugate surds and
conjugate complex numbers.
4√3, 5 + 2i
Let α = 4√3 then β = -4√3, and γ = 5 + 2i then δ = 5 – 2i
α, β, γ, δ are the roots
α + β = 0, αβ = -48
γ + δ = 10, γδ = 25 + 4 = 29
The required equation is [x2 – (α + β)x + αβ] [x2 – (γ + δ)x + γδ] = 0
⇒ (x2 – 48) (x2 – 10x + 29) = 0
⇒ x4 – 10x3 + 29x2 – 48x2 + 480x – 1932 = 0
⇒ x4 – 10x3 – 19x2 + 480x – 1932 = 0

(ii) 1 + 5i, 5 – i
Solution:
For the polynomial equation with rational coeffs. the roots are conjugate surds and
conjugate complex numbers.
Let α = 1 + 5i then β = 1 – 5i,
and γ = 5 + i then δ = 5 – i
α + β = 2, αβ = 26
γ + δ = 10, γδ = 26
The required equation is [x2 – (α + β)x + αβ] [x2 – (γ + δ)x + γδ] = 0
⇒ (x2 – 2x + 26) (x2 – 10x + 26) = 0
⇒ x4 – 12x3 + 72x2 – 312x + 676 = 0

119
(iii) i – √5
Solution:
For the polynomial equation with rational coeffs. the roots are conjugate surds and
conjugate complex numbers.
Let α = i – √5, β = i + √5, γ = -i – √5, δ = -i + √5 are the roots
α + β = 2i, αβ = -6
γ + δ = -2i, γδ = -6
The required equation is [x2 – (α + β)x + αβ][x2 – (γ + δ)x + γδ] = 0
⇒ (x2 – 2ix – 6) (x2 + 2ix – 6) = 0
⇒ [(x2 – 6) – 2ix] [(x2 – 6) + 2ix] = 0
⇒ (x2 – 6)2 + 4x2 = 0
⇒ x4 + 36 – 12x2 + 4x2 = 0
⇒ x4 – 8x2 + 36 = 0

(iv) -√3 + i√2

Solution:
Let α = -√3 + i√2, β = -√3 – i√2, γ = √3 – i√2, γ = √3 + i√2
α + β = -2√3
αβ = (-√3)2 – (i√2)2
= 3 – i2 (2)
=5
γ + δ = 2√3
γδ = 5
The required equation is [(x2 – (α + β)x + αβ)] [(x2 – (γ + δ)x + γδ)] = 0
⇒ (x2 + 2√3x + 5) (x2 – 2√3x + 5) = 0
⇒ (x2 + 5)2 – (2√3x)2 = 0
⇒ x4 + 25 + 10x2 – 12x2 = 0
⇒ x4 – 2x2 + 25 = 0

120
II.
Question 1.
Solve the equation x4 + 2x3 – 5x2 + 6x + 2 = 0 given that 1 + i is one of its roots.
Solution:
Let 1 + i be one root ⇒ 1 – i be another root
The equation having roots 1 ± i is x2 – 2x + 2 = 0
∴ x2 – 2x + 2 is a factor of x4 + 2x3 – 5x2 + 6x + 2 = 0

∴ The roots of the given equation are 1 ± i, -2 + √3

Question 2.
Solve the equation 3x3 – 4x2 + x + 88 = 0 which has 2 – √-7 as a root.
Solution:
Let 2 – √-7 (i.e) 2 – √7i is one root
⇒ 2 + √7i is another root.
The equation having roots 2 ± √7i is x2 – 4x + 11 = 0
∴ x2 – 4x + 11 is a factor of the given equation.

3x + 8 = 0
⇒ x = −83
∴ The roots of the given equation are 2 ± √7i, −83

121
Question 3.
Solve x4 – 4x2 + 8x + 35 = 0, given that 2 + i√3 is a root.
Solution:
Let 2 + i√3 be one root
⇒ 2 – i√3 is another root.
The equation having roots 2 ± i√3 is x2 – 4x + 7 = 0
∴ x2 – 4x + 7 is a factor of x4 – 4x2 + 8x + 35

∴ The roots of the given equation are 2 ± i√3, -2 ± i

Question 4.
Solve the equation x4 – 6x3 + 11x2 – 10x + 2 = 0, given that 2 + √3 is a root of the
equation.
Solution:
2 + √3 is one root
⇒ 2 – √3 is another root.
The equation having the roots of 2 ± √3 is x2 – 4x + 1 = 0
∴ x2 – 4x + 1 is a factor of x4 – 6x3 + 11x2 – 10x + 2 = 0

∴ The roots of the required equation are 2 ± √3, 1 ± i

122
Question 5.
Given that -2 + √-7 is a root of the equation x4 + 2x2 – 16x + 77 = 0, solve it completely.
Solution:
-2 – √-7 (i.e) -2 + i√7 is one root
⇒ -2 – i√7 is another root.
The equation having the roots of -2 ± i√7 is x2 + 4x + 11 = 0
∴ x2 + 4x + 11 is a factor of x4 + 2x2 – 16x + 77

∴ The roots of the required equation are -2 ± i√7, 2 ± √3i

Question 6.
Solve the equations x4 + 2x3 – 16x2 – 22x + 7 = 0, given that 2 – √3 is a root of it.
Solution:
2 + √3 is a root ⇒ 2 – √3 is also a root.
The equation having roots 2 ± √3 is
x2 – (2 + √3 + 2 – √3)x + (2 + √3) (2 – √3) = 0
⇒ x2 – 4x + 1 = 0

x2 + 6x + 7 = 0
⇒ x = −6±36−28√2
⇒ x = -3 ± √2
∴ Roots are 2 ± √3, -3 ± √2

123
Question 7.
Solve the equation 3x5 – 4x4 – 42x3 + 56x2 + 27x – 36 = 0 given that √2 + √5 is one of its
roots.
Solution:
√2 + √5 is a root
⇒ -√2 – √5, -√2 + √5, -√2 – √5 are also roots.
The equation haying roots √2 + √5 is
x2 – (√2 + √5 + √2 – √5) + (√2 + √5) (√2 – √5) = 0
⇒ x2 – 2√2x – 3 = 0
The equation having roots -√2 ± √5 is
x2 – (-√2 + √5 – √2 – √5) + (√2 + √5)(-√2 – √5) = 0
⇒ x2 + 2√x – 3 = 0
The equation having roots ±√2 ± √5 is (x2 + 2√2x – 3) (x2 – 2√2x – 3) = 0
⇒ (x2 – 3)2 – (2√2x)2 = 0
⇒ x4 – 6x2 + 9 – 8x2 = 0
⇒ x4 – 14x2 + 9 = 0
∴ 3x5 – 4x4 – 42x3 + 56x2 + 27x – 36 = 0
⇒ 3x(x4 – 14x2 + 9) – 4(x4 – 14x2 + 9) = 0
⇒ (x4 – 14x2 + 9) (3x – 4) = 0
⇒ x = ±√2 ± √5 or 4/3
∴ The roots are ±√2 ± √5, 4/3

Question 8.
Solve the equation x4 – 9x3 + 27x2 – 29x + 6 = 0, given that one root of it is 2 – √3.
Solution:
2 – √3 is one root ⇒ 2 + √3 is another root.
The equation having the roots of 2 ± √3 is x2 – 4x + 1 = 0
∴ x2 – 4x + 1 is a factor of the given equation.

x2 – 5x + 6 = 0
⇒ (x – 2) (x – 3) = 0
⇒ x = 2, 3
∴ The roots of the required equations are 2 ± √3, 2, 3

124
Question 9.
Show that the equation a2x−a′+b2x−b′+c2x−c′+…+k2x−k′= x – m Where a, b, c ….k, m, a’, b’,
c’…. k’ are all real numbers, cannot have a non-real root.
Solution:
Let α + iβ be the root of the given equation.
Suppose if β ≠ 0, then α – iβ is also a root of the given equation.
Substitute α + iβ in the given equation, and we get

125
Theory of Equations Solutions Exercise 4(d)
I.
Question 1.
Find the algebraic equation whose roots are 3 times the roots of x3 + 2x2 – 4x + 1 = 0
Solution:
Given equation is f(x) = x3 + 2x2 – 4x + 1 = 0
We require an equation whose roots are 3 times the roots of f(x) = 0
i,e., Required equation is f(x3) = 0
⇒ (x3)3+2(x3)2−4x3+1=0
⇒ x327+29x2−43x+1=0
Multiplying with 27, required equation is x3 + 6x2 – 36x + 27 = 0

Question 2.
Find the algebraic equation whose roots are 2 times the roots of x5 – 2x4 + 3x3 – 2x2 + 4x
+3=0
Solution:
Given equation is f(x) = x5 – 2x4 + 3x3 – 2x2 + 4x + 3 = 0
We require an equation whose roots are 2 times the roots of f(x) = 0
Required equation is f(x2) = 0
⇒ (x2)5−2(x2)4+3(x2)3−2(x2)2+4(x2) + 3 = 0
⇒ x532−2⋅x416+3⋅x38−2⋅x24+4⋅x2+3=0
Multiplying with 32, the required equation is
⇒ x5 – 4x4 + 12x3 – 16x2 + 64x + 96 = 0

Question 3.
Find the transformed equation whose roots are the negative of the roots of x4 + 5x3 +
11x + 3 = 0
Solution:
Given f(x) = x4 + 5x3 + 11x + 3 = 0
We want an equation whose roots are -α1, -α2, -α3, -α4
Required equation f(-x) = 0
⇒ (-x)4 + 5(-x)3 + 11(-x) + 3 = 0
⇒ x4 – 5x3 – 11x + 3 = 0

Question 4.
Find the transformed equation whose roots are the negatives of the roots of x7 + 3x5 +
x3 – x2 + 7x + 2 = 0
Solution:
Given f(x) = x7 + 3x5 + x3 – x2 + 7x + 2 = 0
We want an equation whose roots are -α1, -α2, ………., -αn
126
Required equation is f(-x) = 0
⇒ (-x)7 + 3(-x)5 + (-x)3 – (-x)2 + 7(-x) + 2 = 0
⇒ -x7 – 3x5 – x3 – x2 – 7x + 2 = 0
⇒ x7 + 3x5 + x3 + x2 + 7x – 2 = 0

Question 5.
Find the polynomial equation whose roots are the reciprocals of the roots of x4 – 3x3 +
7x2 + 5x – 2 = 0
Solution:
Given equation is f(x) = x4 – 3x3 + 7x2 + 5x – 2 = 0
Required equation is f(1x) = 0
i.e., 1x4−3x3+7x2+5x−2=0
Multiplying with x4
⇒ 1 – 3x + 7x2 + 5x3 – 2x4 = 0
⇒ 2x4 – 5x3 – 7x2 + 3x – 1 = 0

Question 6.
Find the polynomial equation whose roots are the reciprocals of the roots of x5 + 11x4 +
x3 + 4x2 – 13x + 6 = 0
Solution:
Given equation is f(x) = x5 + 11x4 + x3 + 4x2 – 13x + 6 = 0
Required equation is f(1x) = 0
1x5+11x4+1x3+4x2−13x+6=0
Multiplying by x5
⇒ 1 + 11x + x2 + 4x3 – 13x4 + 6x5 = 0
⇒ 6x5 – 13x4 + 4x3 + x2 + 11x + 1 = 0

II.
Question 1.
Find the polynomial equation whose roots are the squares of the roots of x4 + x3 + 2x2 + x + 1 = 0
Solution:
Given equation is f(x) = x4 + x3 + 2x2 + x + 1 = 0
Required equation f(√x) = 0
⇒ x2 + x√x + 2x + √x + 1 = 0
⇒ √x(x + 1) = -(x2 + 2x + 1)
Squaring both sides,
⇒ x(x + 1)2 = (x2 + 2x + 1)2
⇒ x(x2 + 2x + 1) = x4 + 4x2 + 1 + 4x3 + 4x + 2x2
⇒ x3 + 2x2 + x = x4 + 4x3 + 6x2 + 4x + 1
⇒ x4 + 3x3 + 4x2 + 3x + 1 = 0

127
Question 2.
Form the polynomial equation whose roots are the squares of the roots of x3 + 3x2 – 7x
+6=0
Solution:
Given equation is f(x) = x3 + 3x2 – 7x + 6 = 0
Required equation is f(√x) = 0
⇒ x√x + 3x – 7√x + 6 = 0
⇒ √x(x – 7) = -(3x + 6)
Squaring on both sides,
⇒ x(x – 7)2 = (3x + 6)2
⇒ x(x2 – 14x + 49) = 9x2 + 36 + 36x
⇒ x3 – 14x2 + 49x – 9x2 – 36x – 36 = 0
⇒ x3 – 23x2 + 13x – 36 = 0

Question 3.
Form the polynomial equation whose roots are cubes of the roots of x3 + 3x2 + 2 = 0
Solution:
Given equation is x3 + 3x2 + 2 = 0
Put y = x3 so that x = y1/3
∴ y + 3y2/3 + 2 = 0
∴ 3y2/3 = -(y + 2)
Cubing on both sides,
27y2 = -(y + 2)3 = -(y3 + 6y2 + 12y + 8)
∴ y3 + 6y2 + 12y + 8 = 0
⇒ y3 + 33y2 + 12y + 8 = 0
Required equation is x3 + 33x2 + 12x + 8 = 0

128
III.
Question 1.
Find the polynomial equation whose roots are the translates of those of the equation
x4 – 5x3 + 7x2 – 17x + 11 = 0 by -2.
Solution:
Given equation is f(x) = x4 – 5x3 + 7x2 – 17x + 11 = 0
The required equation is f(x + 2) = 0
(x + 2)4 – 5(x + 2)3 + 7(x + 2)2 – 17(x + 2) + 11 = 0

Required equation is x4 + 3x3 + x2 – 17x – 19 = 0

129
Question 2.
Find the polynomial equation whose roots are the translates of those of x5 – 4x4 + 3x2 –
4x + 6 = 0 by -3.
Solution:
Given equation is f(x) = x5 – 4x4 + 3x2 – 4x + 6 = 0
Required equation is f(x + 3) = 0
(x + 3)5 – 4(x + 3)4 + 3(x + 3)2

Required equation is x5 + 11x4 + 42x3 + 57x2 – 13x – 60 = 0

130
Question 3.
Find the polynomial equation whose roots are the translates of the roots of the
equation x4 – x3 – 10x2 + 4x + 24 = 0 by 2.
Solution:
Given f(x) = x4 – x3 – 10x2 + 4x + 24 = 0
Required equation is f(x – 2) = 0
(x – 2)4 – (x – 2)3 – 10(x – 2)2 + 4(x – 2) + 24 = 0

Required equation is x4 – 9x3 + 20x2 = 0

131
Question 4.
Find the polynomial equation whose roots are the translates of the equation 3x5 – 5x3 +
7 = 0 by 4.
Solution:
Given f(x) = 3x5 – 5x3 + 7 = 0
Required equation is f(x – 4) = 0
3(x – 4)5 – 5(x – 4)3 + 7 = 0

Required equation is x5 – 60x4 + 475x3 – 1860x2 + 3600x – 2745 = 0

132
Question 5.
Transform each of the following equations into ones in which of the coefficients of the
second highest power of x is zero and also find their transformed equations.
(i) x3 – 6x2 + 10x – 3 = 0
Solution:
Given equation is x3 – 6x2 + 10x – 3 = 0
To remove the second term diminish the roots by −a1na0=63=2

Required equation is x3 – 2x + 1 = 0

(ii) x4 + 4x3 + 2x2 – 4x – 2 = 0

Solution:
Given equation is x4 + 4x3 + 2x2 – 4x – 2 = 0
Diminishing the roots by −a1na0=−44=−1

Required equation is x4 – 4x2 + 1 = 0

133
(iii) x3 – 6x2 + 4x – 7 = 0
Solution:
Given equation is x3 – 6x2 + 4x – 7 = 0
Diminishing the roots by −a1na0=63=2

Required equation is x3 – 8x – 15 = 0

(iv) x3 + 6x2 + 4x + 4 = 0
Solution:
Given equation is x3 + 6x2 + 4x + 4 = 0
To remove the second term diminish the roots by −a1na0=−63=−2

Required equation is x3 – 8x + 12 = 0

134
Question 6.
Transform each of the following equations into ones in which the coefficients of the
third highest power of x are zero.
Hint: To remove the rth term in an equation f(x) = 0 of degree n diminish the roots by ‘h’
such that f(n−r+1)(h)=0
(i) x4 + 2x3 – 12x2 + 2x – 1 = 0
Solution:
Let f(x) = x4 + 2x3 – 12x2 + 2x – 1
To remove the 3rd term, diminish the roots by h such that f”(h) = 0
f'(x) = 4x3 + 6x2 – 24x + 2
f”(x) = 12x2 + 12x – 24
f”(h) = 0
⇒ 12h2 + 12h – 24 = 0
⇒ h2 + h – 2 = 0
⇒ (h + 2) (h – 1) = 0
⇒ h = -2 or 1
Case (i):

Transformed equation is x4 – 6x3 + 42x – 53 = 0

Case (ii):

Transformed equation is x4 – 6x3 – 12x – 8 = 0

∴ The required equation is x4 – 6x3 + 42x – 53 = 0
or x4 + 6x3 – 12x – 8 = 0
135
(ii) x3 + 2x2 + x + 1 = 0
Solution:
Let f(x) = x3 + 2x2 + x + 1
To remove the 3rd term, diminish the roots by h such that f'(h) = 0, f'(x) = 3x2 + 4x + 1
f'(h) = 0
⇒ 3h2 + 4h + 1 = 0
⇒ (3h + 1) (h + 1)
⇒ h = -1, −13
Case (i):

Transformed equation is x3 – x2 + 1 = 0
Case (ii):

Transformed equation is x3 + x2 + 2327 = 0

⇒ 27x3 + 27x2 + 23 = 0
∴ The required equation is x3 – x2 + 1 = 0 or 27x3 + 27x2 + 23 = 0
136
Question 7.
Solve the following equations.
(i) x4 – 10x3 + 26x2 – 10x + 1 = 0
Solution:
This is a standard reciprocal equation.
Dividing with x2
x2−10x+26−10x+1x2=0
(x2+1x2)−10(x+1x)+26=0 …….(1)
put a = x + 1x
x2+1x2=(x+1x)2−2 = a2 – 2
Substituting in (1)
a2 – 2 – 10a + 26 = 0
⇒ a2 – 10a + 24 = 0
⇒ (a – 4)(a – 6) = 0
⇒ a = 4 or 6
Case (i): a = 4
x + 1x = 4
⇒ x2 + 1 = 4x
⇒ x2 – 4x + 1 = 0
⇒ x = 4±16−4√2=4±23√2
⇒ x = 2 ± √3
Case (ii): a = 6
x + 1x = 6
⇒ x2 + 1 = 6x
⇒ x2 – 6x + 1 = 0
⇒ x = 6±36−4√2
⇒ x = 2(3±22)√2
⇒ x = 3 ± 2√2
∴ The roots are 3 ± 2√2, 2 ± √3

(ii) 2x5 + x4 – 12x3 – 12x2 + x + 2 = 0

Solution:
Given f(x) = 2x5 + x4 – 12x3 – 12x2 + x + 2 = 0
This is an odd-degree reciprocal equation of the first type.
∴ -1 is a root.
Dividing f(x) with x + 1

137
Dividing f(x) by (x + 1), we get
2x4 – x3 – 11x2 – x + 2 = 0
Dividing by x2
2x2−x−11−1x+2x2=0
2(x2+1x2)−(x+1x)−11=0 ……..(1)
Put a = x + 1x so that
x2+1x2=a2−2
Substituting in (1), the required equation is
⇒ 2(a2 – 2) – a – 11 = 0
⇒ 2a2 – 4 – a – 11 = 0
⇒ 2a2 – a – 15 = 0
⇒ (a – 3) (2a + 5) = 0
⇒ a = 3 or −52
Case (i): a = 3
x + 1x = 3
⇒ x2 + 1 = 3x
⇒ x2 – 3x + 1 = 0
⇒ x = 3±9−4√2=3±5√2
Case (ii): a = −52
⇒ x+1x=−52
⇒ x2+1x=−52
⇒ 2x2 + 2 = -5x
⇒ 2x2 + 5x + 2 = 0
⇒ (2x + 1) (x + 2) = 0
⇒ x = −12, -2
∴ The roots are -1, −12, -2, 3±√5/2

138
Permutations and Combinations Solutions Exercise 5(a)
I.
Question 1.
If nP3 = 1320, find n.
Solution:
Hint: nPr = n!(n−r)! = n(n – 1)(n – 2)…….(n – r + 1)
∵ nP3 = 1320
= 10 × 132
= 10 × 12 × 11
= 12 × 11 × 10
= 12P3
∴ n = 12

Question 2.
If nP7 = 42 . nP5, find n.
Solution:
n
P7 = 42 . nP5
⇒ n(n – 1) (n – 2) (n – 3) (n – 4) (n – 5) (n – 6) = 42 . n(n – 1) (n – 2) (n – 3) (n – 4)
⇒ (n – 5) (n – 6) = 42
⇒ (n – 5) (n – 6) = 7 × 6
⇒ n – 5 = 7 or n – 6 = 6
⇒ n = 12

Question 3.
If (n+1)P5 : nP6 = 2 : 7, find n.
Solution:
(n+1)
P5 : nP6 = 2 : 7
⇒ (n+1)P5nP6=27
⇒ (n+1)n(n−1)(n−2)(n−3)n(n−1)(n−2)(n−3)(n−4)(n−5)=27
⇒ 7(n + 1) = 2(n – 4) (n – 5)
⇒ 7n + 7 = 2n2 – 18n + 40
⇒ 2n2 – 25n + 33 = 0
⇒ 2n2 – 22n – 3n + 33 = 0
⇒ 2n(n – 11) – 3(n – 11) = 0
⇒ (n – 11) (2n – 3) = 0
⇒ n = 11 or 32
Since n is a positive integer
∴ n = 11

139
Question 4.
If 12P5 + 5 . 12P4 = 13Pr, find r.
Solution:
We have
(n-1)
Pr + r . (n-1)P(r-1) = nPr and r ≤ n
12
P5 + 5 . 12P4 = 13P5 = 13Pr (given)
⇒r=5

Question 5.
If 18P(r-1) : 17P(r-1) = 9 : 7, find r.
Solution:
18
P(r-1) : 17P(r-1) = 9 : 7

⇒ 18 × 7 = 9(19 – r)
⇒ 14 = 19 – r
⇒ r = 19 – 14 = 5

Question 6.
A man has 4 sons and there are 5 schools within his reach. In how many ways can he
admit his sons into the schools so that no two of them will be in the same school?
Solution:
The number of ways of admitting 4 sons into 5 schools if no two of them will be in the
same school = 5P4
=5×4×3×2
= 120

140
II.

Question 1.
If there are 25 railway stations on a railway line, how many types of single second-class
tickets must be printed, so as to enable a passenger to travel from one station to
another?
Solution:
Number of stations on a railway line = 25
∴ The number of single second class tickets must be printed so as to enable a
passenger to travel from one station to another = 25P2
= 25 × 24
= 600

Question 2.
In a class, there are 30 students. On New year’s day, every student posts a greeting card
to all his/her classmates. Find the total number of greeting cards posted by them.
Solution:
The number of students in a class is 30.
∴ Total number of greeting cards posted by every student to all his/her classmates
= 30P2
= 30 × 29
= 870

Question 3.
Find the number of ways of arranging the letters of the word TRIANGLE so that the
relative positions of the vowels and consonants are not disturbed.
Solution:
Vowels – A, E, I, O, U
In a given, word, the number of vowels is 3
number of consonants is 5

Since the relative positions of the vowels and consonants are not disturbed,
the 3 vowels can be arranged in their relative positions in 3! ways and the 5 consonants
can be arranged in their relative positions in 5! ways.
∴ The number of required arrangements = (3!) (5!)
= 6 × 120
= 720

141
Question 4.
Find the sum of all 4 digited numbers that can be formed using the digits 0, 2, 4, 7, 8
without repetition.
Solution:
First Method:
The number of 4 digited numbers formed by using the digits 0, 2, 4, 7, 8 without
repetition = 5P4 – 4P3
= 120 – 24
= 96
Out of these 96 numbers,
4
P3 – 3P2 numbers contain 2 in the units place
4
P3 – 3P2 numbers contain 2 in the tens place
4
P3 – 3P2 numbers contain 2 in the hundreds place
4
P3 numbers contain 2 in the thousands place

∴ The value obtained by adding 2 in all the numbers = (4P3 – 3P2) 2 + (4P3 – 3P2) 20 +
(4P3 – 3P2) 200 + 4P3 × 2000
= 4P3 (2 + 20 + 200 + 2000) – 3P2 (2 + 20 + 200)
= 24 × (2222) – 6 × (222)
= 24 × 2 × 1111 – 6 × 2 × 111
Similarly, the value obtained by adding 4 is 24 × 4 × 1111 – 6 × 4 × 111
the value obtained by adding 7 is 24 × 7 × 1111 – 6 × 7 × 111
the value obtained by adding 8 is 24 × 8 × 1111 – 6 × 8 × 111
∴ The sum of all the numbers = (24 × 2 × 1111 – 6 × 2 × 111) + (24 × 4 × 1111 – 6 × 4
× 111) + (24 × 7 × 1111 – 6 × 7 × 111) + (24 × 8 × 1111 – 6 × 8 × 111)
= 24 × 1111 × (2 + 4 + 7 + 8) – 6 × 111 × (2 + 4 + 7 + 8)
= 26664 (21) – 666 (21)
= 21 (26664 – 666)
= 21 × 25998
= 545958

142
Second Method:
If Zero is one among the given n digits, then the sum of the r – digited numbers that
can be formed using the given ‘n’ distinct digits (r ≤ n ≤ 9) is
(n-1)
P(r-1) × sum of the digits × 111 …… 1 (r times) – (n-2)P(r-2) × Sum of the digits × 111 ………
1 [(r – 1) times]
Hence n = 5, r = 4, digits are {0, 2, 4, 7, 8}
Hence the sum of all 4 digited numbers that can be formed using the digits {0, 2, 4, 7, 8}
without repetition is
(5-1)
P(4-1) × (0 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 8) × (1111) – (5-2)P(4-2) × (0 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 8) × (111)
= 4P3 (21) × 1111 – 3P2 (21) (111)
= 24 × 21 × 1111 – 6 (21) (111)
= 21 (26664) – 21 (666)
= 21 (26664 – 666)
= 21 (25998)
= 545958

Question 5.
Find the number of numbers that are greater than 4000 which can be formed using the
digits 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 without repetition.
Solution:
While forming any digit number With the given digits, zero cannot be filled in the first
place.
We can fill the first place with the remaining 4 digits.
The remaining places can be filled with the remaining 4 digits.
All the numbers of 5 digits are greater than 4000.
In the 4-digit numbers, the number starting with 4 or 6 or 8 are greater than 4000.
The number of 4-digit numbers that begin with 4 or 6 or 8 = 3 × 4P3
= 3 × 24
= 72
The number of 5-digit numbers = 4 × 4!
= 4 × 24
= 96
∴ The number of numbers greater than 4000 is 72 + 96 = 168

Question 6.
Find the number of ways of arranging the letters of the word MONDAY so that no
vowel occupies an even place.
Solution:
In the word MONDAY, there are two vowels, 4 consonants and three even places, three
odd places.
143
Since no vowel occupies an even place, the two vowels can be filled in the three odd
places in 3P2 ways.
The 4 consonants can be filled in the remaining 4 places in 4! ways.
∴ The number of required arrangements = 3P2 × 4!
= 6 × 24
= 144

Question 7.
Find the number of ways of arranging 5 different mathematics books, 4 different
Physics books, and 3 different chemistry books such that the books of the same subject
are together.
Solution:
The number of ways of arranging Mathematics, Physics, and Chemistry books are
arranged 3! ways.
5 different Mathematics books are arranged themselves in 5! ways.
4 different Physics books are arranged themselves in 4! ways.
3 different Chemistry books are arranged themselves in 3! ways.
∴ The number of required arrangements = 3! × 5! × 4! × 3!
= 6 × 120 × 24 × 6
= 1,03,680

III.
Question 1.
Find the number of 5-letter words that can be formed using the letters of the word CONSIDER. How
many of them begin with “C”, how many of them end with ‘R’ and how many of them begin with
“C” and end with “R”?
Solution:

The number of 5 letter words that can be formed using the letters of the word CONSIDER = 8P5
=8×7×6×5×4
= 6720

The number of 5 letter words beginning with ‘C’ = 1 × 7P4

=7×6×5×4
= 840

The number of 5 letter words end with ‘R’ = 1 × 7P4 = 840

The number of 5 letter words begins with ‘C’ and ends with ‘R’ = 1 × 1 × 6P3
=6×5×4
= 120
144
Question 2.
Find the number of ways of seating 10 students A1, A2, ………, A10 in a row such that
(i) A1, A2, A3 sit together
(ii) A1, A2, A3 sit in a specified order
(iii) A1, A2, A3 sit together in a specified order
Solution:
A1, A2, A3, ……….., A10 are the ten students.
(i) Consider A1, A2, A3 as one unit and A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10 as seven units.
These 8 units can be arranged in 8! ways.
The students A1, A2, A3 in one unit can be arranged among themselves in 3! ways.
∴ The number of ways seating 10 students in which A1, A2, A3 sit together = (8!) (3!)
(ii) To arrange A1, A2, A3 to sit in a specified order,
A1, A2, A3 can arrange in 10 positions in specific order in 10P33! ways.
The remaining 7 people can be arranged in the remaining places in 7! ways.
∴ The number of ways of A1, A2, A3 sit in a specific order = 10!7!×3!×7!
= 10!3!
= 10P7
(iii) To arrange A1, A2, A3 sit together in a specified order.
Consider A1, A2, A3 in that order as one unit.
Now there are 8 objects, they can be arranged in 8! ways.
∴ The number of ways of A1, A2, A3 sit together in specified order = 8! ways

Question 3.
Find the number of ways in which 5 red balls, 4 black balls of different sizes can be arranged
in a row so that
(i) no two balls of the same colour come together.
(ii) the balls of the same colour come together.
Solution:
No. of red balls = 5
No. of black balls = 4
(i) No. two balls of the same colour come together.
For the required arrangements first, we arrange 4 black balls it can be done in 4! ways.

There are 5 places to arrange 5 red balls it can be done in 5! ways.

∴ The number of required arrangements = 4! 5!
(ii) The balls of the same colour come together.
For the required arrangements 4 black balls of different sizes can be considered as one
object and 5 red balls can be considered as one object. These can be arranged in 2! ways.
The 4 black balls can be permuted among themselves in 4! ways.
The 5 red balls can be permuted among themselves in 5! ways.
∴ The no. of required arrangements = 2! 4! 5!
145
Question 4.
Find the number of 4-digit numbers that can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 5, 6, 7.
How many of them are divisible by
(i) 2
(ii) 3
(iii) 4
(iv) 5
(v) 25
Solution:
The number of 4 digited numbers that can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 5, 6, 7
is 5P4 = 120.

(i) A number is divisible by 2 when its unit place must be filled with an even digit from
among the given integers. This can be done in 2 ways.

Now, the remaining 3 places can be filled with the remaining 4 digits in 4P3 = 4 × 3 × 2
= 24 ways.
∴ The number of 4 digited numbers divisible by 2 = 2 × 24 = 48

(ii) A number is divisible by 3 only when the sum of the digits in that number is a
multiple of 3.
Sum of the given 5 digits = 1 + 2 + 5 + 6 + 7 = 21
The 4 digits such that their sum is a multiple of 3 from the given digits are 1, 2, 5, 7
(sum is 15)
They can be arranged in 4! ways and all these 4 digited numbers are divisible by 3.
∴ The number of 4 digited numbers divisible by 3 = 4! = 24

(iii) A number is divisible by 4 only when the last two places (tens and units places) of it
are a multiple of 4.

Hence the last two places should be filled with one of the following 12, 16, 52, 56, 72,
76.
Thus the last two places can be filled in 6 ways.
The remaining two places can be filled by the remaining 3 digits in 3P2 = 3 × 2 = 6 ways.
∴ The number of 4 digited numbers divisible by 4 = 6 × 6 = 36.
(iv) A number is divisible by 5 when its units place must be filled by 5 from the given
integers 1, 2, 5, 6, 7. This can be done in one way.

The remaining 3 places can be filled with the remaining 4 digits in 4P3 = 4 × 3 × 2 = 24
146
ways.
∴ The number of 4 digited numbers divisible by 5 = 1 × 24 = 24
(v) A number is divisible by 25 when its last two places are filled with either 25 or 75.

Thus the last two places can be filled in 2 ways.

The remaining 2 places from the remaining 3 digits can be filled in 3P2 = 6 ways.
∴ The number of 4 digited numbers divisible by 25 = 2 × 6 = 12

Question 5.
If the letters of the word MASTER are permuted in all possible ways and the words thus
formed are arranged in the dictionary order, then find the ranks of the words
(i) REMAST
(ii) MASTER
Solution:
(i) The alphabetical order of the letters of the given word is A, E, M, R, S, T
The number of words beginning with A is 5! = 120
The number of words that begins with E is 5! = 120
The number of words begins with M is 5! = 120
The number of words beginning with RA is 4! = 24
The number of words beginning with REA is 3! = 6
The next word is REMAST
∴ Rank of the word REMAST = 3(120) + 24 + 6 + 1
= 360 + 31
= 391

(ii) The alphabetical order of the letters of the given word is A, E, M, R, S, T

The number of words beginning with A is 5! = 120
The number of words that begins with E is 5! = 120
The number of words beginning with MAE is 3! = 6
The number of words that begins with MAR is 3! = 6
The number of words beginning with MASE is 2! = 2
The number of words begins with MASR is 2! = 2
The next word is MASTER.
∴ Rank of the word MASTER = 2(120) + 2(6) + 2(2) + 1
= 240 + 12 + 4 + 1
= 257

147
Question 6.
If the letters of the word BRING are permuted in all possible ways and the words thus
formed are arranged in the dictionary order, then find the 59th word.
Solution:
By using the letters of the word BRING in alphabetical order the 59th word must start
with ‘I’.
Since the words start with B, G sum to 48.
i.e., Start with B = 4! = 24
Start with G = 4! = 24
Start with IB = 3! = 6
Start with IGB = 2! = 2
Start with IGN = 2! = 2
The next word is 59th = IGRBN

Question 7.
Find the sum of all 4 digited numbers that can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 4, 5, 6
without repetition.
Solution:
The number of 4 digited numbers formed by using the digits 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 without
repetition = 5P4 = 120
Out of these 120 numbers,
4
P3 numbers contain 2 in the units place
4
P3 numbers contain 2 in the tens place
4
P3 numbers contain 2 in the hundreds place
4
P3 numbers contain 2 in the thousands place

∴ The value obtained by adding 2 in all the numbers = 4P3 × 2 + 4P3 × 20 + 4P3 × 200
+ 4P3 × 2000
= 4P3 (2 + 20 + 200 + 2000)
= 4P3 (2222)
= 4P3 × 2 × 1111
Similarly, the value obtained by adding 1 is 4P3 × 1 × 1111
the value obtained by adding 4 is 4P3 × 4 × 1111
the value obtained by adding 5 is 4P3 × 5 × 1111
the value obtained by adding 6 is 4P3 × 6 × 1111
148
∴ The sum of all the numbers = 4P3 × 1 × 1111 + 4P3 × 2 × 1111 + 4P3 × 4 × 1111 + 4P3 ×
5 × 1111 + 4P3 × 6 × 1111
= 4P3 (1111) (1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 6)
= 24 (1111) (18)
= 4,79,952

Second Method:
The sum of the r-digited numbers that can be formed using the given ‘n’ distinct non-
zero digits (r ≤ n ≤ 9) is (n-1)P(r-1) × sum of all digits × 111 …… 1 (r times)
Hence n = 5, r = 4, digits = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6}
The sum of all 4 digited numbers that can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 4, 5, 6
without repetition is (5-1)P(4-1) × (1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 6) × (1111)
= 4P3 (18) (1111)
= 24 × 18 × 1111
= 4,79,952

Question 8.
There are 9 objects and 9 boxes. Out of 9 objects, 5 cannot fit in three small boxes. How
many arrangements can be made such that each object can be put in one box only?
Solution:
No. of objects = 9
No. of boxes = 9
For the required arrangements, out of 9 objects, 5 cannot bit in three small boxes.
These five can be arranged in 6 boxes these can be done in 6P5 ways.
The remaining 4 objects can be arranged in the remaining 4 boxes it can be done in 4!
ways.
∴ No. of required arrangements = 6P5 × 4! ways

149
Permutations and Combinations Solutions Exercise 5(b)

I.
Question 1.
Find the number of 4-digited numbers that can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8
when repetition is allowed.
Solution:
The number of 4 digited numbers that can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8
when repetition is allowed = 64 = 1296

Question 2.
Find the number of 5-letter words that can be formed using the letters of the word
RHYME if each letter can be used any number of times.
Solution:
The number of 5 letter words that can be formed using the letters of the word RHYME if
each letter can be used any number of times = 55 = 3125

Question 3.
Find the number of functions from a set A containing 5 elements into a set B containing
4 elements.
Solution:
Set A contains 5 elements.
Set 8 contains 4 elements.
Hint: The total number of functions from set A containing m elements to set B
containing n elements is nm.
For the image of each of the 5 elements of the set, A has 4 choices.
∴ The number of functions from set A containing 5 elements into a set B containing 4
elements = 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 (5 times)
= 45
= 1024

150
II.
Question 1.
Find the number of palindromes with 6 digits that can be formed using the digits
(i) 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
(iii) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
Solution:
Palindromes mean first digit, sixth digit and second digit, fifth digit and third digit, and
the fourth digit are the same numbers.
That is we have filled the first three digits only and then the remaining digits are the
same.

(i) Given numbers are 0, 2, 4, 6, 8

For the required 6-digit palindromes first digit can be filled 4 ways except ‘0’.
The second digit can be filled in 5 ways and the third can be filled in 5 ways.
∴ The number of 6-digit palindromes using the digits 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 are 4 × 52 = 100

(ii) Given numbers are 1, 3, 5, 7, 9

For the required 6-digit palindromes first digit can be filled in 5 ways, the second digit
can be filled in 5 ways and the third digit can be filled in 5 ways.
∴ The number of 6-digit palindromes using the digits 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 are 53 = 125

Question 2.
Find the number of 4-digit telephone numbers that can be formed using the digits 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6 with atleast one digit repeated.
Solution:
The number of 4 digited numbers formed using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 when repetition
is allowed = 64
The number of 4 digited numbers formed using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 when repetition
is not allowed = 6P4
The number of 4 digited telephone numbers in which atleast one digit is repeated =
64 – 6P4
= 64 – 6 × 5 × 4 × 3
= 1296 – 360
= 936

151
Question 3.
Find the number of bijections from a set A containing 7 elements onto itself.
Solution:
Hint: The number of bijections from set A with n elements to set B with the same
number of elements in A is n!
Let A = [a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7]
For a bijection, the element a1 has 7 choices
for its image, the element a2 has 6 choices
for its image, the element a3 has 5 choices
for its image, the element a4 has 4 choices
for its image, the element a5 has 3 choices
for its image, the element a6 has 2 choices
for its image and the element, a7 has 1 choice for its image.
∴ The number of bijections from set A with 7 elements onto itself = 7!
=7×6×5×4×3×2×1
= 5040

Question 4.
Find the number of ways of arranging ‘r’ things in a line using the given ‘n’ different
things in which atleast one thing is repeated.
Solution:
The number of ways of arranging, r things in a line using the given n different things
(i) when repetition is allowed is nr
(ii) when repetition is not allowed is nPr
∴ The number of ways of arranging ‘r’ things in a line using the ‘n1 different things in
which atleast one thing is repeated = nr – nPr

Question 5.
Find the number of 5-letter words that can be formed using the letters of the word
NATURE that begin with N when repetition is allowed.
Solution:
First, we can fill up the first place with N in one way.

The remaining 4 places can be filled with any one of the 6 letters in 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 =
64 ways.
∴ The number of 5 letter words that can be formed using the letters of the word
NATURE that begin with N when repetition is allowed = 1 × 64 = 1296

152
Question 6.
Find the number of 5-digit numbers divisible by 5 that can be formed using the digits 0,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 when repetition is allowed.
Solution:
The unit place of 5 digited numbers which can be divisible by 5 using the given digits
can be filled by either 0 or 5 in two ways.
The first place can be filled in any one of the given digits except ‘0’ in 5 ways.
The remaining 3 places can be filled by any one of the given digits in 6 × 6 × 6 ways (∵
repetition is allowed)

∴ The number of 5 digited numbers divisible by 5 that can be formed using the given
digits when repetition is allowed = 2 × 5 × 6 × 6 × 6 = 2160 ways.

Question 7.
Find the number of numbers less than 2000 that can be formed using the digits, 1, 2, 3,
4 if repetition is allowed.
Solution:
All the single digited numbers, two digited numbers, three digited numbers and the
four digited numbers started with 1 are the numbers less than 2000 using the digits 1,
2, 3, 4.
The number of single digited numbers formed using the given digits = 4

The number of two digited numbers formed using the given digits when repetition is
allowed = 4 × 4 = 16

The number of three digited numbers formed using the given digits = 4 × 4 × 4 = 64

The number of 4 digited numbers started with 1 formed using the given digits = 4 × 4
× 4 = 64

∴ The total number of numbers less than 2000 that can be formed using the digits 1, 2,
3, 4 if repetition is allowed = 4 + 16 + 64 + 64 = 148

153
III.
Question 1.
9 different letters of an alphabet are given. Find the number of 4 letter words that can
be formed using these 9 letters which have
(i) no letter is repeated
(ii) At atleast one letter is repeated
Solution:
The number of 4 letter words can be formed using the 9 different letters of an alphabet
when repetition is allowed = 94
(i) The number of 4 letter words can be formed using the 9 different letters of an
alphabet in which no letter is repeated = 9P4
=9×8×7×6
= 3024
(ii) The number of 4 letter words can be formed using the 9 different letters of an
alphabet in which atleast one letter is repeated = 94 – 9P4
= 6561 – 3024
= 3537

Question 2.
Find the number of 4-digit numbers which can be formed using the digits 0, 2, 5, 7, 8
that are divisible by (i) 2 (ii) 4 when repetition is allowed.
Solution:
(i) First place can be filled by either 2 or 5 or 7 or 8 in 4 ways.

Second place can be filled by any one of the given digits in 5 ways.
Third place can be filled by any one of the given digits in 5 ways.
Last place (or units place) can be filled by either 0 or 2 or 8 in 3 ways.
∴ The number of 4 digited divisible by 2 numbers that can be formed using the digits 0,
2, 5, 7, 8 when repetition is allowed = 4 × 5 × 5 × 3 = 300
(ii) Since a number is divisible by 4, the last two places should be filled with one of the
00, 08, 20, 28, 52, 72, 80, 88 in 8 ways.
The first place can be filled 4 ways except 0. Second place can be filled in 5 ways.

154
Question 3.
Find the number of 4-digit numbers that can be formed using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
which are divisible by 6 when repetition of the digits is allowed.
Solution:
Since a number is divisible by 4, the last two places should be filled with one of the 00,
04, 12, 20, 24, 32, 40, 44 = 8 ways

The first place can be filled in any one of the given digits except ‘0’ in 4 ways. The
remaining 2 places can be filled by anyone the given digits in 5 × 5 ways.
∴ The number of 5 digited numbers that can be formed using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 that
are divisible by 4 when repetition is allowed = 4 × 52 × 8 = 800

Permutations and Combinations Solutions Exercise 5(c)

I.
Question 1.
Find the number of ways of arranging 7 persons around a circle.
Solution:
Number of persons, n = 7
∴ The number of ways of arranging 7 persons around a circle = (n – 1)!
= 6!
= 720
Hint: The no. of circular permutations of n dissimilar things taken all at a time is (n – 1)!

Question 2.
Find the number of ways of arranging the chief minister and 10 cabinet ministers at a
circular table so that the chief minister always sits in a particular seat.
Solution:
Total number of persons = 11
The chief minister can be occupied a separate seat in one way and the remaining 10
seats can be occupied by the 10 cabinet ministers in (10)! ways.
∴ The number of required arrangements = (10)! × 1
= (10)!
= 36,28,800

155
Question 3.
Find the number of ways to prepare a chain with 6 different coloured beads.
Solution:
Hint: The number of circular permutations like the garlands of flowers, chains of beads,
etc., of n things = 12(n – 1)!
The number of ways of preparing a chain with 6 different coloured beads = 12(6 – 1)!
= 12 × 5!
= 12 × 120
= 60

II.
Question 1.
Find the number of ways of arranging 4 boys and 3 girls around a circle so that all the
girls sit together.
Solution:
Treat all the 3 girls as one unit. Then we have 4 boys and 1 unit of girls. They can be
arranged around a circle in 4! ways. Now, the 3 girls can be arranged among themselves
in 3! ways.
∴ The number of required arrangements = 4! × 3!
= 24 × 6
= 144
Question 2.
Find the number of ways of arranging 7 gents and 4 ladies around a circular table if no
two ladies wish to sit together.
Solution:
First, arrange the 7 gents around a circular table in 6! ways.
Then we can find 7 gaps between them. The 4 ladies can be arranged in these 7 gaps
in 7P4 ways.

∴ The number of required arrangements = 6! × 7P4

= 720 × 7 × 6 × 5 × 4
= 6,04,800

156
Question 3.
Find the number of ways of arranging 7 guests and a host around a circle if 2 particular
guests wish to sit on either side of the host.
Solution:
Number of guests = 7
Treat the two particular guests along with the host as one unit. Then we have 5 guests
and one unit of 2 particular guests along with the host.
They can be arranged around a circle in 5! ways.
The two particular guests can be arranged on either side of the host in 2! ways.
∴ The number of required arrangements = 5! × 2!
= 120 × 2
= 240

Question 4.
Find the number of ways of preparing a garland with 3 yellow, 4 white, and 2 red roses
of different sizes such that the two red roses come together.
Solution:
Treat that 2nd rose of different sizes as one unit. Then we have 3 yellow, 4 white, and
one unit of red roses.
Then they can be arranged in garland form in 12 (8 – 1)! = 12 (7!) ways.
Now 2 red roses in one unit can be arranged among themselves in 2! ways.
∴ The number of ways of preparing a garland = 12 (7!) × (2!)
= 12 × 5040 × 2
= 5040

III.
Question 1.
Find the number of ways of arranging 6 boys and 6 girls around a circular table so that
(i) all the girls sit together
(ii) no two girls sit together
(iii) boys and girls sit alternately
Solution:
(i) Treat all 5 girls as one unit. Then we have 6 boys and 1 unit of girls. They can be
arranged around a circular table in 6! ways.
Now, the 6 girls can be arranged among themselves in 6! ways.
∴ The number of required arrangements = 6! × 6!
= 720 × 720
= 5,18,400

157
(ii) First arrange the 6 boys around a circular table in 5! ways. Then we can find 6 gaps
between them.
The 6 girls can be arranged in these 6 gaps in 6! ways.

∴ The number of required arrangements = 5! × 6!

= 120 × 720
= 86,400
(iii) Here the number of girls and number of boys are the same.

Hence the arrangements of boys and girls sit alternatively in the same as the
arrangements of no two girls sitting together or arrangements of no two boys sitting
together.
First, arrange the 6 girls around a circular table in 5! ways. Then we can find 6 gaps
between them.
The 6 boys can be arranged in these 6 gaps in 6! ways.
∴ The number of required arrangements = 5! × 6!
= 120 × 720
= 86,400

158
Question 2.
Find the number of ways of arranging 6 red roses and 3 yellow roses of different sizes into a
garland. In how many of them
(i) all the yellow roses are together
(ii) no two yellow roses are together
Solution:
Hint: The number of circular permutations like the garlands of flowers, chains of beads, etc., of n
things = 12(n – 1)!
Total number of roses = 6 + 3 = 9
∴ The number of ways of arranging 6 red roses and 3 yellow roses of different sizes into a
garland = 12(9 – 1)!
= 12 × 8!
= 12 × 40,320
= 20,160
(i) Treat all the 3 yellow roses as one unit. Then we have 6 red roses and one unit of yellow
roses. They can be arranged in garland form in (7 – 1)! = 6! ways.
Now, the 3 yellow roses can be arranged among themselves in 3! ways.
But in the case of garlands, clockwise arrangements look alike.
∴ The number of required arrangements = 12 × 6! × 3!
= 12 × 720 × 6
= 2160
(ii) First arrange the 6 red roses in garland form in 5! ways. Then we can find 6 gaps between
them.
The 3 yellow roses can be arranged in these 6 gaps in 6P3 ways.
But in the case of garlands, clockwise and anti-clockwise arrangements look alike.
∴ The number of required arrangements = 12 × 5! × 6P3
= 12 × 120 × 6 × 5 × 4
= 7200

Question 3.
A round table conference is attended by 3 Indians, 3 Chinese, 3 Canadians, and 2 Americans.
Find a number of ways of arranging them at the round table so that the delegates belonging to
the same country sit together.
Solution:
Since the delegates belonging to the same country sit together, first arrange the 4 countries in a
round table in 3! ways.
Now, 3 Indians can be arranged among themselves in 3! ways,
3 Chinese can be arranged among themselves in 3! ways,
3 Canadians can be arranged among themselves in 3! ways,
and 2 Americans can be arranged among themselves in 2! ways.
∴ The number of required arrangements = 3! × 3! × 3! × 3! × 2!
=6×6×6×6×2
= 2592

159
Question 4.
A chain of beads is to be prepared using 6 different red coloured beads and 3 different
blue coloured beads. In how many ways can this be done so that no two blue-coloured
beads come together?
Solution:
First, arrange the 6 red-coloured beads in the form of a chain of beads in (6 – 1)! = 5!
ways.
Then there are 6 gaps between them. The 3 blue coloured beads can be arranged in
these 6 gaps in 6P3 ways.
Then the total number of circular permutations = 5! × 6P3
But in the case of a chain of beads, clockwise and anti-clockwise arrangements look
alike.
∴ The number of required arrangements = 12 × 5! × 6P3
= 12 × 120 × 6 × 5 × 4
= 7200

Question 5.
A family consists of a father, a mother, 2 daughters, and 2 sons. In how many different
ways can they sit at a round table if the 2 daughters wish to sit on either side of the
father?
Solution:
Total number of persons in a family = 6
Treat the 2 daughters along with a father as one unit. Then we have a mother, 2 sons,
and one unit of daughters along with the father in a family.
They can be seated around a table in (4 – 1)! = 3! ways.
The 2 daughters can be arranged on either side of the father in 2! ways.
∴ The number of required arrangements = 3! × 2!
=6×2
= 12

160
Permutations and Combinations Solutions Exercise 5(d)

I.
Question 1.
Find the number of ways of arranging the letters of the word.
(i) INDEPENDENCE
(ii) MATHEMATICS
(iii) SINGING
(iv) PERMUTATION
(v) COMBINATION
(vi) INTERMEDIATE
Solution:
(i) The word INDEPENDENCE contains 12 letters in which there are 3 N’s are alike, 2 D’s
are alike, 4 E’s are alike and rest are different.
∴ The number of required arrangements = (12)!4!3!2!
(ii) The word MATHEMATICS contains 11 letters in which there are 2 M’s are alike, 2 A’s
are alike, 2 T’s are alike and rest are different.
∴ The number of required arrangements = (11)!2!2!2!
(iii) The word SINGING contains 7 letters in which there are 2 I’s are alike, 2 N’s are alike,
2 G’s are alike and rest is different.
∴ The number of required arrangements = 7!2!2!2!
(iv) The word PERMUTATION contains 11 letters in which there are 2 T’s are alike and
rest are different.
∴ The number of required arrangements = (11)!2!
(v) The word COMBINATION contains 11 letters in which there are 2 O’s are alike, 2 I’s
are alike, 2 N’s are alike and rest are different.
∴ The number of required arrangements = (11)!2!2!2!
(vi) The word INTERMEDIATE contains 12 letters in which there are 2 I’s are alike, 2 Ts
are alike, 3 E’s are alike and rest are different.
∴ The number of required arrangements = (12)!2!2!3!

Question 2.
Find the number of 7-digit numbers that can be formed using 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4.
Solution:
In the given 7 digits, there are three 2 ‘s, two 3’s and two 4’s.
∴ The number of 7 digited numbers that can be formed using the given digits = 7!3!2!2!

161
II.
Question 1.
Find the number of 4-letter words that can be formed using the letters of the word
RAMANA.
Solution:
The given word RAMANA has 6 letters in which there are 3 A’s alike and the rest are
different.
Using these 6 letters, 3 cases arise to form 4 letter words.
Case I: All different letters R, A, M, N
Number of 4 letter words formed = 4! = 24
Case II: Two like letters A, A and two out of R, M, N
The two different letters can be choosen from 3 letters in 3C2 = 3 ways.
∴ Number of 4 letters word formed = 3 × 4!2!
= 3 × 12
= 36
Case III: Three like letters A, A, A and one out of R, M, N.
One letter can be choosen from 3 different letters in 3C1 = 3 ways.
∴ Number of 4 letter words formed = 3 × 4!3!
=3×4
= 12
∴ Total number of 4 letter words formed from the word RAMANA = 24 + 36 + 12 = 72

Question 2.
How many numbers can be formed using all the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1 such that even
digits always occupy even places?
Solution:
In the given 7 digits, there are two 1’s, two 2’s, two 3’s and one 4.
The 3 even places can be occupied by the even digits 2, 4, 2 in 3!2!. (Even place is shown
by E)

The remained odd places can be occupied by the odd digits 1, 3, 3, 1 in 4!2!2! ways.
∴ The number of required arrangements = 3!2!×4!2!×2!
=3×6
= 18

162
Question 3.
In a library, there are 6 copies of one book, 4 copies each of two different books, 5
copies each of three different books and 3 copies each of two different books. Find the
number of ways of arranging all these books in a shelf in a single row.
Solution:
Total number of books in a library = 6 + (4 × 2) + (5 × 3) + (3 × 2) = 35
∴ The number of required arrangements = (35)!6!(4!)2(5!)3(3!)2

Question 4.
A book store has ‘m’ copies each of, ‘n’ different books. Find the number of ways of
arranging the books in a shelf in a single row.
Solution:
Total number of books in a book store are = m × n = mn
∴ The number of required arrangements = (mn)!(m!)n

Question 5.
Find the number of 5-digit numbers that can be formed using the digits 0, 1, 1, 2, 3.
Solution:
‘O’ can also be taken as one digit,
the number of 5 digited number formed = 5!2! = 60
Among them, the numer that starts with zero is only 4 digit number.
The number of numbers start with zero = 4!2! = 12
Hence the number of 5 digit numbers that can be formed by using all the given digits =
60 – 12 = 48

Question 6.
In how many ways can the letters of the word CHEESE be arranged so that no two E’s
come together?
Solution:
The given word contains 6 letters in which one C, one H, 3 E’s and one S.
Since no two E’s come together, first arrange the remaining 3 letters in 3! ways. Then we
can find 4 gaps between them.
The 3 E’s can be arranged in these 4 gaps in 4P33! = 4 ways.
∴ The number of required arrangements = 3! × 4 = 24

163
III.
Question 1.
Find the number of ways of arranging the letters of the word ASSOCIATIONS. In how
many of them
(i) all the three S’s come together
(ii) The two A’s do not come together
Solution:
Hint: The number of linear permutations of ‘n’ things in which ‘p’ alike things of one
kind, ‘q’ alike things of 2nd kind, ‘r’ alike things of 3rd kind and the rest are different
is n!p!q!r!
The given word ASSOCIATIONS has 12 letters in which there are 2 A’s are alike, 3 S’s are
alike, 2 O’s are alike 2 I’s are alike and rest are different.
∴ They can be arranged = (12)!2!3!2!2!
(i) Treat the 3 S’s as one unit. Then we have 9 + 1 = 10 entities in which there are 2A’s
are alike, 20’s are alike, 2 I’s are alike and rest are different.
They can be arranged in (10)!2!2!2! ways.
The 3 S’s among themselves can be arranged in 3!3! = 1 way
∴ The number of required arrangements = (10)!2!2!2!
(ii) Since 2 A’s do not come together, first arrange the remaining 10 letters in which
there are 3 S’s are alike, 2 O’s are alike 2 I’s are alike and rest are different
in (10)!3!2!2! ways.
Then we can find 11 gaps between them. The 2 A’s can be arranged in these 11 gaps
in 11P22! ways.
∴ The number of required arrangements = (10)!3!2!2!×11P22!

Question 2.
Find the number of ways of arranging the letters of the word MISSING so that the two
S’s are together and the two I’s are together.
Solution:
In the given word MISSING contains 7 letters in which there are 2 I’s are alike, 2 S’s are
alike and the rest are different.
Treat the 2 S’s as one unit and 2 I’s as one unit. Then we have 3 + 1 + 1 = 5 entities.
These can be arranged in 5! ways.
The 2 S’s can be arranged among themselves in 2!2! = 1 ways and the 2 I’s can be
arranged among themselves in 2!2! = 1 way.
∴ The number of required arrangements = 5! × 1 × 1 = 120

164
Question 3.
If the letters of the word AJANTA are permuted in all possible ways and the words thus
formed are arranged in dictionary order, find the ranks of the words
(i) AJANTA
(ii) JANATA
Solution:
The dictionary order of the letters of the word AJANTA is A A A J N T
(i) In the dictionary order first comes that words begin with the letter A.
If we fill the first place with A, we may set the word AJANTA.
Second place can be filled with A, and the remaining 4 places can be filled in 4! = 24
ways.
On proceeding like this, we get
A A – – – – – = 4! = 24
A J A A – – – = 2! = 2
AJANA–=1=1
AJANTA = 1 = 1
∴ Rank of the word AJANTA = 24 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 28
(ii) In the dictionary order first comes that words begin with the letter A.
If we fill the first place with A, the remaining 5 letters can be arranged in 5!2! ways (since
there 2 A’s remain)
On proceeding like this, we get
A – – – – – – = 5!2! = 60
J A A – – – – = 3! = 6
JANAA––=1=1
JANATA=1=1
∴ Rank of the word JANATA is = 60 + 6 + 1 + 1 = 68.

Permutations and Combinations Solutions Exercise 5(e)

I.
Question 1.
If nC4 = 210, find n.
Solution:
n
Cr = n!(n−r)!r! = n(n−1)(n−2)……[n−(r−1)]1.2.3………...r
Solution:
n
C4 = 210
⇒ n(n−1)(n−2)(n−3)1.2.3.4=10×21nC2r−1
⇒ n(n – 1) (n – 2) (n – 3) = 10 × 21 × 1 × 2 × 3 × 4
⇒ n(n – 1) (n – 2) (n – 3) = 10 × 7 × 3 × 2 × 3 × 4
⇒ n(n – 1) (n – 2) (n – 3) = 10 × 9 × 8 × 7
⇒ n = 10
165
Question 2.
If 12Cr = 495, find the possible values of r.
Solution:
Hint: nCr = nCn-r
12
Cr = 495
= 5 × 99
= 11 × 9 × 5
= 12×11×9×5×212×2
= 12×11×10×91.2.3.4
= 12C4 or 12C8
∴ r = 4 or 8

Question 3.
If 10 . nC2 = 3 . n+1C3, find n.
Solution:
10 . nC2 = 3 . n+1C3
⇒ 10 × n(n−1)1.2=3(n+1)(n−1)1.2.3
⇒ 10 = n + 1
⇒n=9

Question 4.
If nPr = 5040 and nCr = 210, find n and r.
Solution:
Hint: nPr = r! nCr and nPr = n(n – 1) (n – 2) ……. [n – (r – 1)]
n
Pr = 5040, nCr = 210
r! = nPrnCr=5040210=50421 = 24 = 4!
∴r=4
n
Pr = 5040
n
P4 = 5040
= 10 × 504
= 10 × 9 × 56
= 10 × 9 × 8 × 7
= 10P4
∴ n = 10
∴ n = 10, r = 4

166
Question 5.
If nC4 = nC6, find n.
Solution:
n
Cr = nCs ⇒ r = s or r + s = n
n
C4 = nC6
∴ n = 4 + 6 = 10, (∵ 4 ≠ 6)

Question 6.
If 15C2r-1 = 15C2r+4, find r.
Solution:
15
C2r-1 = 15C2r+4
2r – 1 = 2r + 4 or (2r – 1) + (2r + 4) = 15
(2r – 1) + (2r + 4) = 15
⇒ 4r + 3 = 15
⇒ 4r = 12
⇒r=3
∴ 2r – 1 = 2r + 4
⇒ -1 = 4 which is impossible
∴r=3

Question 7.
If 17C2t+1 = 17C3t-5, find t.
Solution:
17
C2t+1 = 17C3t-5
2t + 1 = 3t – 5 or (2t + 1) + (3t – 5) = 17
⇒ 1 + 5 = t or 5t = 21
⇒ t = 6 or t = 215 which is not an integer
∴t=6

Question 8.
If 12Cr+1 = 12C3r-5, find r.
Solution:
12
Cr+1 = 12C3r-5
⇒ r + 1 = 3r – 5 or (r + 1) + (3r – 5) = 12
⇒ 1 + 5 = 2r or 4r – 4 = 12
⇒ 2r = 6 or 4r = 16
⇒ r = 3 or r = 4
∴ r = 3 or 4

167
Question 9.
If 9C3 + 9C5 = 10Cr then find r.
Solution:
n
Cr = nCn-r
10
Cr = 9C3 + 9C5
∴ 9C3 + 9C5 = 9C3 + 9C5 = 10C6 or 10C4 = 10Cr (given)
⇒ r = 4 or 6

Question 10.
Find the number of ways of forming a committee of 5 members from 6 men and 3
ladies.
Solution:
Total number of persons = 6 + 3 = 9
∴ Number of ways of forming a committee of 5 members from 6 men and 3 ladies = 9C5
= 9×8×7×6×55×4×3×2×1
= 126

Question 11.
In question no. 10, how many committees contain atleast two ladies?
Solution:
Since a committee contains atleast 2 ladies, the members of the committee may be of the
following two types.
(i) 3 men, 2 ladies
(ii) 2 men, 3 ladies
The number of selections in the first type = 6C3 × 3C2
= 20 × 3
= 60
The number of selections in the second type = 6C2 × 3C3
= 15 × 1
= 15
∴ The required number of ways of selecting the committee containing atleast 2 ladies = 60 + 15 =
75.

Question 12.
If nC5 = nC6, then find 13Cn.
Solution:
∵ n C 5 = n C6
⇒ n = 6 + 5 = 11
13
Cn = 13C11 = 13C2
= 13×121×2
= 78

168
II.

Question 1.
Prove that for 3 ≤ r ≤ n, (n-3)Cr . (n-3)C(r-1) + 3 . (n-3)C(r-2) + 3 . (n-3)C(r-3) = nCr
Solution:

Question 2.
Find the value of 10C5 + 2 . 10C4 + 10C3
Solution:
Hint: nCr + nCr-1 = (n+1)Cr

Question 3.
Simplify 34C5 + ∑4r=0(38−r)C4
Solution:

169
Question 4.
In a class, there are 30 students. If each student plays a chess game with each of the
other students then find the total number of chess games played by them.
Solution:
Number of students in a class = 30
Since each student plays a chess game with each of the other students, the total
number of chess games played by them = 30C2 = 435

Question 5.
Find the number of ways of selecting 3 girls and 3 boys out of 7 girls and 6 boys.
Solution:
The number of ways of selecting 3 girls and 3 boys Out of 7 girls and 6 boys = 7C3 × 6C3
= 35 × 20
= 700
Question 6.
Find the number of ways of selecting a committee of 6 members out of 10 members
always including a specified member.
Solution:
Since a specified member is always included in a committee, the remaining 5 members
can be selected from the remaining 9 members in 9C5 ways.
∴ Required number of ways selecting a committee = 9C5 = 126

Question 7.
Find the number of ways of selecting 5 books from 9 different mathematics books such
that a particular book is not included.
Solution:
Since a particular book is not included in the selection, the 5 books can be selected
from the remaining 8 books in 8C5 ways.
∴ The required number of ways of selecting 5 books = 8C5 = 56

Question 8.
Find the number of ways of selecting 3 vowels and 2 consonants from the letters of the
word EQUATION.
Solution:
The word EQUATION contains 5 vowels and 3 consonants.
The 3 vowels can be selected from 5 vowels in 5C3 = 10 ways.
The 2 consonants can be selected from 3 consonants in 3C2 = 3 ways.
∴ The required number of ways of selecting 3 vowels and 2 consonants = 10 × 3 = 30

170
Question 9.
Find the number of diagonals of a polygon with 12 sides.
Solution:
The number of diagonals of a polygon with sides = n(n−3)2
= 12(12−3)2
= 54
Question 10.
If n persons are sitting in a row, find the number of ways of selecting two persons, who
are sitting adjacent to each other.
Solution:
The number of ways of selecting 2 persons out of n persons sitting in a row, who are
sitting adjacent to each other = n – 1

Question 11.
Find the number of ways of giving away 4 similar coins to 5 boys if each boy can be
given any number (less than or equal to 4) of coins.
Solution:
The 4 similar coins can be divided into different groups as follows.
(i) One group containing 4 coins
(ii) Two groups containing 1, 3 coins respectively
(iii) Two groups containing 2, 2 coins respectively
(iv) Two groups containing 3, 1 coins respectively
(v) Three groups containing 1, 1, 2 coins respectively
(vi) Three groups containing 1, 2, 1 coins respectively
(vii) Three groups containing 2, 1, 1 coins respectively
(viii) Four groups containing 1, 1, 1, 1 coins respectively
these groups can given away to 5 boys in = 5C1+2×5C2+5C2+5C3×3!2!+5C4
= 5 + 20 + 10 + 30 + 5
= 70 ways

171
III.
Question 1.
Prove that 4nC2n2nCn=1.3.5……(4n−1){1.3.5……(2n−1)}2
Solution:

Question 2.
If a set A has 12 elements, find the number of subsets of A having
(i) 4 elements
(ii) Atleast 3 elements
(iii) Atmost 3 elements
Solution:
Number of elements in set A = 12
(i) Number of subsets of A with exactly 4 elements = 12C4 = 495
(ii) The required subset contains atleast 3 elements.
The number of subsets of A with exactly 0 elements is 12C0
The number of subsets of A with exactly 1 element is 12C1
The number of subsets of A with exactly 2 elements is 12C2
Total number of subsets of A formed = 212
∴ Number of subsets of A with atleast 3 elements = (Total number of subsets) –
(number of subsets contains 0 or 1 or 2 elements)
= 212 – (12C0 + 12C1 + 12C2)
= 4096 – (1 + 12 + 66)
= 4096 – 79
= 4017

172
(iii) The required subset contains atmost 3 elements
i.e., it may contain 0 or 1 or 2 or 3 elements.
The number of subsets of A with exactly 0 elements is 12C0
The number of subsets of A with exactly 1 element is 12C1
The number of subsets of A with exactly 2 elements is 12C2
The number of subsets of A with exactly 3 elements is 12C3
∴ Number of subsets of A with atmost 3 elements = 12C0 + 12C1 + 12C2 + 12C3
= 1 + 12 + 66 + 220
= 299

Question 3.
Find the number of ways of selecting a cricket team of 11 players from 7 batsmen and 6
bowlers such that there will be atleast 5 bowlers in the team.
Solution:
Since the team consists of at least 5 bowlers, the selection may be of the following
types.

The number of selections in the first type = 7C6 × 6C5

=7×6
= 42
The number of selections in the second type = 7C5 × 6C6
= 21 × 1
= 21
∴ The required number of ways selecting the cricket team = 42 + 21 = 63

Question 4.
If 5 vowels and 6 consonants are given, then how many 6-letter words can be formed
with 3 vowels and 3 consonants?
Solution:
No. of vowels given = 5
No.of consonants given = 6
We have to form a 6-letter word with 3 vowels and 3 consonants from given letters.
3 vowels can select from 5 in 5C3 ways.
3 consonants can select from 6 in 6C3 ways.
Total No. of words = 5C3 × 6C3 × 6! = 1,44,000

173
Question 5.
There are 8 railway stations along a railway line. In how many ways can a train be
stopped at 3 of these stations such that no two of them are consecutive?
Solution:
Number of ways of selecting 3 stations out of 8 = 8C3 = 56
Number of ways of selecting 3 out of 8 stations such that 3 are consecutive = 6
Number of ways of selecting 3 out of 8 stations such that 2 of them are consecutive = 2
×5+5×4
= 10 + 20
= 30
∴ Number of ways for a train to be stopped at 3 of 8 stations such that no two of them
are consecutive = 56 – (6 + 30) = 20

Question 6.
Find the number of ways of forming a committee of 5 members out of 6 Indians and 5
Americans so that always the Indians will be in majority in the committee.
Solution:
Since the committee contains the majority of Indians, the members of the committee
may be of the following types.

The number of selections in type I = 6C5 × 5C0 = 6 × 1 = 6

The number of selections in type II = 6C4 × 5C1 = 15 × 5 = 75
The number of selections in type III = 6C3 × 5C2 = 20 × 10 = 200
∴ The required number ways of selecting a committee = 6 + 75 + 200 = 281.

174
Question 7.
A question paper is divided into 3 sections A, B, C Containing 3, 4, 5 questions
respectively. Find the number of ways of attempting 6 questions choosing at least one
from each section.
Solution:
First Method: The selection of a question may be of the following

Total No. of ways of attempting 6 questions

Second Method:
Required No.of attempting 6 questions = Total no. of arrangements – selection except
question from C – selection except Q from A – selection except Q from B
= 12C6 – 7C6 – 9C6 – 6C6
= 805

Question 8.
Find the number of ways in which 12 things be
(i) divided into 4 equal groups
(ii) distributed to 4 persons equally.
Solution:
(i) The number of ways in which 12 things be divided into 4 equal groups
= 12!3!3!3!3!4! = 12!(3!)44!

175
(ii) The number of ways in which 12 things be distributed to 4 persons equally
= 12!3!3!3!3! = 12!(3!)4

Question 9.
A class contains 4 boys and g girls. Every Sunday, five students with atleast 3boys go for
a picnic. A different group is being sent every week. During the picnic, the class teacher
gives each girl in the group a doll. If the total number of dolls distributed is 85, find g.
Solution:
No. of boys = 4
No. of girls = g
Since there should be atleast 3 boys it can be done in 2 ways as shown in the table

The number of girls in G1 = [4C3 × gC2] × 2

Since each group contains 2 girls
The number of girls in G2 = [4C3 × gC2] × 1
Since each group contains 1 girl.
Given no. of dolls distributed = 85
⇒ [4C3 × gC2] × 2 + [4C4 × gC1] × 1 = 85
⇒ 4 . g(g−1)2 × 2 + 1 . g . 1 = 85
⇒ 4g2 – 4g + g – 85 = 0
⇒ 4g2 – 3g – 85 = 0
⇒ 4g2 – 20g + 17g – 85 = 0
⇒ 4g(g – 5) + 17(g – 5) = 0
⇒ (g – 5)(4g + 17) = 0
Since g ≠ −174
∴g=5
Hence No. of girls = 5

176
Binomial Theorem Solutions Exercise 6(a)
I.
Question 1.
Expand the following using the binomial theorem.
(i) (4x + 5y)7
Solution:

(ii) (23x+74y)5
Solution:

(iii) (2p5−3q7)6
Solution:

∑6r=0(−1)r⋅6Cr(2p5)6−r(3q7)r
177
(iv) (3 + x – x2)4
Solution:

Question 2.
Write down and simplify
(i) 6th term in (2x3+3y2)9
Solution:
6th term in (2x3+3y2)9
The general term in (2x3+3y2)9 is

178
(ii) 7th term in (3x – 4y)10
Solution:
7th term in (3x – 4y)10
The general term in (3x – 4y)10 is

(iii) 10th term in (3p4−5q)14

Solution:
10th term in (3p4−5q)14
General term in (3p4−5q)14 is

179
(iv) rth term in (3a5+5b7)8 (1 ≤ r ≤ 9)
Solution:
rth term in (3a5+5b7)8
The general term in (3a5+5b7)8 is

Question 3.
Find the number of terms in the expansion of
(i) (3a4+b2)9
Solution:
The number of terms in (x + a)n is (n + 1), where n is a positive integer.
Hence number of terms in (3a4+b2)9 are 9 + 1 = 10
(ii) (3p + 4q)14
Solution:
Number of terms in (3p + 4q)14 are 14 + 1 = 15
(iii) (2x + 3y + z)7
Solution:
Number of terms in (a + b + c)n are (n+1)(n+2)2, where n is a positive integer.
Hence number of terms in (2x + 3y + z)7 are = (7+1)(7+2)2=8×92 = 36

Question 4.
Find the number of terms with non-zero coefficients in (4x – 7y)49 + (4x + 7y)49.
Solution:

∴ The number of terms with non-zero coefficient in (4x – 7y)49 + (4x + 7y)49 is 25.
180
Question 5.
Find the sum of the last 20 coefficients in the expansions of (1 + x)39.
Solution:

∴ The sum of the last 20 coefficients in the expansion of (1 + x)39 is 238.

Question 6.
If A and B are coefficients of xn in the expansion of (1 + x)2n and (1 + x)2n-1 respectively,
then find the value of AB
Solution:
Given A and B are the coefficient of xn in the expansion of (1 + x)2n and (1 + x)2n-
1
respectively.

181
II.
Question 1.
Find the coefficient of
(i) x-6 in (3x−4x)10
Solution:

(ii) x11 in (2x2+3x3)13

Solution:

182
(iii) x2 in (7x3−2x2)9
Solution:

183
(iv) x-7 in (2x23−54x5)7
Solution:

184
Question 2.
Find the term independent of x in the expansion of
(i) (x√3−4x2)10
Solution:

185
(ii) (3x√3+5x−−√)25
Solution:

(iii) (4x3+7x2)14
Solution:
The general term in (4x3+7x2)14 is

For term independent of x,

put 42 – 5r = 0
⇒ r = 425 which is not an integer.
Hence term independent of x in the given expansion is zero.

186
(iv) (2x25+154x)9
Solution:

187
Question 3.
Find the middle term(s) in the expansion of
(i) (3x7−2y)10
Solution:
The middle term in (x + a)n when n is even and is Tn+12, when n is odd, we have two
middle terms, i.e., Tn+12 and Tn+32
∵ n = 10 is even,
we have only one middle term (i.e.,) 102 + 1 = 6th term.

(ii) (4a+32b)11
Solution:
Here n = 11 is an odd integer,
we have two middle terms, i.e., n+12 and n+32 terms
= 6th and 7th terms are middle terms.
T6 in (4a+32b)11 is 11C5(4a)6(32b)5

188
(iii) (4x2 + 5x3)17
Solution:
(4x2 + 5x3)17 = [x2(4 + 5x)]17 = x34(4 + 5x)17 ……..(1)
Consider (4 + 5x)17
∵ n = 17 is an odd positive integer, we have two middle terms.
They are (17+12)th and (17+32)th (i.e.,) 9th and 10th terms are middle terms.

(iv) (3a3+5a4)20
Solution:
Here n = 20 is an even positive integer, we have only one middle term

189
Question 4.
Find the numerically greatest term(s) in the expansion of
(i) (4 + 3x)15 when x = 72
Solution:

190
(ii) (3x + 5y)12 when x = 12, y = 43
Solution:

191
(iii) (4a – 6b)13 when a = 3, b = 5
Solution:

192
193
(iv) (3 + 7x)n when x = 45, n = 15
Solution:

194
Question 5.
Prove the following.
(i) 2 . C0 + 5 . C1 + 8 . C2 + ……… + (3n+2) . Cn = (3n + 4) . 2n-1
Solution:

(ii) C0 – 4 . C1 + 7 . C2 – 10 . C3 + ……… = 0, if n is an even positive integer.

Solution:

195
(iii) C12+C34+C56+C78+……=2n−1n+1
Solution:

196
(iv) C0+32⋅C1+93⋅C2+274⋅C3 + ……… + 3nn+1⋅Cn=4n+1−13(n+1)
Solution:

(v) C0 + 2 . C1 + 4 . C2 + 8 . C3 + ….. + 2n . Cn = 3n
Solution:

197
Question 6.
Find the sum of the following.
(i) 15C115C0+215C215C1+315C315C2 + …….. + 1515C1515C14
Solution:

(ii) C0 . C3 + C1 . C4 + C2 . C5 + …….. + Cn-3 . Cn

Solution:
We know that
(1 + x)n = C0 + C1 x + C2 x2 + ……. + Cn . xn ……….(1)
On replacing x by 1x, we get

198
(iii) 22 . C0 + 32 . C1 + 42 . C2 + ……… + (n + 2)2 Cn
Solution:

(iv) 3C0 + 6C1 + 12C2 + ……… + 3 . 2n . Cn

Solution:

199
Question 7.
Using the binomial theorem, prove that 50n – 49n – 1 is divisible by 492 for all positive
integers n.
Solution:

= 492 [a positive integer]

Hence 50n – 49n – 1 is divisible by 492 for all positive integers of n.
Question 8.
Using the binomial theorem, prove that 54n + 52n – 1 is divisible by 676 for all positive
integers n.
Solution:

∴ 54n + 52n – 1 is divisible by 676, for all positive integers n.

200
Question 9.
If (1 + x + x2)n = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + ……… + a2n x2n, then prove that
(i) a0 + a1 + a2 + ……… + a2n = 3n
(ii) a0 + a2 + a4 + …… + a2n = 3n+12
(iii) a1 + a3 + a5 + ……… + a2n-1 = 3n−12
(iv) a0 + a3 + a6 + a9 + ……….. = 3n-1
Solution:

201
Question 10.
If (1 + x + x2 + x3)7 = b0 + b1x + b2x2 + ………. b21 x21, then find the value of
(i) b0 + b2 + b4 + …….. + b20
(ii) b1 + b3 + b5 + ………. + b21
Solution:

202
Question 11.
If the coefficient of x11 and x12 in the binomial expansion of (2+8x3)n are equal, find n.
Solution:
The general term of (2+8x3)n is Tr+1=nCr(2)n−r(8x3)r

Question 12.
Find the remainder when 22013 is divided by 17.
Solution:
We know 24 = 16
The remainder when 24 is divided by 17 is 1
22013 = (24)503 . 21
∴ The remainder when 22013 is divided by 17 is (-1)503 . 2 = (-1) . 2 = -2

203
Question 13.
If the coefficients of (2r + 4)th term and (3r + 4)th term in the expansion of (1 + x)21 are
equal, find r.
Solution:

III.
Question 1.
If the coefficients of x9, x10, x11 in the expansion of (1 + x)n are in A.P., then prove that n2 –
41n + 398 = 0.
Solution:
The coefficients of x9, x10, x11 in (1 + x)n are

⇒ (n – 9) (n – 21) = 11(n – 19)

⇒ n2 – 9n – 21n + 189 = 11n – 209
⇒ n2 – 41n + 398 = 0

204
Question 2.
If 36, 84, 126 are three successive binomial coefficients in the expansion of (1 + x)n, find
n.
Solution:
Let nCr-1, nCr, nCr+1 are three successive binomial coefficients in (1 + x)n.
Then nCr-1 = 36; nCr = 84 and nCr+1 = 126

205
Question 3.
If the 2nd, 3rd and 4th terms in the expansion of (a + x)n are respectively 240, 720, 1080,
find a, x, n.
Solution:

206
Question 4.
If the coefficients of rth, (r + 1)th and (r + 2)nd terms in the expansion of (1 + x)n are in
A.P. then show that n2 – (4r + 1)n + 4r2 – 2 = 0.
Solution:
Coefficient of Tr = nCr-1

207
Question 5.
Find the sum of the coefficients of x32 and x-18 in the expansion of (2x3−3x2)14
Solution:

208
Question 6.
If P and Q are the sums of odd terms and the sum of even terms respectively in the
expansion of (x + a)n then prove that
(i) P2 – Q2 = (x2 – a2)n
(ii) 4PQ = (x + a)2n – (x – a)2n
Solution:

209
Question 7.
If the coefficients of 4 consecutive terms in the expansion of (1 + x)n are a1, a2, a3,
a4 respectively, then show that a1a1+a2+a3a3+a4=2a2a2+a3
Solution:
Given a1, a2, a3, a4 are the coefficients of 4 consecutive terms in (1 + x)n respectively.
Let a1 = nCr-1, a2 = nCr, a3 = nCr+1, a4 = nCr+2

210
Question 8.
Prove that (2nC0)2 – (2nC1)2 + (2nC2)2 – (2nC3)2 + ……… + (2nC2n)2 = (-1)n 2nCn
Solution:

211
Question 9.
Prove that (C0 + C1)(C1 + C2)(C2 + C3) ………… (Cn-1 + Cn) = (n+1)nn! . C0 . C1 . C2 ……… Cn
Solution:

Question 10.
Find the term independent of x in (1+3x)n(1+13x)n
Solution:

212
Question 11.
Show that the middle term in the expansion of (1 + x)2n is 1.3.5…(2n−1)n!(2x)n
Solution:
The expansion of (1 + x)2n contains (2n + 1) terms.
middle term = 2nCn xn

Question 12.
If (1 + 3x – 2x2)10 = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + …….. + a20 x20 then prove that
(i) a0 + a1 + a2 + ……… + a20 = 210
(ii) a0 – a1 + a2 – a3 + ……….. + a20 = 410
Solution:
(1 + 3x – 2x2)10 = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ……… + a20 x20

213
Question 13.
If (3√3 + 5)2n+1 = x and f = x – [x] where ([x] is the integral part of x), find the value of x.f.
Solution:

214
Question 14.
If R, n are positive integers, n is odd, 0 < F < 1 and if (5√5 + 11)n = R + F, then prove
that
(i) R is an even integer and
(ii) (R + F) . F = 4n
Solution:
(i) Since R, n are positive integers, 0 < F < 1 and (5√5 + 11)n = R + F
Let (5√5 – 11)n = f
Now, 11 < 5√5 < 12
⇒ 0 < 5√5 – 11 < 1
⇒ 0 < (5√5 – 11)n < 1
⇒0<f<1

215
Question 15.
If I, n are positive integers, 0 < f < 1 and if (7 + 4√3 )n = I + f, then show that
(i) I is an odd integer and
(ii) (I + f) (1 – f) = 1
Solution:
Given I, n are positive integers and
(7 + 4√3)n = I + f, 0 < f < 1
Let 7 – 4√3 = F
Now 6 < 4√3 < 7
⇒ -6 > -4√3 > -7
⇒ 1 > 7 – 4√3 > 0
⇒ 0 < (7 – 4√3)n < 1
∴0<F<1
I + f + F = (7 + 4√3)n + (7 – 4√3)n

= 2k where k is an integer.
∴ I + f + F is an even integer.
⇒ f + F is an integer since I is an integer.
But 0 < f < 1 and 0 < F < 1
⇒0<f+F<2
∴ f + F = 1 ………..(1)
⇒ I + 1 is an even integer.
∴ I is an odd integer.
(I + f) (I – f) = (I + f) F …..[By (1)]
= (7 + 4√3)n (7 – 4√3)n
= [(7 + 4√3) (7 – 4√3)]n
= (49 – 48)n
=1

216
Question 16.
If n is a positive integer, prove that ∑nr=1r3(nCrnCr−1)2=(n)(n+1)2(n+2)12
Solution:

Question 17.
Find the number of irrational terms in the expansion of (51/6 + 21/8)100.
Solution:
General term
Tr+1 = 100Cr(51/6)100−r(21/8)r = 100Cr5100−r6⋅2r8
100−r6 is an integer in the span
or 0 ≤ r ≤ 100 if r = 4, 10, 16, 22, 28, 34, 40, 46, 52, 58, 64, 70, 76, 82, 88, 94, 100
r8 is an integer in the span of 0 ≤ r ≤ 100
if r = 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80, 88, 96, 100−r6, r8 both an integers
If r = 16, 40, 64, 88
∴ The number of rational terms in the expansion of (51/6 + 21/8)r is 4.
∴ The number of irrational terms in the expansion of (51/6 + 21/8)r is 101 – 4 = 97 terms.

217
Binomial Theorem Solutions Exercise 6(b)

I.
Question 1.
Find the set of values of x for which the binomial expansions of the following are valid.
(i) (2 + 3x)-2/3
(ii) (5 + x)3/2
(iii) (7 + 3x)-5
(iv) (4−x3)−1/2
Solution:
(i) (2 + 3x)-2/3 = [2(1+32x)]−2/3

218
Question 2.
Find the
(i) 6th term of (1+x2)−5
Solution:

(ii) 7th term of (1−x23)−4

Solution:

219
(iii) 10th term of (3 – 4x)-2/3
Solution:

220
(iv) 5th term of (7+8y3)7/4
Solution:

221
Question 3.
Write down the first 3 terms in the expansion of
(i) (3 + 5x)-7/3
Solution:

(ii) (1 + 4x)-4
Solution:

222
(iii) (8 – 5x)2/3
Solution:

223
(iv) (2 – 7x)-3/4
Solution:

224
Question 4.
Find the general term (r + 1)th term in the expansion of
(i) (4 + 5x)-3/2
Solution:

(ii) (1−5x3)−3
Solution:

225
(iii) (1+4x5)5/2
Solution:

(iv) (3−5x4)−1/2
Solution:

226
II.
Question 1.
Find the coefficient of x10 in the expansion of 1+2x(1−2x)2
Solution:

Question 2.
Find the coefficient of x4 in the expansion of (1 – 4x)-3/5
Solution:

227
Question 3.
(i) Find the coefficient of x5 in (1−3x)2(3−x)3/2
Solution:

228
(ii) Find the coefficient of x8 in (1+x)2(1−23x)3
Solution:

(iii) Find the coefficient of x7 in (2+3x)3(1−3x)4

Solution:

229
Question 4.
Find the coefficient of x3 in the expansion of (1+3x2)3/2(3+4x)1/3
Solution:

230
III.
Question 1.
Find the sum of the infinite series
(i) 1+13+1.33.6+1.3.53.6.9+…
Solution:

(ii) 1−45+4.75.10−4.7.105.10.15+……
Solution:

231
(iii) 34+3.54.8+3.5.74.8.12+…
Solution:

232
(iv) 34.8−3.54.8.12+3.5.74.8.12.16−……
Solution:

233
Question 2.
If t = 45+4.65.10+4.6.85.10.15+………∞, then prove that 9t = 16.
Solution:

234
Question 3.
If x = 1.33.6+1.3.53.6.9+1.3.5.73.6.9.12+…… then prove that 9x2 + 24x = 11.
Solution:

⇒ 3x + 4 = 3√3
Squaring on both sides
(3x + 4)2 = (3√3)2
⇒ 9x2 + 24x + 16 = 27
⇒ 9x2 + 24x = 11

235
Question 4.
If x = 5(2!)⋅3+5⋅7(3!)⋅32+5⋅7⋅9(4!)⋅33+… then find the value of x2 + 4x.
Solution:

236
Question 5.
Find the sum of the infinite series 75(1+1102+1.31.2⋅1104+1.3.51.2.3⋅1106+….)
Solution:

237
Question 6.
Show that 1+x2+x(x−1)2.4+x(x−1)(x−2)2.4.6+…. = 1+x3+x(x+1)3.6+x(x+1)(x+2)3.6.9+…
Solution:

238
Binomial Theorem Solutions Exercise 6(c)

Question 1.
Find an approximate value of the following corrected to 4 decimal places.
(i) 242−−−√5
Solution:

239
(ii) 127−−−√7
Solution:

(iii) 32.16−−−−√5
Solution:

240
(iv) 199−−−√
Solution:

(v) 1002−−−−√3−998−−−√3
Solution:

241
(vi) (1.02)3/2−(0.98)3/2
Solution:

242
Question 2.
If |x| is so small that x2 and higher powers of x may be neglected then find the
approximate values of the following.
(i) (4+3x)1/2(3−2x)2
Solution:

243
(ii) (1−2x3)3/2(32+5x)1/5(3−x)3
Solution:

(iii) 4−x−−−−−√(3−x2)−1
Solution:

244
(iv) 4+x√+8+x√3(1+2x)+(1−2x)−1/3
Solution:

245
(v) (8+3x)2/3(2+3x)4−5x√
Solution:

246
Question 3.
Suppose s and t are positive and t is very small when compared to s. Then find an
approximate value of (ss+t)1/3−(ss−t)1/3
Solution:
Since t is very small when compared with s, ts is very very small.

247
Question 4.
Suppose p, q are positive and p is very small when compared to q. Then find an
approximate value of (qq+p)1/2+(qq−p)1/2
Solution:

248
Question 5.
By neglecting x4 and higher powers of x, find an approximate value
of x2+64−−−−−−√3−x2+27−−−−−−√3
Solution:

Question 6.
Expand 3√3 in increasing powers of 23.
Solution:

249
Partial Fractions Solutions Exercise 7(a)

Resolve the following into partial fractions.

I.
Question 1.
2x+3(x+1)(x−3)
Solution:
Let 2x+3(x+1)(x−3)=Ax+1+Bx−3
Multiplying with (x + 1) (x – 3)
2x + 3 = A(x – 3) + B(x + 1)
x = -1 ⇒ 1 = A(-4) ⇒ A = −14
x = 3 ⇒ 9 = B(4) ⇒ B = 94
2x+3(x+1)(x−3)=−14(x+1)+94(x−3)

Question 2.
5x+6(2+x)(1−x)
Solution:
Let 5x+6(2+x)(1−x)=A2+x+B1−x
Multiplying with (2 + x) (1 – x)
5x + 6 = A(1 – x) + B(2 + x)
Put x = -2,
-10 + 6 = A(1 + 2)
⇒ A = −43
Put x = 1,
5 + 6 = B(2 + 1)
⇒ B = 113
∴ 5x+6(2+x)(1−x)=−43(2+x)+113(1−x)

II.
Question 1.
3x+7x2−3x+2
Solution:
3x+7x2−3x+2=3x+7(x−1)(x−2)=Ax−1+Bx−2
Multiplying with x2 – 3x + 2
3x + 7 = A(x – 2) + B(x – 1)
x = 1 ⇒ 10 = -A ⇒ A = -10
x = 2 ⇒ 13 = B ⇒ B = 13
∴ 3x+7x2−3x+2=−10x−1+13x−2
250
Question 2.
x+4(x2−4)(x+1)
Solution:
x+4(x2−4)(x+1)=Ax+1+Bx+2+Cx−2
Multiplying with (x2 – 4) (x + 1)
x + 4 = A(x2 – 4) + B(x + 1) (x – 2) + C(x + 1) (x + 2)
x = -1
⇒ 3 = A(1 – 4)
⇒ 3 = -3A
⇒ A = -1
x = -2
⇒ 2 = B(-2 + 1) (-2 – 2)
⇒ 2 = 4B
⇒ B = 12
x=2
⇒ 6 = C(2 + 1)(2 + 2)
⇒ 6 = 12C
⇒ C = 12
∴ x+4(x2−4)(x+1)=−1x+1+12(x+2) + 12(x−2)

Question 3.
2x2+2x+1x3+x2
Solution:
Let 2x2+2x+1x3+x2=2x2+2x+1x2(x+1)=Ax+Bx2+Cx+1
Multiplying with x2(x + 1)
2x2 + 2x + 1 = Ax(x + 1) + B(x + 1) + Cx2
Put x = 0, 1 = B
Put x = -1, 2 – 2 + 1 = C(1) ⇒ C = 1
Equating the coefficients of x2,
2=A+C
⇒A=2–C=2–1=1
∴ 2x2+2x+1x3+x2=1x+1x2+1x+1

Question 4.
2x+3(x−1)3
Solution:
2x+3(x−1)3
Put x – 1 = y ⇒ x = y + 1
⇒ 2x+3(x−1)3=2(y+1)+3y3=2y+5y3
⇒ 2x+3(x−1)3 = 2y2+5y3=2(x−1)2+5(x−1)3
∴ 2x+3(x−1)3=2(x−1)2+5(x−1)3
251
Question 5.
x2−2x+6(x−2)3
Solution:
Let x – 2 = y then x = y + 2

III.
Question 1.
x2−x+1(x+1)(x−1)2
Solution:
Let x2−x+1(x+1)(x−1)2=Ax+1+Bx−1+C(x−1)2
Multiplying with (x + 1) (x – 1)2
x2 – x + 1 = A(x – 1)2 + B(x + 1) (x – 1) + C(x + 1)
Put x = -1,
1 + 1 + 1 = A(4)
⇒ A = 34
Put x = 1,
1 – 1 + 1 = C(2)
⇒ C = +12
Equating the coefficients of x2,
A+B=1
⇒B=1–A
⇒ B = 1 – 34 = 14
∴ x2−x+1(x+1)(x−1)2=34(x+1)+14(x−1) + 12(x−1)2

252
Question 2.
9(x−1)(x+2)2
Solution:
Let 9(x−1)(x+2)2=Ax−1+Bx+2+C(x+2)2
Multiplying with (x – 1) (x + 2)2
9 = A(x + 2)2 + B(x – 1) (x + 2) + C(x – 1)
x=1
⇒ 9 = 9A
⇒A=1
x = -2
⇒ 9 = -3C
⇒ C = -3
Equating the coefficients of x2
A + B = 0 ⇒ B = -A = -1
∴ 9(x−1)(x+2)2=1x−1−1x+2−3(x+2)2

Question 3.
1(1−2x)2(1−3x)
Solution:
Let 1(1−2x)2(1−3x)=A1−3x+B1−2x+C(1−2x)2
Multiplying with (1 – 2x)2 (1 – 3x)
1 = A(1 – 2x)2 + B(1 – 3x) (1 – 2x) + C(1 – 3x)

253
Question 4.
1x3(x+a)
Solution:
Let 1x3(x+a)=Ax+Bx2+Cx3+Dx+a = A⋅x2(x+a)+B(x)(x+a)+C(x+a)+Dx3x3(x+a)
∴ 1 = A (x2) (x + a) + Bx (x + a) + C(x + a) + Dx3 ……..(1)
Put x = 0 in (1)
1 = A(0) + B(0) + C(0 + a) + D(0)
⇒ 1 = C(a)
⇒ C = 1a

Question 5.
x2+5x+7(x−3)3
Solution:
Let x – 3 = y ⇒ x = y + 3
x2+5x+7(x−3)3=(y+3)2+5(y+3)+7y3

Question 6.
3x3−8x2+10(x−1)4
Solution:
Put x – 1 = y ⇒ x = y + 1

254
Partial Fractions Solutions Exercise 7(b)

Resolve the following into partial fractions.

Question 1.
2x2+3x+4(x−1)(x2+2)
Solution:
Let 2x2+3x+4(x−1)(x2+2)=Ax−1+Bx+Cx2+2
Multiplying with (x – 1) (x2 + 2)
2x2 + 3x + 4 = A(x2 + 2) + (Bx + C) (x – 1)
x=1
⇒ 2 + 3 + 4 = A(1 + 2)
⇒ 9 = 3A
⇒A=3
Equating the coefficients of x2
2=A+B
⇒ B = 2 – A = 2 – 3 = -1
Equating constants
4 = 2A – C
⇒ C = 2A – 4 = 6 – 4 = 2
∴ 2x2+3x+4(x−1)(x2+2)=3x−1+−x+2x2+2

Question 2.
3x−1(1−x+x2)(x+2)
Solution:
Let 3x−1(1−x+x2)(x+2)=A2+x+Bx+C1−x+x2
Multiplying with (2 + x) (1 – x + x2)
3x – 1 = A(1 – x + x2) (Bx + C) (2 + x)
x = -2
⇒ -7 = A(1 + 2 + 4) = 7A
⇒ A = -1
Equating the coefficients of x2
0 = A + B ⇒ B = -A = 1
Equating the constants
-1 = A + 2C
⇒ 2C = -1 – A = -1 + 1 = 0
⇒C=0
∴ 3x−1(1−x+x2)(2+x)=−12+x+x1−x+x2

255
Question 3.
x2−3(x+2)(x2+1)
Solution:
Let x2−3(x+2)(x2+1)=Ax+2+Bx+Cx2+1
Multiplying with (x + 2) (x2 + 1)
x2 – 3 = A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C) (x + 2)
x = -2
⇒ 4 – 3 = A(4 + 1)
⇒ 1 = 5A
⇒ A = 15
Equating the coefficients of x2
1=A+B
⇒ B = 1 – A = 1 – 15 = 45
Equating the constants
-3 = A + 2C
⇒ 2C = -3 – A
⇒ 2C = -3 – 15
⇒ 2C = −165
⇒ C = −85
∴ x2−3(x+2)(x2+1)=15(x+2)+4x−85(x2+1)

Question 4.
x2+1(x2+x+1)2
Solution:
Let x2+1(x2+x+1)2=Ax+Bx2+x+1+Cx+D(x2+x+1)2
Multiplying with (x2 + x + 1)2
x2 + 1 = (Ax + B) (x2 + x + 1) + (Cx + D)
Equating the coefficients of x3,
A=0
Equating the coefficients of x2,
A+B=1⇒B=1
Equating the coefficients of x,
A+B+C=0
⇒1+C=0
⇒ C = -1
Equating the constants,
B+D=1
⇒D=1–B=1–1=0
∴ Ax + B = 1, Cx + D = -x
∴ x2+1(x2+x+1)2=1x2+x+1−x(x2+x+1)2

256
Question 5.
x3+x2+1(x−1)(x3−1)
Solution:

∴ x3 + x2 + 1 = A(x – 1) (x2 + x + 1) + B(x2 + x + 1) + (Cx + D) (x – 1)2 …….(2)

Put x = 1 in (2)
1 + 1 + 1 = A(0) + B(1 + 1 + 1) + (C(1) + D) (0)
⇒ 3B = 3
⇒B=1
Equating the coefficients of x3 in (2)
1 = A + C ………(3)
Equating the coefficients of x2 in (2)
1 = A(1 – 1) + B(1) + C(-2) + D(1)
⇒ 1 = B – 2C + D
∵ B = 1,
⇒ 1 = 1 – 2C + D
⇒ 2C = D ………(4)
Put x = 0 in (2)
1 = A(-1)(1) + B(1) + D(-1)2
⇒ -A + B + D = 1
⇒ -A + 1 + D = 1
⇒ A = D ………(5)

257
From (3), (4) and (5)

Partial Fractions Solutions Exercise 7(c)

Resolve the following into partial fractions.

Question 1.
x2(x−1)(x−2)
Solution:
Let x2(x−1)(x−2)=1+Ax−1+Bx−2
Multiplying with (x – 1) (x – 2)
x2 = (x – 1) (x – 2) + A(x – 2) + B(x – 1)
Put x = 1, 1 = A(-1) ⇒ A = -1
Put x = 2, 4 = B(1) ⇒ B = 4
∴ x2(x−1)(x−2)=1−1x−1+4x−2

258
Question 2.
x3(x−1)(x+2)
Solution:

Question 3.
x3(2x−1)(x−1)2
Solution:
Let x3(2x−1)(x−1)2 = 12+A2x−1+Bx−1+C(x−1)2
Multiplying with 2(2x – 1) (x – 1)2
2x3 = (2x – 1) (x – 1)2 + 2A(x – 1)2 + 2B(2x – 1) (x – 1) + 2C(2x – 1)
Put x = 12,
⇒ 2(18) = 2A(14)
⇒ A = 12
Put x = 1,
⇒ 2(1) = 2C(1)
⇒C=1
Put x = 0,
0 = (-1) (1) + 2A(1) + 2B(-1) (-1) + 2C(-1)
⇒ 2A + 2B – 2C = 1
⇒ 2B = 1 + 2C – 2A
⇒ 2B = 1 + 2 – 1 = 2
⇒B=1
∴ x3(2x−1)(x−1)2 = 12+12(2x−1)+1(x−1)+1(x−1)2

259
Question 4.
x3(x−a)(x−b)(x−c)
Solution:
Let x3(x−a)(x−b)(x−c) = 1+Ax−a+Bx−b+Cx−c
Multiplying with (x – a)(x – b) (x – c),
x3 = (x – a)(x – b) (x – c) + A(x – b) (x – c) + B(x – a) (x – c) + C(x – a) (x – b)
Put x = a,
a3 = A(a – b) (a – c)
⇒ A = a3(a−b)(a−c)
Put x = b,
b3 = B(b – a) (b – c)
⇒ B = b3(b−a)(b−c)
Put x = c, c3 = C(c – a) (c – b)
⇒ C = c3(c−a)(c−b)
∴ x3(x−a)(x−b)(x−c) = 1+a3(a−b)(a−c)(x−a)+b3(b−a)(b−c)(x−b) + c3(c−a)(c−b)(x−c)

Partial Fractions Solutions Exercise 7(d)

Question 1.
Find the coefficient of x3 in the power series expansion of 5x+6(x+2)(1−x) specifying the
region in which the expansion is valid.
Solution:

260
Question 2.
Find is the coefficient of x4 in the power series expansion of 3x2+2x(x2+2)(x−3) specifying
the interval in which the expansion is valid.
Solution:
Let 3x2+2x(x2+2)(x−3)=Ax−3+Bx+Cx2+2
Multiplying with (x2 + 2) (x – 3)
3x2 + 2x = A(x2 + 2) + (Bx + C) (x – 3)
x=3
⇒ 27 + 6 = A(9 + 2)
⇒ 33 = 11A
⇒A=3
Equating the coefficients of x2
3=A+B
⇒B=3–A=3–3=0
Equating the constants,
2A – 3C = 0
⇒ 3C = 2A = 6
⇒C=2

261
Question 3.
Find the coefficient of xn in the power series expansion of x−4x2−5x+6 specifying the
region in which the expansion is valid.
Solution:
Let x−4x2−5x+6=Ax−2+Bx−3
Multiplying with (x – 2) (x – 3)
x – 4 = A(x – 3) + B(x – 2)
x=2
⇒ -2 = A(2 – 3) = -A
⇒A=2
x=3
⇒ -1 = B(3 – 2) = B
⇒ B = -1

Question 4.
Find the coefficient of xn in the power series expansion of 3x(x−1)(x−2)2
Solution:

262
∴ 3x = A(x – 2)2 + B(x – 1) (x – 2) + C(x – 1) ……..(1)
putting x = 1,
3 = A(1 – 2)2
⇒A=3
putting x = 2,
6 = C(2 – 1)
⇒C=6
Now equating the co-efficient of x2 terms in (1)
0=A+B
⇒ B = -A
⇒ B = -3

263
Measures of Dispersion Solutions Exercise 8(a)
I.
Question 1.
Find the mean deviation about the mean for the following data.
(i) 38, 70, 48, 40, 42, 55, 63, 46, 54, 44
Solution:
The arithmetic mean of the given data
x¯=38+70+48+40+42+55+63+46+54+4410
= 50010
= 50
The absolute values of the deviations are
|xi−x¯|, |50 – 38|, |50 – 70|, |50 – 48|, |50 – 40|, |50 – 42|, |50 – 55|, |50 – 63|, |50 – 46|, |50
– 54|, |50 – 44|
= 12, +20, 2, 10, 8, +5, +13, 4, +4, 6
∴ The mean deviation from the mean

(ii) 3, 6, 10, 4, 9, 10
Solution:
The arithmetic mean of the given data
x¯=3+6+10+4+9+106
= 426
=7
The absolute values of the deviations are
|xi−x¯|, |3 – 7|, |16 – 7|, |10 – 7|, |4 – 7|, |9 – 7|, |10 – 7|
= 4, 1, 3, 3, 2, 3

264
∴ The mean deviation from the mean

Question 2.
Find the mean deviation about the median for the following data.
(i) 13, 17, 16, 11, 13, 10, 16, 11, 18, 12, 17
Solution:
Given ungrouped data are
13, 17, 16, 11, 13, 10, 16, 11, 18, 12, 17
Expressing the data in the ascending order of magnitude, we have
10, 11, 11, 12, 13, 13, 16, 16, 17, 17, 18
∴ Median = 13 = b(say)
The absolute values are
|13 – 10|, |13 – 11|, |13 – 11|, |13 – 12|, |13 – 13|, |13 – 13|, |13 – 16|, |13 – 16|, |13 – 17|,
|13 – 17|, |13 – 18|
= 3, 2, 2, 1, 0, 0, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5
∴ Mean deviation from the median

265
(ii) 4, 6, 9, 3, 10, 13, 2
Solution:
Given ungrouped data are 4, 6, 9, 3, 10, 13, 2
Expressing the data in the ascending order of magnitude, we have
2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 13
∴ Median = 6 = b (say)
The absolute values are
|6 – 2|, |6 – 3|, |6 – 4|, |6 – 6|, |6 – 9|, |6 – 10|, |6 – 13|
= 4, 3, 2, 0, 3, 4, 7
∴ Mean deviation from the median = ∑7i=1|xi−b|7
= 4+3+2+0+3+4+77
= 3.285

Question 3.
Find the mean deviation about the mean for the following distribution.
(i)

Solution:

266
(ii)

Solution:

Question 4.
Find the mean deviation about the median for the following frequency distribution.

Solution:

N2 = 13
∴ Median = 7
Hence mean deviation from the median = 1N∑fi∣xi− Median ∣
= 126 (84)
= 3.23

267
II.
Question 1.
(i) Find the mean deviation about the median for the following continuous distribution.

Solution:
Construct the table

N2 = 25
Observation lies in the class-interval 20-30.
This is the median class.

268
(ii)

Solution:
Construct the table
N2=1002 = 50
Observation lies in the interval 40-50
This is the median class
∴ Median = L+{N2− P.C.f f}×i
= 40 + {50−3228}×10
= 40 + 6.43
= 46.43

∴ Median deviation about median = 1N∑8i=1fi∣xi− median ∣

= 1100 (1428.6)
= 14.286

269
Question 2.
Find the mean deviation about the mean for the following continuous distribution.

Solution:
Taking the assumed mean a = 130 and h = 10 construct the table

x¯=a+(∑fidiN)h
= 130 + (−47100)10
= 130 – 4.7
= 125.3
Mean deviation about the mean = 1N∑6i=1fi|xi−x¯|
= 1100 (1428.8)
= 14.288

270
Question 3.
Find the variance for the discrete data given below.
(i) 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 4, 8, 12
Solution:
Given data are 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 4, 8, 12
Mean x¯=6+7+10+12+13+4+8+128
= 728
=9
Construct the table

Variance σ2 = 1nΣ(xi−x¯)2
= 18 (74)
= 9.25

271
(ii) 350, 361, 370, 373, 376, 379, 385, 387, 394, 395
Solution:
Given data are 350, 361, 370, 373, 376, 379, 385, 387, 394, 395
Mean x¯=350+361+370+373+376+379+385+387+394+39510 = 377
Construct the table

Variance = 1n∑10i=1(xi−x¯)2
= 110 (1832)
= 183.2

272
Question 4.
Find the variance and standard deviation of the following frequency distribution.

Solution:

273
III.
Question 1.
Find the mean and variance using the step deviation method, of the following tabular
data, giving the age distribution of 542 members.

Solution:
If we take assumed mean A = 55 then yi = xi−5510
Here h = 10
Construct the table

274
Question 2.
The coefficient of variation of the two distributions are 60 and 70 and their standard
deviations are 21 and 16 respectively. Find their arithmetic means.
Solution:
Given coefficient of variance C.V = 60
Standard deviation s = 21
We know C.V = σx×100
⇒ x¯=σC.V×100
= 2160 × 100
= 35
Arithmetic mean = 35
Given co-efficient of variance C.V = 70
Standard deviation σ = 16
We know C.V = σx×100
⇒ x¯=σC.V×100
= 1670 × 100
= 22.85

Question 3.
From the prices of Shares X and Y given below, for 10 days of trading, find out which
share is more stable.

Solution:
For share x
x¯=35+54+52+53+56+58+52+50+51+4910
= 51010
= 51
For share y
y¯=108+107+105+105+106+107+104+103+104+10110
= 105010
= 105

275
C.V of share x = σxx×100
= 5.9251 × 100
= 11.61
C.V of share y = σyy×100
= 2105 × 100
= 1.91
since x¯<y¯ and C.V of share x > C.V of shares y
∴ Y share is more stable.

276
Question 4.
The mean of 5 observations is 4.4. Their variance is 8.24. If three of the observations are
1, 2, and 6. Find the other two observations.
Solution:
Let x and y be the required two observations.
Given, that the mean of 5 observations = 4.4
⇒ 1+2+6+x+y5 = 4.4
⇒ 9 + x + y = 22
⇒ x + y = 13 ……..(1)
Also thin variance = 8.24
⇒ 15 [(1 – 4.4)2 + (2 – 4.4)2 + (6 – 4.4)2 + (x – 4.4)2 + (y – 4.4)2] = 8.24
⇒ (-3.4)2 + (-2.4)2 + (1.6)2 + x2 – 8.8x + 19.36 + y2 – 8.8y + 19.36 = 41.2
⇒ x2 + y2 – (8.8) (x + y) = 41.2 – 11.56 – 5.76 – 2.56 – 19.36 – 19.36
⇒ x2 + y2 – (8.8) (13) = -17.4
⇒ x2 + y2 = -17.4 + 114.4
⇒ x2 + y2 = 97
We know (x + y)2 = x2 + y2 + 2xy
⇒ 169 = 97 + 2xy
⇒ 2xy = 72
⇒ xy = 36
(x – y)2 = (x + y)2 – 4xy
⇒ (x – y)2 = 169 – 144 = 25
⇒ x – y = 5 ……..(2)
(1) + (2) ⇒ 2X = 18
⇒X=9
(1) – (2) ⇒ 2Y = 8
⇒Y=4
∴ The other two observations are 4, 9.

277
Question 5.
The arithmetic mean and standard deviation of a set of 9 items are 43 and 5
respectively. If an item of value 63 is added to that set, find the new mean and standard
deviation of 10 item set given.
Solution:
Given the arithmetic mean of 9 items is 43
∴ x¯=19∑9i=1xi=43
⇒ Σxi = 387
If an item of value 63 is added to that set then
Σyi = Σxi + 63
= 387 + 63
= 450
∴ y¯=110∑yi
= 110 (450)
= 45
∴ New mean = 45
Given the standard deviation of 9 items is 5
⇒σ=5
⇒ σ2 = 25
⇒ 19∑9i=1(xi−x¯)2
⇒ ∑9i=1(xi−43)2 = 225 ……(1)
New variance σ2 = 110∑10i=1(yi−45)2
= 110[(x1 – 45)2 + (x2 – 45)2 + …….. + (x9 – 45)2 + (63 – 45)2]
Since first 9 items are same i.e, xi = yi, i = 1, 2, 3, …….., 9
= 110 [(xi – 43 – 2)2 + (x2 – 43 – 2)2 + …… + (x9 – 43 – 2)2 + 324]
= 110 [(xi – 43)2 + 4 – 2 . 2 . (x1 – 43) + (x2 – 43)2 + 4 – 2 . 2 . (x2 – 43) + …. (x9 – 43)2 + 4 – 2
. 2 . (x9 – 43) + 324]
= 110 [(xi – 43)2 + (x2 – 43)2 + ……. + (x9 – 43)2 + 36 – 4{x1 – 43 + x2 – 43 + …….. + x9 – 43}
+ 324]
= 110 [225 + 36 – 4(x1 + x2 + …. + x9 – 387) + 324]
= 110 [225 + 36 – 4(387 – 387) + 324]
= 110 [585]
= 58.5
New standard deviation σ = √58.5 = 7.65

278
Probability Solutions Exercise 9(a)

I. In the experiment of throwing a die, consider the following events:

Question 1.
A = {1, 3, 5}, B = {2, 4, 6}, C = {1, 2, 3} Are these events equally likely?
Solution:
Since events A, B, C has an equal chance to occur, hence they are equally likely events.

Question 2.
In the experiment of throwing a die, consider the following events:
A = {1, 3, 5}, B = {2, 4}, C = {6}
Are these events mutually exclusive?
Solution:
Since the happening of one of the given events A, B, C prevents the happening of the
other two, hence the given events are mutually exclusive.
Otherwise A ∩ B = φ, B ∩ C = φ, C ∩ A = φ
Hence they are mutually exclusive events.

Question 3.
In the experiment of throwing a die, consider the events.
A = (2, 4, 6}, B = {3, 6}, C = {1, 5, 6}
Are these events exhaustive?
Solution:
A = {2, 4, 6}, B = {3, 6}, C = {1, 5, 6}
Let S be the sample space for the random experiment of throwing a die
Then S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
∵ A ⊂ S, B ⊂ S and C ⊂ S, and A ∪ B ∪ C = S
Hence events A, B, C are exhaustive events.

II.
Question 1.
Give two examples of mutually exclusive and exhaustive events.
Solution:
Examples of mutually exclusive events:
(i) The events {1, 2}, {3, 5} are disjoint in the sample space S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(ii) When two dice are thrown, the probability of getting the sums of 10 or 11.
Examples of exhaustive events:
279
(i) The events {1, 2, 3, 5}, (2, 4, 6} are exhaustive in the sample space S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(ii) The events {HH, HT}, {TH, TT} are exhaustive in the sample space S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
[∵ tossing two coins]

Question 2.
Give examples of two events that are neither mutually exclusive nor exhaustive.
Solution:
(i) Let A be the event of getting an even prime number when tossing a die and let B be
the event of getting even number.
∴ A, B are neither mutually exclusive nor exhaustive.
(ii) Let A be the event of getting one head tossing two coins.
Let B be the event of getting atleast one head tossing two coins.
∴ A, B are neither mutually exclusive nor exhaustive.

Question 3.
Give two examples of events that are neither equally likely nor exhaustive.
Solution:
(i) Two coins are tossed
Let A be the event of getting an one tail and
Let B be the event of getting atleast one tail.
∴ A, B are neither equally likely nor exhaustive.
(ii) When a die is tossed
Let A be the event of getting an odd prime number and
Let B be the event of getting odd number.
∴ B are are neither equally likely nor exhaustive.

Probability Solutions Exercise 9(b)

I.
Question 1.
If 4 fair coins are tossed simultaneously, then find the probability that 2 heads and 2 tails appear.
Solution:
4 coins are tossed simultaneously.
Total number of ways = 24 = 16
n(S) = 16
From 4 heads we must get 2 heads.
Number of ways of getting 2 heads = 4C2
= 4.31.2
=6
∴ n(E) = 6
P(E) = n(E)n(S)=616=38
∴ Probability of getting 2 heads and 2 tails = 38

280
Question 2.
Find the probability that a non-leap year contains
(i) 53 Sundays
(ii) 52 Sundays only
Solution:
A non-leap year contains 365 days 52 weeks and 1 day more.
(i) We get 53 Sundays when the remaining day is Sunday.
Number of days in the week = 7
∴ n(S) = 7
The number of ways getting 53 Sundays.
n(E) = 1
∴ P(E) = n(E)n(S)=17
∴ Probability of getting 53 Sundays = 17
(ii) Probability of getting 52 Sundays
P((E¯¯¯¯)) = 1 – P(E)
= 1 – 17
= 67

Question 3.
Two dice are rolled, what is the probability that none of the dice shows the number 2?
Solution:
The random experiment is rolling 2 dice.
n(S) = 62 = 36
Let E be the event of not getting 2
n(E) = 5 × 5 = 25
∴ P(E) = n(E)n(s)=2536

Question 4.
In an experiment of drawing a card at random from a pack, the event of getting a spade is
denoted by A, and getting a pictured card (King, Queen, or Jack) is denoted by B. Find the
probabilities of A, B, A ∩ B, and A ∪ B.
Solution:
A is the event of getting a spade from the pack
∴ P(A) = 1352=14
B is the event of getting a picture card
P(B) = 4×352=313
A ∩ B is the event of getting a picture card in spades.
n(A ∩ B) = 3, n(s) = 52
P(A ∩ B) = 352
A ∪ B is the event of getting a spade or a picture card.
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
= 14+313−352
= 13+12−352
= 1126

281
Question 5.
In a class of 60 boys and 20 girls, half of the boys and half of the girls know cricket. Find
the probability of the event that a person selected from the class is either a boy or a girl
who knows cricket.
Solution:
Let A be the event that the selected person is a boy and B be the event that the
selected person knows a cricket when a person is selected from the class and S be the
sample space.
Now, n(S) = 80C1 = 80
n(A) = 60C1 = 60
n(B) = 40C1 = 40
n(A ∩ B) = 30C1 = 30
∴ P(A) = 6080, P(B) = 4080, P(A ∩ B) = 3080
∴ P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
= 6080+4080−3080
= 7080
= 78

Question 6.
For any two events A and B, show that P(AC ∩ BC) = 1 + P(A ∩ B) – P(A) – P(B).
Solution:
AC ∩ BC = A∪B¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
P(AC ∩ BC) = P(A∪B¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯)
= 1 – P(A ∪ B)
= 1 – [P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)]
= 1 + P(A ∩ B) – P(A) – P(B)

Question 7.
Two persons A and B are rolling die on the condition that the person who gets 3 will
win the game. If A starts the game, then find the probabilities of A and B respectively to
win the game.
Solution:
p = Probability of getting 3 = 16
q=1–p
= 1 – 16
= 56
Probability success (p) = 16
Probability of failure (q) = 56
A may win the game either in I trial or in trial or in V trial etc.

282
Probability of A win = p + q . q . p + q . q . q . q . p + ……..

Question 8.
A, B, C are 3 newspapers from a city. 20% of the population read A, 16% read B, 14%
read C, 8% both A and B, 5% both A and C, 4% both B and C, and 2% all the three. Find
the percentage of the population who read atleast one newspaper.
Solution:
Given P(A) = 20100 = 0.2
P(B) = 16100 = 0.16
P(C) = 14100 = 0.14
P(A ∩ B) = 8100 = 0.08
P(B ∩ C) = 4100 = 0.04
P(A ∩ C) = 5100 = 0.05
P(A ∩ B ∩ C) = 2100 = 0.02

P(A ∪ B ∪ C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(A ∩ B) – P(B ∩ C) – P(C ∩ A) + P(A ∩ B ∩ C)

= 0.2 + 0.16 + 0.14 – 0.08 – 0.04 – 0.05 + 0.02
= 0.52 – 0.17
= 0.35
Percentage of population who read atleast one newspaper = 0.35 × 100 = 35%

283
Question 9.
If one ticket is randomly selected from tickets numbered 1 to 30. Then find the
probability that the number on the ticket is
(i) a multiple of 5 or 7
(ii) a multiple of 3 or 5
Solution:
(i) Number of ways drawing one ticket = n(S) = 30C1 = 30
Suppose A is the event of getting a multiple of 5 and B is the event of getting a
multiple of 7.
A = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30}
B = {7, 14, 21, 28}
A ∩ B = φ ⇒ A and B are mutually exclusive
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B)
= 630+430
= 13
Probability of getting a multiple of 5 or 7 = 13
(ii) Suppose A is the event of getting a multiple of 3 and B is the event of getting a
multiple of 5.
A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30}
B = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30}
A ∩ B = {15, 30}
P(A) = 1030
P(B) = 630
P(A ∩ B) = 230
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
= 1030+630−230
= 1430
= 715
Probability of getting a multiple of 3 or 5 = 715

Question 10.
If two numbers are selected randomly from 20 consecutive natural numbers, find the
probability that the sum of the two numbers is (i) an even number (ii) an odd number.
Solution:
(i) Let A be the event that the sum of the numbers is even when two numbers are
selected out of 20 consecutive natural numbers.
In 20 consecutive natural numbers, we have 10 odd and 10 even natural numbers.
∵ The sum of two odd natural numbers is an even number and the sum of two even
natural numbers is also an even number

284
(ii) Probability that the sum of two numbers is an odd number
P(A¯¯¯¯) = 1 – P(A)
= 1 – 919
= 1019

Question 11.
A game consists of tossing a coin 3 times and noting its outcome. A boy wins if all
tosses give the same outcome and lose otherwise. Find the probability that the boy
loses the game.
Solution:
Let A be the event that the boy wins the game getting the same outcome when a coin
is tossed 3 times and S be the sample space.
∴ n(S) = 23 = 8
A = {HHH, TTT}
n(A) = 2
P(A) = n(A)n(S)=28=14
∴ The probability that the boy loses the game = P(A¯¯¯¯)
= 1 – P(A)
= 1 – 14
= 34

Question 12.
If E1, E2 are two events with E1 ∩ E2 = φ then show that P(Ec1∩Ec2)=P(Ec1)−P(E2)
Solution:
Given E1 ∩ E2 = φ
∴ P(E1 ∩ E2) = 0
P(Ec1∩Ec2)=P(E1∪E2¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯)
= 1 – P(E1 ∪ E2)
= 1 – [P(E1) + P(E2) – P(E1 ∩ E2)]
= 1 – P(E1) – P(E2) + P(E1 ∩ E2)
= P(Ec1) – P(E2) + 0
∴ P(Ec1∩Ec2)=P(Ec1)−P(E2)

285
II.

Question 1.
A pair of dice rolled 24 times. A person wins by not getting a pair of 6’s on any of the
24 rolls. What is the probability of his winning?
Solution:
Random experiment is tossing two dice 24 times = 36 × 36 × ……. 36 = (36)24
∴ n(S) = (36)24
Let A be the event of not getting a pair of 6’s on any of the 24 rolls.
∴ number of ways favourable to an event A = 35 × 35 × ……. × 35 = (35)24
n(A) = (35)24
∴ P(A) = (35)24(36)24=(3536)24
Question 2.
If P is a probability function, then show that for any two events A and B.
P(A ∩ B) ≤ P(A) ≤ P(A ∪ B) ≤ P(A) + P(B)
Solution:
For any sets A, B we have

A∩B≤A≤A∪B
P(A ∩ B) ≤ P(A) ≤ P(A ∪ B)
By Addition theorem of probability
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B) ≤ P(A) + P(B) ……….(2)
From (1), (2) we get
P(A ∩ B) ≤ P(A) ≤ P(A ∪ B) ≤ P(A) + P(B)

286
Question 3.
In a box containing 15 bulbs, 5 are defective. If 5 bulbs are selected at random from the
box, find the probability of the event, that
(i) None of them is defective
(ii) Only one of them is defective
(iii) Atleast one of them is defective
Solution:
Out of 15 bulbs, 5 are defective
probability of selecting a defective bulb = P
= 515
= 13
We are selecting 5 bulbs
n(S) = 15C5
(i) None of them is defective.
All 5 bulbs must be selected from 10 good bulbs. This can be done in 10C5 ways.
P(A) = 10C515C5=10.9.8.7.615.14.13.12.11=12143
(ii) Only one of them is defective in 4 good and 1 defective ball.
This can be done in (10C4) (5C1) = 10.9.8.71.2⋅3.4⋅5
= 210 × 5
= 1050
Probability of selecting one defective = 105015C5
= (1050)1.2.3.4.515.14.13.12.11
= 50143
(iii) Probability atleast one of them is defective = P(A¯¯¯¯)
= 1 – P(A)
= 1 – 12143
= 131143

Question 4.
A and B are seeking admission into I.I.T. If the probability for A to be selected is 0.5 and
that both to be selected is 0.3. Is it possible that the probability of B being selected is
0.9?
Solution:
Given P(A) = 0.5; P(A ∩ B) = 0.3
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
= 0.5 + P(B) – 0.3
= 0.2 + P(B)
P(A ∪ B) ≤ 1
0.2 + P(B) ≤ 1
P(B) ≤ 0.8
∴ It is not possible to have P(B) = 0.9

287
Question 5.
The probability for a contractor to get a road contract is 23 and to got a building
contract is 59. The probability to get atleast on contract is 45. Find the probability to get
both contracts.
Solution:
Suppose A is the event of getting a road contract
B is the event of getting a building contract
Given P(A) = 23; P(B) = 59; P(A ∪ B) = 45
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∪ B)
= 23+59−45
= 30+25−3645
= 1945
∴ Probability to get both contracts = 1945

Question 6.
In a committee of 25 members, each member is proficient either in Mathematics or
Statistics or in both. If 19 of these are proficient in Mathematics, and 16 in Statistics,
find the probability that a person selected from the committee is proficient in both.
Solution:
When a person is chosen at random from the academy consisting of 25 members
Let A be the event that the person is proficient in Mathematics
B be the event that the person is proficient in Statistics and
S is the sample space.
Since 19 members are proficient in Mathematics and 16 members are proficient in
Statistics.
P(A) = 1925, P(B) = 1625
Since everyone is either proficient in Mathematics or Statistics or in both
A∪B=S
⇒ P(A ∪ B) = P(S)
⇒ P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B) = P(S)
⇒ 1925+1625 – P(A ∩ B) = 1
⇒ P(A ∩ B) = 1925+1625−1 = 1025
∴ P(A ∩ B) = 25

288
Question 7.
A, B, C are three horses in a race. The probability of A winning the race is twice that of B
and the probability of B is twice that of C. What are the probabilities of A, B, and C
winning the race?
Solution:
Let A, B, C be the events that horses A, B, and C win the race respectively.
Given P(A) = 2P(B), P(B) = 2P(C)
∴ P(A) = 2P(B) = 2[2P(C)] = 4P(C)
Since the horses A, B and C run the race,
A ∪ B ∪ C = S and A, B, C are mutually disjoint.
P(A ∪ B ∪ C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C)
⇒ P(S) = 4P(C) + 2P(C) + P(C)
⇒ 1 = 7P(C)
⇒ P(C) = 17
P(A) = 4P(C) = 4 × 17 = 47
P(B) = 2P(C) = 2 × 17 = 27
∴ P(A) = 47, P(B) = 27, P(C) = 17

Question 8.
A bag contains 12 two rupee coins, 7 one rupee coins, and 4 half rupee coins. If 3 coins are
selected at random find the probability that
(i) The sum of the 3 coins is maximum
(ii) The sum of the 3 coins is minimum
(iii) Each coin is of a different value
Solution:
In the bag, there are 12 two rupees, 7 one rupees, and 4 half rupee coins.
Total number of coins = 12 + 7 + 4 = 23
Number of ways drawing 3 coins 23C3
n(S) = 23C3
(i) We get the maximum amount if the coins are 2 rupee coins.
Number of drawing 3 two rupee coins = 12C3
n(E1) = 12C3
P(E1) = n(E1)n(S)=12C323C3
(ii) We get a minimum amount if 3 coins are taken from 4 half rupee coins.
Number of ways of drawing 3 half rupee coins = 4C3
n(E2) = 4C3
P(E2) = n(E2)n(S)=4C323C3
(iii) Each coin is of different value we must draw one coin each.
This can be done in 12C1, 7C1, 4C1 ways
n(E3) = 12C1 × 7C1 × 4C1 = 12 × 7 × 4
P(E3) = n(E3)n(S)=12×7×423C3

289
Question 9.
The probabilities of three events A, B, C are such that P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.4, P(C) = 0.8,
P(A ∩ B) = 0.08, P(A ∩ C) = 0.28, P(A ∩ B ∩ C) = 0.09 and P(A ∪ B ∪ C) ≥ 0.75. Show that
P(B ∩ C) lies in the interval [0.23, 0.48]
Solution:
P(A ∪ B ∪ C) ≥ 0.75
0.75 ≤ P(A ∪ B ∪ C) ≤ 1
⇒ 0.75 ≤ P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(A ∩ B) – P(B ∩ C) – P(C ∩ A) + P(A ∩ B ∩ C) ≤ 1
⇒ 0.75 ≤ 0.3 + 0.4 + 0.8 – 0.08 – 0.28 – P(B ∩ C) + 0.09 ≤ 1
⇒ 0.75 ≤ 1.23 – P(B ∩ C) ≤ 1
⇒ -0.75 ≥ P(B ∩ C) – 1.23 ≥ -1
⇒ 0.48 ≥ P(B ∩ C) ≥ 0.23
⇒ 0.23 ≤ P(B ∩ C) ≤ 0.48
∴ P(B ∩ C) lies in the interval [0.23, 0.48]

Question 10.
The probabilities of three mutually exclusive events are respectively given
as 1+3P3,1−P4,1−2P2. Prove that −13≤P≤12
Solution:
Three mutually exclusive events probabilities are given.
∴ 0 ≤ 1+3P3 ≤ 1
⇒ 0 ≤ 1 + 3P ≤ 3
⇒ -1 ≤ P ≤ 2
⇒ −13≤P≤23 …….(1)
Also 0 ≤ 1−P4 ≤ 1
⇒0≤1–P≤4
⇒ -1 ≤ -P ≤ 3
⇒ 1 ≥ P ≥ -3
⇒ -3 ≤ P ≤ 1 …….(2)
Also 0 ≤ 1−2P2 ≤ 1
⇒ 0 ≤ 1 – 2P ≤ 2
⇒ -1 ≤ -2P ≤ 1
⇒ 1 ≥ 2P ≥ -1
⇒ -1 ≤ 2P ≤ 1
⇒ −12≤P≤12 ………(3)
From (1), (2), (3) we have −13≤P≤12

290
Question 11.
On a Festival day, a man plans to visit 4 holy temples A, B, C, D in random order. Find
the probability that he visits (i) A before B (ii) A before B and B before C.
Solution:
(i) It is nothing but arranging A, B, C, D in 4 chains so that A seats before B.
For this, first, we arrange C, D is the 4 chains it can be done in 4P2 = 12 ways and the
remaining 2 seats A & B can be sit in only one way (A before B).
Also n(S) = 24
∴ The probability that he visit 4 temples, A before B = 12×124 = 12
(ii) Similarly to the above problem
First, we arrange D in any one of 4 chains it can be done in 4 ways. Then the remaining
3 seats A, B, C can sit in only one way (A before 3 and B before C)
Also n(A) = 4! = 24
The probability that he visit 4 temples, A before B and B before C = 4×124 = 16

Question 12.
From the employees of a company, 5 persons are selected to represent them in the
managing committee of the company. The particulars of 5 persons are as follows.

A person is selected at random from this group to act as a spokesperson. Find the
probability that the spokesperson will be either male or above 35 years.
Solution:
Let A be the event that the selected person is male and B be the event that the selected
person is above 35 years when a person is selected at random from the group of 5
persons to act as a spokesperson and S be the sample space.
∴ n(S) = 5C1 = 5
n(A) = 3C1 = 3
P(A) = n(A)n(S) = 35
n(B) = 2C1 = 2
P(B) = n(B)n(S) = 25
n(A ∩ B) = 1C1 = 1
P(A ∩ B) = n(A∩B)n(S) = 15
By Addition theorem on probability
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
= 35+25−15
= 45
291
Question 13.
Out of 100 students, two sections of 40 are 60 and formed. If you and your friend are
among the 100 students, find the probability that
(i) You both enter the same section.
(ii) You both enter the different sections.
Solution:
Let S be the sample space
n(S) = no.of ways of doing 100 students into 2 sections of 40 and 60 = 100!40!60!
(i) You both enter the same section:
First, you and your friend both enter the section the remaining 98 students and I can be
divided into two sections (First section 38 and second section 60) is 98!38!60!
You and your friend both enter section II and the remaining 98 students can be divided
into two sections (First section 40 and second section 58) is 98!40!58!

= 26165+59165
= 17/33
(ii) You both enter the different sections:
The probability that the both in different sections = 1 – P(E)
= 1 – 17/33
= 16/33

292
Probability Solutions Exercise 9(c)

I.
Question 1.
Three screws are drawn at random from a lot of 50 screws, 5 of which are defective.
Find the probability of the event that all 3 screws are non-defective assuming that the
drawing is (a) with replacement (b) without replacement.
Solution:
Let S be the sample space
∴ The total number of screws = 50
The number of defective screws is 5 and the remaining 45 screws are non-defective.
Let A be the event of getting a drawing of the 3 screws is non-defective.
(a) With replacement

(b) Without replacement

293
Question 2.
If A, B, C are three independent events of an experiment such that P(A ∩ BC ∩ CC) = 14,
P(AC ∩ B ∩ CC) = 18, P(AC ∩ BC ∩ CC) = 14, then find P(A), P(B) and P(C).
Solution:
Since A, B, C are independent events.

294
Question 3.
There are 3 black and 4 white balls in one bag. 4 black and 3 white balls in the second
bag. A die is rolled and the first bag is selected if it is 1 or 3 and the second bag for the
rest. Find the probability of drawing a black ball from the bag thus selected.
Solution:
Probability of selecting first bag = 26=13
Probability of selecting second bag = 1 – 13 = 23
Probability of getting a black ball from first bag = 37
Probability of getting a black ball from the second bag = 47
Probability of drawing a black ball = 13⋅37+23⋅47 = 1121

Question 4.
A, B, C are aiming to shoot a balloon, A will succeed 4 times out of 5 attempts. The
chance of B shooting the balloon is 3 out of 4 and that of C is 2 out of 3. If three aim at
the balloon simultaneously, then find the probability that atleast two of them hit the
balloon.
Solution:

295
Question 5.
If A, B are two events, then show that P(AB)P(B)+P(ABC)P(BC)=P(A)
Solution:

Question 6.
A pair of dice are rolled. What is the probability that they sum to 7, given that neither
die shows a 2?
Solution:
Let A be the event that the sum of the two dice is 7, then
A = {(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1)}
Let B be the event that neither die shows a 2
B = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6)
(3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)
(4, 1), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)
(5, 1), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6)
(6, 1), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
n(B) = 25

296
A ∩ B = {(1, 6), (3, 4), (4, 3), (6, 1)}
n(A ∩ B) = 4
Required probability
P(AB)=P(A∩B)P(B)
= n(A∩B)n(B)
= 425

Question 7.
A pair of dice are rolled. What is the probability that neither die shows a 2, given that
they sum to 7?
Solution:
Let A be the event that the sum on two dice is 7
A = {(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1)}
∴ n(A) = 6
Let B be the event that neither die shows a 2
B = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6)
(3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)
(4, 1),(4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)
(5, 1), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6)
(6, 1), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
A ∩ B = {(1, 6), (3, 4), (4, 3), (6, 1)}
n(A ∩ B) = 4
Required probability
P(BA)=P(A∩B)P(A)
= n(A∩B)n(A)
= 46
= 23

Question 8.
If A, B are any two events, in an experiment, and P(B) ≠ 1 Show
that P(ABC)=P(A)−P(A∩B)1−P(B)
Hint: P(A ∩ BC) = P(A) – P(A ∩ B)
Solution:
By definition of condition probability
P(ABC)=P(A∩BC)P(BC)
= P(A)−P(A∩B)1−P(B)
∵ P(BC) = P(B¯) = 1 – P(B)

297
Question 9.
An urn contains 12 red balls and 12 green balls. Suppose two balls are drawn one after
another without replacement. Find the probability that the second ball drawn is green
given that the first ball drawn is red.
Solution:
Total number of balls in an urn n(S) = 24
Let E1 be the event of drawing a red ball in the first draw
P(E1) = 12C124=12
Now the number of balls remaining is 23
Let E2E1 be the events of drawing a green ball in the second drawn
P(E2/E1) = 1223
∴ Required probability
P(E1 ∩ E2) = P(E1) . P(E2/E1)
= 12×1223
= 623
∴ The probability of the second ball drawn is green given that the first ball drawn is red
= 623

Question 10.
A single die is rolled twice in succession. What is the probability that the number
showing on the second toss is greater than that on the first rolling?
Solution:
A single die is rolled twice.
Let S be the sample space n(S) = 62 = 36
Let A be the event of getting the required event.
A = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 5), (4,
6), (5, 6)}
n(A) = 15
∴ P(A) = n(A)n(S) = 1536 = 512

Question 11.
If one card is drawn at random from a pack of cards then show that events of getting an
ace and getting a heart are independent events.
Solution:
Suppose A is the event of getting an ace and B is the event of getting a heart.
∴ P(A) = 452=113
P(B) = 1352=114
A ∩ B is the event of getting a Heart’s ace
P(A ∩ B) = 152=113⋅14 = P(A) . P(B)
∴ A and B are independent events.
298
Question 12.
The probability that boy A will get a scholarship is 0.9 and that another boy B will get
one is 0.8. What is the probability that atleast one of them will get the scholarship?
Solution:
Suppose E1 is the event of a boy ‘A’ getting a scholarship and E2 is the event of another
boy B getting the scholarship.
Given P(E1) = 0.9, P(E2) = 0.8
E1 and E2 are independent events.
P(E1 ∩ E2) = P(E1) . P(E2)
= (0.9) (0.8)
= 0.72
The probability that atleast one of them will get a scholarship = P(E1 ∪ E2)
= P(E1) + P(E2) – P(E1 ∩ E2)
= 0.9 + 0.8 – 0.72
= 1.7 – 0.72
= 0.98

Question 13.
If A, B are two events with P(A ∪ B) = 0.65 and P(A ∩ B) = 0.15, then find the value of
P(AC) + P(BC).
Solution:
By addition theorem on probability
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
P(A) + P(B) = P(A ∪ B) + P(A ∩ B)
= 0.65 + 0.15
= 0.8
P(A) + P(B) = 0.8 ……..(1)
P(AC) = 1 – P(A) + 1 – P(B)
= 2 – [P(A) + P(B)]
= 2 – 0.8 [∵ by (1)]
= 1.2

Question 14.
If A, B, C are independent events, show that A ∪ B, and C are also independent events.
Solution:
∵ A, B, C are independent events.
⇒ A, B; B, C; C , A are also independent events
P(A ∩ B ∩ C) = P(A) P(B) P(C)
P(A ∩ C) = P(A) . P(C)
P(B ∩ C) = P(B) . P(C)
299
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) . P(B)
P[(A ∪ B) ∩ C] = P[(A ∩ C) ∪ (B ∩ C)]
= P(A ∩ C) + P(B ∩ C) – P[(A ∩ C) ∩ (B ∩ C)]
= P(A) . P(C) + P(B) . P(C) – P(A ∩ B ∩ C)
= P (A) . P(C) + P(B) . P(C) – P(A) . P(B) . P(C)
= [P(A) + P(B) – P(A) . P(B)] P(C)
= P(A ∪ B) . P(C)
∴ A ∪ B and C are independent events.

Question 15.
A and B are two independent events such that the probability of both the events
occurring is 16 and the probability of both the events do not occur is 13. Find the
probability of A.
Solution:
A and B are independent events.

300
Question 16.
A fair die is rolled. Consider the events. A = {1, 3, 5}, B = {2, 3} and C = {2, 3, 4, 5}. Find
(i) P(A ∩ B), P(A ∪ B)
(ii) P(AB), P(BA)
(iii) P(AC), P(CA)
(iv) P(BC), P(CB)
Solution:
A fair die is rolled
P(A) = 36=12
P(B) = 26=13
P(C) = 46=23
n(S) = 61 = 6
Given A = {1, 3, 5}, B = {2, 3}, C = {2, 3, 4, 5}
(i) A ∩ B = {3}
P(A ∩ B) = P{3} = 16
∴ P(A ∩ B) = 16
(A ∪ B) = {1, 2, 3, 5}
n(A ∪ B) = 4
n(S) = 6

301
P(A ∪ B) = 46=23

Question 17.
If A, B, C are three events in a random experiment, prove the following:
(i) P(AA) = 1
Solution:
P(AA)=P(A∩A)P(A)=P(A)P(A)=1

(ii) p(ϕA)=0
Solution:
P(ϕA)=P(ϕ∩A)P(A)=0P(A)=0

302
(iii) A ⊂ B ⇒ P(AC) ≤ P(BC)
Solution:

(iv) P(A – B) = P(A) – P(A ∩ B)

Solution:
A – B = {x / x ∈ A a x ∉ B}
A – B = A – (A ∩ B)

P(A – B) = P[A – (A ∩ B)] = P(A) – P(A ∩ B)

(v) If A, B are mutually exclusive and P(B) > 0, then P(AB) = 0.

Solution:
We know P(AB)=P(A∩B)P(B)
= 0P(B)
= 0 [∵ A, B are mutually exclusive events]
Hint: A, B are mutually exclusive then A ∩ B = φ ⇒ P(A ∩ B) = 0.

303
(vi) If A, B are mutually exclusive then P(A/BC) = P(A)1−P(B); when P(B) ≠ 1.
Solution:
Given P(A ∩ B) = 0 (∵ A and B are mutually exchanging)

(vii) If A, B are mutually exclusive and P(A ∪ B) ≠ 0, then P(AA∪B)=P(A)P(A)+P(B)

Solution:
Hint: A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)

Question 18.
Suppose that a coin is tossed three times. Let A be “getting three heads” and B be the
event of “getting a head on the first toss”. Show that A and B are dependent events.
Solution:
Let event A be “getting their heads”, and B be the event of “getting a head on the first
toss” when a coin is tossed three times.
∴ A = {HHH}
n(A) = 1
P(A) = 18
B = {HTT, HTH, HHT, HHH}
n(B) = 4

304
P(B) = 48
A ∩ B = {HHH}
n(A ∩ B) = 1
P(A ∩ B) = 18
P(A) . P(B) = 18⋅48=116 ≠ P(A ∩ B)
∴ P(A ∩ B) ≠ P(A) . P(B)
Hence A, B are dependent events.

Question 19.
Suppose that an unbiased pair of dice is rolled. Let A denote the event that the same
number shows on each die. Let B denote the event that the sum is greater than 7. Find
(i) P(AB) (ii) P(BA)
Solution:
Given a denote the event that the same number on pair of dice is rolled.
A = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5) (6, 6)}
n(A) = 6
P(A) = 636=16
Given B denote the event that the sum is greater than 7 when pair of dice is rolled.
∴ B = {(2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2), (3, 6), (4, 5), (5, 4), (6, 3), (4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4), (5, 6), (6,
5), (6, 6)}
∴ n(B) = 15
P(B) = 1536
A ∩ B = {(4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)}
n(A ∩ B) = 3
P(A ∩ B) = 336

305
Question 20.
Prove that A and B are independent events if and only if P(AB)=P(ABC)
Solution:
Let A and B be independent

⇒ P(A∩B)P(B)=P(A)−P(A∩B)1−P(B)
⇒ P(A ∩ B) – P(B) P(A ∩ B) = P(A) P(B) – P(B) . P(A ∩ B)
⇒ P(A ∩ B) = P(A) . P(B)
∴ A, B are independent.
Hence, A, B are independent iff
P(AB)=P(ABC)

II.
Question 1.
Suppose A and B are independent events with P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.7 then compute
(i) P(A ∩ B)
(ii) P(A ∪ B)
(iii) P(BA)
(iv) P(AC ∩ BC)
Solution:
Given A, B are independent events and
P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.7
(i) P(A ∩ B) = P(A) . P(B)
= 0.6 × 0.7
= 0.42

306
(ii) P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
= 0.6 + 0.7 – 0.42
= 1.3 – 0.42
= 0.88
(iii) P(BA) = P(B) = 0.7
(iv) P(AC ∩ BC) = P(AC) . P(BC) (∵ AC & BC are also independent events)
= [1 – P(A)] [1 – P(B)]
= (1 – 0.6) (1 – 0.7)
= 0.4 × 0.3
= 0.12

Question 2.
The probability that Australia wins a match against India in a cricket game is given to
be 13. If India and Australia play 3 matches, what is the probability that,
(i) Australia will lose all three matches?
(ii) Australia will win atleast one match?
Solution:
Suppose A is the event of Australia winning the match.
Given P(A) = 13
∴ P(A¯¯¯¯) = 1 – P(A)
= 1 – 13
= 23
(i) Probability that Australia will loose all the three matches = P(A¯¯¯¯)3
= (23)3
= 827
(ii) Probability that Australia will win atleast one match = 1 – P(A¯¯¯¯)3
= 1 – 827
= 1927

307
Question 3.
Three boxes numbered I, II, III contain balls as follows:

One box is randomly selected and a ball is drawn from it. If the ball is red, then find the
probability that it is from box II.
Solution:
Let B1, B2, B3 be the events of selecting the Ist, IInd and IIIrd boxes respectively.
Then P(B1) = P(B2) = P(B3) = 13
Probability of selecting a red ball from the first box = 36 = P(R/B1)
Probability of selecting a red ball from the second box = 14 = P(R/B2)
Probability of selecting a red ball from the third box = 312 = P(R/B3)
Assuming that the ball is red, the probability it is from box II,

Question 4.
A person secures a job in a construction company in which the probability that the
workers go on strike is 0.65 and the probability that the construction job will be
completed on time if there is no strike is 0.80. If the probability that the construction
job will be completed on time even if there is a strike is 0.32, determine the probability
that the constructed job will be completed on time.
Solution:
Let P(S) = Probability of the workers going on strike = 0.65
P(S¯) = Probability on the workers go on strike
= 1 – P(S)
= 1 – 0.65
= 0.35
P(ES) = Probability that the job completed if there is no strike = 0.32
P(ES¯¯¯) = Probability that the job completed if there is a strike = 0.80
P(E) = Probability that the construction job will be completed on time

308
= P(S) P(ES) + P(S¯) P(ES¯¯¯)
= (0.65) (0.32) + (0.35) (0.08)
= 0.2080 + 0.2800
= 0.4880

Question 5.
For any two events A, B show that
P(A ∩ B) – P(A) P(B) = P(AC) P(B) – P(AC ∩ B) = P(A) P(BC) – P(A ∩ BC)
Solution:
R.H.S. I = P(AC) P(B) – P(AC ∩ B)
= [(1 – P(A)] P(B) – [P(B) – P(A ∩ B)]
= P(B) – P(A) P(B) – P(B) + P(A ∩ B)
= P(A ∩ B) – P(A) P(B)
= L.H.S
R.H.S. II = P(A) P(BC) – P(A ∩ BC)
= P(A) [1 – P[P(B)] – [P(A) – P(A ∩ B)]
= P(A) – P(A) P(B) – P(A) + P(A ∩ B)
= P(A ∩ B) – P(A) P(B)
= L.H.S
∴ L.H.S = R.H.S I = R.H.S II
Hence P(A ∩ B) – P(A) . P(B) = P(AC) P(B) – P(AC ∩ B) = P(A) P(BC) – P(A ∩ BC)

III.
Question 1.
Three Urns have the following composition of balls.
Urn I: 1 White, 2 black
Urn II: 2 White, 1 black
Urn III: 2 White, 2 balck
One of the Urn is selected at random and a ball is drawn. It turns out to be white. Find
the probability that it comes from Urn III.
Solution:
Let Ei be the event of Choosing the Urn i = 1, 2, 3, and P(Ei) be the probability of
choosing the Urn i = 1, 2, 3
Then P(E1) = P(E2) = P(E3) = 13
Having choosen the Urn i, the probability of drawing a white ball, P(W/Ei), is given by
P(W/E1) = 13
P(W/E2) = 23
P(W/E3) = 24

309
We have to find the probability P(E3/W) by Baye’s theorem.

Question 2.
In a shooting test the probability of A, B, C hitting the targets
are 12, 23 and 34 respectively. If all of their fire is at the same target. Find the probability
that
(i) Only one of them hits the target
(ii) At atleast one of them hits the target
Solution:
The probabilities that A, B, C hit the targets are denoted by

310
Question 3.
In a certain college, 25% of the boys and 10% of the girls are studying mathematics. The girls
constitute 60% of the student’s strength. If a student selected at random is found studying
mathematics. Find the probability that the student is a girl.
Solution:
The probability that a student selected to be a girl
P(G) = 60100=610
The probability that a student selected to be a boy
P(B) = 40100=410
The probability that a boy studying mathematics
P(M/B) = 25100=14
Similarly probability that a girl studying mathematics
P(M/G) = 10100=110
We have to find P(G/M) By Baye’s theorem

Question 4.
A person is known to speak the truth 2 out of 3 times. He throws a die and reports that it is 1. Find
the probability that it is actually 1.
Solution:
P(T) = Probability that a person speaks truth 2 out of 3 times = 23
P(F) = 1 – P(T)
= 1 – 23
= 13
After he reports that it is 1, it is true if it actually shows 1 otherwise false if does not show 1.
P(1) = 16 and P(T) = 56
P(T/1) = P(reports true if it is 1) = 23
P(F/T) = P(report False if it is T) = 13
By Baye’s theorem

∴ The probability that reports that it is 1 and actually it is 1 is 2/7.

311
Random Variables and Probability Distributions Solutions Exercise 10(a)

I.
Question 1.
A p.d.f of a discrete random variable is zero except at the points x = 0, 1, 2. At these
points it has the value P(0) = 3c3, P(1) = 4c – 10c2, P(2) = 5c – 1 for some c > 0. Find the
value of c.
Solution:
P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) = 1
3c3 + 4c – 10c2 + 5c – 1 = 1
3c3 – 10c2 + 9c – 2 = 0
Put c = 1, then 3 – 10 + 9 – 2 = 12 – 12 = 0
c = 1 satisfies the above equation
c = 1 ⇒ P(X = 0) = 3 which is not possible
Dividing with c – 1, we get
3c2 – 7c + 2 = 0
(c – 2) (3c – 1) = 0
∴ c = 2 or c = 13
c=2
⇒ P(X = 0) = 3 . 23 = 24 which is not possible
∴ c = 13

Question 2.
Find the constant C, so that F(x) = C(23)x, x = 1, 2, 3,……… is the p.d.f of a discrete
random variable X.
Solution:

312
Question 3.

is the probability distribution of a random variable X. Find the value of K and the
variance of X.
Solution:
Sum of the probabilities = 1
⇒ 0.1 + k + 0.2 + 2k + 0.3 + k = 1
⇒ 4k + 0.6 = 1
⇒ 4k = 1 – 0.6 = 0.4
⇒ k = 0.44 = 0.1
Mean = (-2) (0.1) + (-1) (k) + 0 (0.2) + 1 (2k) + 2(0.3) + 3k
= – 0.2 – k + 0 + 2k + 0.6 + 3k
= 4k + 0.4
= 4(0.1) + 0.4
= 0.4 + 0.4
= 0.8
μ = 0.8
Variance (σ2) = ∑ni=1x2iP(x=xi)−μ2
∴ Variance = 4(0.1) + 1(k) + 0(0.2) + 1 (2k) + 4 (0.3) + 9k – μ2
= 0.4 + k + 0 + 2k + 4(0.3) + 9k – μ2
= 12k + 0.4 + 1.2 – (0.8)2
= 12(0.1) + 1.6 – 0.64
= 1.2 + 1.6 – 0.64
= 2.8 – 0.64
= 2.16
∴ σ2 = 2.16

313
Question 4.

is the probability distribution of a random variable X. Find the variance of X.

Solution:

314
Question 5.
A random variable X has the following probability distribution.

Find (i) k (ii) the mean and (iii) P(0 < X < 5)
Solution:
Sum of the probabilities = 1
⇒ 0 + k + 2k + 2k + 3k + k2 + 2k2 + 7k2 + k = 1
⇒ 10k2 + 9k = 1
⇒ 10k2 + 9k – 1 = 0
⇒ 10k2 + 10k – k – 1 = 0
⇒ 10k(k + 1) – 1(k + 1) = 0
⇒ (10k – 1) (k + 1) = 0
⇒ k = 110, -1 Since k > 0
∴ k = 110

(i) k = 110

(ii) Mean = ∑ni=1xiP(x=xi)

Mean (μ) = 0(0) + 1(k) + 2(2k) + 3(2k) + 4(3k) + 5(k2) + 6(2k2) + 7 (7k2 + k)
= 0 + k + 4k + 6k + 12k + 5k2 + 12k2 + 49k2 + 7k
= 66k2 + 30k
= 66(1100) + 30(110)
= 0.66 + 3
= 3.66

(iii) P(0 < x < 5)

P(0 < x < 5) = P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 3) + P(X = 4)
= k + 2k + 2k + 3k
= 8k
= 8(110)
= 45

315
II.
Question 1.
The range of a random variable X is {0, 1, 2}. Given that P(X = 0) = 3c3, P(X = 1) = 4c –
10c2, P(X = 2) = 5c – 1
(i) Find the value of c
(ii) P(X < 1), P(1 ≤ X < 2) and P(0 < X ≤ 3)
Solution:
P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) = 1
3c3 + 4c – 10c2 + 5c – 1 = 1
3c3 – 10c2 + 9c – 2 = 0
c = 1 satisfy this equation
c = 1 ⇒ P(X = 0) = 3 which is not possible
Dividing with c – 1, we get
3c2 – 7c + 2 = 0
(c – 2) (3c – 1) = 0
c = 2 or c = 13
c = 2 ⇒ P(X = 0) = 3 . 23 = 24 which is not possible
∴ c = 13

(i) P(X < 1) = P(X = 0)

= 3 . c3
= 3 . (13)3
= 3 . 12
= 19

(ii) P(1 < X ≤ 2) = P(X = 2)

= 5c – 1
= 53 – 1
= 23

(iii) P(0 < X ≤ 3) = P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)

= 4c – 10c2 + 5c – 1
= 9c – 10c2 – 1
= 9 . 13 – 10 . 19 – 1
= 3 – 109 – 1
= 89

316
Question 2.
The range of a random variable X is {1, 2, 3, …..} and P(X = k) = CKK!, (k = 1, 2, 3, ……),
Find the value of C and P(0 < X < 3)
Solution:
Sum of the probabilities = 1

317
Random Variables and Probability Distributions Solutions Exercise 10(b)

I.
Question 1.
In the experiment of tossing a coin n times, if the variable X denotes the number of
heads and P(X = 4), P(X = 5), P(X = 6) are in arithmetic progression then find n.
Solution:
X follows binomial distribution with p = 12, q = 12 (∵ a coin is tossed)
Hint: a, b, c are in A.P.
⇒ 2b = a + c (or) b – a = c – a
Given, P(X = 4), P(X = 5), P(X = 6) are in A.P.

⇒ 2 × 30(n – 4) = 5[30 + n2 – 9n + 20]

⇒ 12n – 48 = n2 – 9n – 50
⇒ n2 – 21n + 98 = 0
⇒ n2 – 14n – 7n + 98 = 0
⇒ n(n – 14) – 7(n – 14) = 0
⇒ (n – 7) (n – 14) = 0
⇒ n = 7 or 14

318
Question 2.
Find the minimum number of times a fair coin must be tossed so that the probability of
getting at least one head is at least 0.8.
Solution:
Let n be the number of times a fair coin tossed
X denotes the number of heads getting
X follows binomial distribution with parameters n and p = 12
Given P(X ≥ 1) ≥ 0.8
⇒ 1 – P(X = 0) ≥ 0.8
⇒ P(X = 0) ≤ 0.2
⇒ nCo(12)n≤0.2
⇒ (12)n≤15
The Maximum value of n is 3

Question 3.
The probability of a bomb hitting a bridge is 12 and three direct hits (not necessarily
consecutive) are needed to destroy it. Find the minimum number of bombs required so
that the probability of the bridge being destroyed is greater than 0.9.
Solution:
Let n be the minimum number of bombs required and X be the number of bombs that
hit the bridge, then
X follows binomial distribution with parameters n and p = 12
Now P(X ≥ 3) > 0.9
⇒ 1 – P(X < 3) > 0.9
⇒ P(X < 3) < 0.1
⇒ P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P (X = 2) < 0.1

By trial and error, we get n ≥ 9

∴ The least value of n is 9
∴n=9
319
Question 4.
If the difference between the mean and the variance of a binomial variate is 59 then,
find the probability for the event of 2 successes, when the experiment is conducted 5
times.
Solution:
Given n = 5
Let p be the parameters of the Binomial distribution
Mean – Variance = 59

∴ Probability of the event of 2 success = 80243

320
Question 5.
One in 9 ships is likely to be wrecked when they are set on the sail, when 6 ships are on
the sail, find the probability for
(i) Atleast one will arrive safely
(ii) Exactly, 3 will arrive safely
Solution:
p = probability of ship to be wrecked = 19
q=1–p
= 1 – 19
= 89
Number of ships = n = 6

Question 6.
If the mean and variance of a binomial variable X are 2.4 and 1.44 respectively, find P(1
< X ≤ 4).
Solution:
Mean = np = 2.4 ………(1)
Variance = npq = 1.44 ……….(2)
Dividing (2) by (1)
npqnp=1.442.4
⇒ q = o.6 = 35
p=1–q
= 1 – 0.6
= 0.4
= 25
Substituting in (1)
n(0.4) = 2.4
⇒n=6

321
P(1 < X ≤ 4) = P(X = 2) + P(X = 3) + P(X = 4)
= 6C2q4⋅p2+6C3q3⋅p3+6C4q2⋅p4

Question 7.
It is given that 10% of the electric bulbs manufactured by a company are defective. In a
sample of 20 bulbs, find the probability that more than 2 are defective.
Solution:
p = probability of defective bulb = 110
q=1–p
= 1 – 110
= 910
n = Number of bulbs in the sample = 20
P(X > 2) = 1 – P(X ≤ 2)
= 1 – [P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2)]

322
Question 8.
On average, rain falls on 12 days every 30 days, find the probability that, the rain will fall
on just 3 days of a given week.
Solution:
Given p = 1230=25
q=1–p
= 1 – 25
= 35
n = 7, r = 3
P(X = 3) = nCr . qn-r . pr
= 7C3(35)4(25)3
= 35. (35)4(25)3
= 35×23×3457

Question 9.
For a binomial distribution with mean 6 and variance 2, find the first two terms of the
distribution.
Solution:
Let n, p be the parameters of a binomial distribution
Mean (np) = 6 ……..(1)
and variance (npq) = 2 ……..(2)
then npqnp=26
⇒ q = 13
∴p=1–q
= 1 – 13
= 23
From (1) np = 6
n(23) = 6
∴n=9
The first two terms of the distribution are
P(X = 0) = 9C0(13)9=139
and P(X = 1) = 9C1(13)8(23)=237

323
Question 10.
In a city, 10 accidents take place in a span of 50 days. Assuming that the number of
accidents follows the Poisson distribution, find the probability that there will be 3 or
more accidents in a day.
Solution:
Average number of accidents per day
λ = 1050=15 = 0.2
The probability that there win be 3 or more accidents in a day
P(X ≥ 3) = ∑∞K=3e−λ⋅λKK!,λ=0.2
II.
Question 1.
Five coins are tossed 320 times. Find the frequencies of the distribution of a number of
heads and tabulate the result.
Solution:
5 coins are tossed 320 times
Probability of getting a head on a coin
p = 12, n = 5
Probability of having x heads

324
Question 2.
Find the probability of guessing at least 6 out of 10 answers in (i) True or false type
examination (ii) multiple choice with 4 possible answers.
Solution:
(i) Since the answers are in True or false type
probability of success p = 12, q = 12
probability of guessing at least 6 out of 10
P(X = 6) = 10C6(12)10−6⋅(12)6
= 10C6(12)10
(ii) Since the answers are multiple-choice with 4 possible answers
Probability of success p = 14, q = 34
Probability of guessing at least 6 out of 10
P(X = 6) = 10C6(34)10−6(14)6
= 10C6⋅34410

Question 3.
The number of persons joining a cinema ticket counter in a minute has Poisson
distribution with parameter 6. Find the probability that
(i) no one joins the queue in a particular minute
(ii) two or more persons join the queue in a minute.
Solution:
Here λ = 6
(i) Probability that no one joins the queune in a particular minute
P(X = 0) = e−λλ00!=e−6

325
(ii) Probability that two or more persons join the queue in a minute

326
Wishing You
All
Best Of Luck

CHAITANYA TEAM

327
 Warm Wishes
for your
Great Success
CHAITANYA TEAM

TOLL FREE NO: 18008899455

CALL US @9966372288 / 9121214308

NOTE*THIS MATERIAL IS EXTRACTED FROM APBOARDSOLUTIONS.COM AND MODIFICATIONS AND DESIGNING DONE BY CHAITANYA GROUP
FOR THE CONVENIENCE OF THE STUDENTS. OUR HEARTFUL THANKS TO THE TEAM OF APBOARDSOLUTIONS & CHAITANYA TEAM.

328