11/30/2020

ME- 307
Materials Engineering
Engineering’s Best Kept Secret

Dr. Abdul Shakoor

Introduction
 Professor – Mechanical Engineering Department
 Nov 2018 – to Date
 Associate Professor – Mechanical Engineering Department
 May 2016 – Nov 2018
 Assistant Professor - Mechanical Engineering Department
(University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar , Pakistan)
April 2006 to May 2016
 PhD - Polymer Engineering
(Loughborough University, UK)
• MSc - Advanced Manufacturing Engineering & Management
• (University of Huddersfield, UK -2005-06)
 BSc -Mechanical Engineering
(University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar , Pakistan -2001)

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ME- 307 , Engineering Materials

COURSE OBJECTIVES
To understand the basic principles of materials
engineering to establish the relation between
processing parameter , structural analysis, properties
and performance of different materials.

The course is designed to equip the students for

successful careers in the field of Materials Science
and Engineering, whether your goal is to join the
workforce with a Bachelor’s degree, or to further
your education in graduate program.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Be able to apply core concepts in Materials Science to solve
engineering problems.
• Be knowledgeable of contemporary issues relevant to
Materials Science and Engineering. .
• Be able to classify materials into different categories and
select a suitable material.
• Be able to categories mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical and deteriorative properties of materials.
• Be able to classify the different polymers structure and their
relation to the properties and performance
• Be able to understand the classification of different ceramic,
their properties and applications.
• Be able to analyze different types of composites , properties
and applications.
Weekly Schedule

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Learning at University
Lectures
Laboratory practicals

Study skills & professional skills

Pastoral support
Industrial Involvement

A Hot Topic!

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Historical Ages of Man

Industrial Rev
Bronze age

Renaissance
Middle ages
6000-2500 BC

1300-1000 BC
2.5 million BC

Machine Age
Iron age

Plastics Age
Silicon Age
Stone age

Pottery
Flint 14,000 BC Bronze
Figurines Plastic
sword
28,000 BC Iron tools artefacts Electronics

Materials are everywhere!

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What is Materials Engineering?

“The Study of Stuff”

processing Structure Properties Performance

Mechanical Thermal Electrical Magnetic Optical Deteriorative

Deformation Temperature Vs
Electrical field
Vs Applied vs. Conductance Electro-mag or
Stability Magnetic field
( Electrical light radiation vs Chemical
Force ( Heat capacity ,
conductivity ,
vs. Materials
index , resiistivity
( Modulus, thermal response (
dielectric reflectivity
conductivity )
strength ) constant )

What is Materials Engineering?

“The Study of Stuff”

Why

Science

Materials

Engineering Design

How What

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Why choose Materials?

Plastics

Metals

Ceramics

What are things made out of?

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What are their properties?

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How do we make things?

How do we choose the right materials?

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How do materials change, degrade and fail?

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How do materials change, degrade and fail?

How can we make things better?

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How do Materials Engineers look at the world?

Understand the fundamentals
 predict and improve properties

We divide all the “stuff” into four classes:

Polymers Metals Ceramics Composites

How do Materials Engineers look at the world?

Understand the fundamentals
 predict and improve properties

We divide all the “stuff” into four classes:

Polymers Metals Ceramics Composites

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Polymers – What are they?

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Polymers Properties
Long chains can slide past each other and uncoil
Large extensions without breaking, very flexible

Problem: individual polymer chains are strong, but the

force between them is weak
Easy to pull them apart – polymers are often weak

How to make polymers strong?

1. Increase the attraction between chains
O O - H H O O H H
O C C O C C O C C O C C
+
H H H H PET
O O - H H O O H H
O C C O C C O C C O C C
+
H H H H

Benzene rings are rigid

HDPE PET
weak strong, can hold pressure

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How to make polymers strong?

1. Increase the attraction between chains

Stronger bonds between chains? More benzene rings?

O H O H
N C C N N C C N
H O H O

O H O H
N C C N N C C N
H O H O

Hydrogen bonds – stronger than bonding in PET

This is Kevlar

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How to make polymers strong?

1. Increase the attraction between chains

2. Make the chains longer

Longer polymer chains are more tangled
Difficult to slide past each other, giving high strength

Spectra/Dyneema/Endumax
Same polymer as plastic bags!

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“Glass Transition Temperature”

Tg

Low temperature High temperature

Glassy Rubbery

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“Glass Transition Temperature”

Tg

Low temperature High temperature

Glassy Rubbery

PP PLA PS
Rubbery

Rubbery

Rubbery

100 °C Tg
Water boils

Tg

37 °C
Body temp.
22 °C
Room temp.

0 °C Tg
Water freezes
Glassy

Glassy

Glassy

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Glass Transition Temperature

Tg

Low temperature High temperature

Glassy Rubbery

Glass Transition Temperature

Tg

Low temperature High temperature

Glassy Rubbery

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How do Materials Engineers look at the world?

Understand the fundamentals
 predict and improve properties

We divide all the “stuff” into four classes:

Polymers Metals Ceramics Composites

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What are metals?

Metallic bonding:
Positive metal ions in a free-moving “sea” of electrons

-
+ + - + -
+ - +
- -
-
+ + - + -
+ +
- - - -
-
+ + + + +
- - - -
-
+ + + + +

Electrons are like the “glue” holding the atoms together

What are metals?

Metallic bonding:
Positive metal ions in a free-moving “sea” of electrons

- -
+ + - + -
+ - + -
-
-
- - - -

+
- -
+ + + + +
–
- - - -

- - - - - - -
- -
+ + + + +
- - - - - - - -
- -
+ + + + +

Movement of electrons explains why metals are

electrically conductive

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Deforming Metals

We can imagine bonds holding the atoms together

What if we apply a force to try to deform the metal?

Deforming Metals

We can imagine bonds holding the atoms together

What if we apply a force to try to deform the metal?

We would have to break billions of bonds all at once!

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Dislocations

We know metals bend and stretch, so what’s going on?

Metal structures are not perfect

Dislocations

Sometimes, an extra row of atoms is squeezed in

Dislocation

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Dislocations
Now, deformation is much easier – only breaking
one bond at a time

Dislocations
Now, deformation is much easier – only breaking
one bond at a time

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Dislocations
Now, deformation is much easier – only breaking
one bond at a time

Dislocations
Now, deformation is much easier – only breaking
one bond at a time

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Dislocations
Now, deformation is much easier – only breaking
one bond at a time

Dislocations
Deforming a metal sends dislocations
flying around – makes it easy to change the shape

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Alloys

Adding atoms of a different size creates a “blockage”

that dislocations can’t get past – the metal is stronger

How do Materials Engineers look at the world?

Understand the fundamentals
 predict and improve properties

We divide all the “stuff” into four classes:

Polymers Metals Ceramics Composites

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Ceramics – What are they?

Examples:
Glass, cement, “china”, bricks, SiC, Si3N4

Ceramics – Properties

Strong bonding between atoms:

Very strong (can take lots of force)

Very stiff (difficult to bend or stretch)
Very hard (difficult to scratch)
Can withstand very high temperatures

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Ceramics – What’s the problem?

They can be brittle

Brittle = once you start a crack,

the material breaks easily

Materials Engineers have to think about how materials

perform differently under different conditions:

Tension (stretching)
Compression (squashing)
Impact (sudden forces)
Image: V31S70 on flickr

Ceramics – Compression vs Impact

Very strong in compression

Poor under impact…

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D3O
Some materials respond badly to impact
Some respond to impact to do something useful

How do Materials Engineers look at the world?

Understand the fundamentals
 predict and improve properties

We divide all the “stuff” into four classes:

Polymers Metals Ceramics Composites

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Composites
Two or more very different materials together
e.g. thin fibres of glass (strong – no cracks) or pure
carbon in a polymer matrix
Better properties than either materials
Good strength to weight ratio
Good toughness

e.g. composite planes, helicopter rotors, sports cars

Continued .....

Semi Conductors
Bio Materials
Advanced Materials

Modern Materials’ Needs ????

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