Efficiency of a Transformer + The efficiency of a transformer may be obtained by direct loading or by the method of losses. If the iron or core loss, P, and the load loss, P., (J? R,) are known in watts at rated voltage and rated current respectively, then efficiency at rated current at power factor cos0 is given by: Output P Efficiency, n = Quibut Power 100% Input Power -—fr 100% Feat + Fraser K10° cos = «100% a K10° cos0+P, +P, where K = rated kVA and /, = full- load current Atany other load, say at xK, copper loss = x” Pand efficiency at power factor cos 0 KAO 008? 100% @ Fora given valu of x, the efficiencywill haveits maximumvaluewhen.cos0 is maximum, thatis, at unity power factor whan = 0. Differentiating Equation(2) with respect tox and equating the result tozero, we find x°P,, = P. ,whichmeans that, fora given power factor cos, maximumefficiencyoccurs when thevariablecopperlossis equal to the fixed coreor iron loss. Thus If P is greater than P, (thatis, core lossis greater than full-load copper loss), then the maximum, efficiency will occur beyond full-load rating in kVA. If P is less than P,, maximumefiiciency will occurat less than full - load.Unity power tctor 0.8 Lagaing rower factor 0.6 Legging power fector mien. ‘Transformer Bifficieney vs, Load Current Energy Efficiency Ratio of total energy output for a certain period to the total energy input for the same period Output in kWh All day Efficiency = (for24hours) VOLTAGE REGULATION + The purpose of voltage regulation is basically to determine the percentage of voltage drop between no load and full load, + Tris defined as the change in magnitude of the secondary terminal voltage, expressed as a percentage (or per unit) of the secondary rated voltage, when load ata given power factor is reduced to zero, with primary applied voltage held constant, « In this method, all parameter are being referred to primary or secondary side + Can be represented in either Down Voltage Regulation Vu —V, V.R=—~— x 100% Vu Up-= Voltage Regulation V.RSince the voltage regulation is defined in terms of full-load conditions and since full -load current /, is large compared to the no -load exciting current /,, the effect of J, may be neglected, thus we may take J, = 7; Thus V,=1,(R,+JX,)+V; is taken to be the rated full - load, and V; = OA is the rated secondary terminal voltage while cos @ (lag) is the load power factor. AB=J, R, and BC =I, X,.S0 OC =F, is the primary terminal voltage. Ifa circular are with radius OC and centre at O cuts OA extended at D, then The current [= the regulation per unit Now All=ABcos0+BC sin0= I, R,cos0+ I; X,sin0 and HC=BC cos0- AB sin@= I, X, cosO=I, R, sind Therefore, V? =OC? = OH? +HC? =(04+ AH) +HC? or Vi =(Wj+1,R,cos8 +1, X, sin@)? + (I, X, cos — ° LR, Now ¢, =22%: = per unit resistance dro a P er unit reactance dro, moe P From Eq. (3) per unit regulation @ = 6, 0080-6, sin?Noting that both ¢, and e, are very small compared to unity, Eq. (4) can be simplified by approximation 2 2 rel+e+—2—-1 26 4 206) 2 Thus regulation (6, cos0¥«, sind)? 1r=6,cos0+8, sin0+ 3 (5) where the upper signs are for lagging current and lower for leading current. As, and &, are very small, Eq. (5) can be further approximated as rx6,cosO+e,sin0 (6) Problems 1, The maximum efficiency of a 500 kVA, 3300/500 V, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer is 97% and occurs at 3/4 full load, unity power factor. Ifthe impedance is 10%, calculate the regulation at full load, 0.8 power factor lagging, 2. Short-circuit test is conducted on a 5 KVA, 400V/100V single-phase transformer with 100 V winding shorted. The input voltage at full load current is 40 V, The wattmeter on the input reads 250 W. Find the power factor for which regulation at full load is zero. 3.4 300 kVA transformer has 96% efficiency at half load, unity power factor, while its efficiency is 95% at full load, 0.8 power factor lagging. Find (i) copper loss and core loss at full load, and (ii) maximum efficiency at unity power factor load. 4,5 KVA, 220/110 V transformer has the maximum efficiency of 96.97% at 0.8 power factor lagging. Its core loss is 50 W and full-load regulation at 0.8 p.f. lagging is 5%, Find the efficiency and regulation at full- load 0.9 power factor lagging. At what p.f. at full-load the regulation will be (a) maximum (b) minimum and (c) zero? Calculate the ‘maximum and minimum regulations.