Welcome to ENGG 204

Fundamentals of Engineering
Materials

Lecture 1
Course Coordinator: Dr. An Mai
Email: engg204@ucalgary.ca, an.mai@ucalgary.ca
 Dr. An Mai
• B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. in Chemical and
Petroleum Engineering from SSE
• Spent many years in the energy sector as
a reservoir/exploitation engineer with a
focus on enhanced oil recovery
• Back to teaching since 2017
• Current interests: kids, teaching, and
sustainable energy!
• Contact info:
• Office: END 204J
• Email: engg204@ucalgary.ca,
an.mai@ucalgary.ca
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• Phone: (403) 220-7133
 Dr. Adria Lotus

• B.Sc. (Chemical Eng), Bangladesh University of Engineering

and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
• M.Sc. (Environmental Eng), University of Alabama, AL, USA
• Ph.D. (Chemical Eng), University of Akron, OH, USA
• 10 years of work experience in the Oil and Gas industries
• 8+ years in R&D with advanced functional nanomaterials
• Back to academia and teaching since 2022
• Current Interests: family, active life, teaching, nanomaterials
for environment and sustainable energy solutions!
• Email: aflotus@ucalgary.ca
• Office: END 204K
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 Dr. Bronwyn Chorlton
• B.Eng from Carleton University (Ottawa),
PhD from York University (Toronto)
• Background in structural engineering,
fire engineering, teaching and learning
in engineering
• Current interests: hiking and being
outdoors, teaching, equity, diversity,
inclusion and accessibility!

• Email: bronwyn.chorlton@ucalgary.ca
• Office: ENF 230
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 Dr. Manpreet Kaur

• Graduated with an Integrated Master's in Nanotechnology

Engineering from India and earned a Ph.D. in Materials Science
from Hokkaido University, Japan.
• Gained postdoctoral research experience in Japan, Czech Republic
and Italy.
• Since December 2022, serving as a postdoctoral research associate
at the University of Calgary.
• Specialized in nanomaterials engineering with a focus on clean
energy harvesting.
• Current interests include camping, boating, research, and teaching.

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• Email: manpreet.kaur7@ucalgary.ca, Office: EN G312​
 Malcolm Macdonald

• Graduated with a bachelor of engineering

from Western University (2020)
• Currently completing my masters of science
degree at the University of Calgary (2024)
• Interests include cycling, playing sports,
reading and cooking

• Email: malcolm.macdonald1@ucalgary.ca
• Office: MEB 159

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 Objectives in ENGG 204
• Help you to transition from high school or another post-secondary
institution to becoming engineering students at Ucalgary.
• Train you to become more independent learners with support.
• Encourage students to ask questions in an open and friendly atmosphere.
• Expose everyone to the various fields in the engineering programs.
• Experience a new way of learning (ACTIVE learning).
• Bring lecture materials to life in studio sessions.
• Use studio sessions to learn together, with little homework outside of
class time.
• Work in groups effectively.
 Course Outline – Big Picture

• Lots of information on
the course.
• Separate, short video on
Course Outline.

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 Course Outline - Marks

Learning 25%
Component Outcome(s) Weight
Evaluated
Reflection Activities 1-9 5%
Active Learning 1-9
Worksheets 15%
First Year Seminars 5%
Midterm 1 1-5 20%
Midterm 2 1-9 20%
Final Exam 1-9 35%

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 Topics to be Covered
1. Materials in Engineering
1. Classification of engineering materials Chapter 1 of Callister
2. Applications of engineering materials
3. Properties of materials
2. Structure and Properties of Materials
1. Atomic structure and molecular bonding High school chemistry &
2. Intermolecular forces Chapter 2
3. Crystalline and non-crystalline structures
Chapter 3 & 4
4. Imperfections
5. Mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties Chapter 6, 18, and 19

3. Life Cycle of Materials

1. Synthesis methods
Various sources are being used
2. Use and degradation (failures and corrosion) Chapter 8, 9, 10, 17, & 22
3. Recycle and disposal
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 Goals and Expectations

• What are your goals for this course?

• How will you achieve your goals?
• What are your expectations?
• What are the instructing team’s expectations?
• In this course you learn by DOING!

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Introduction to Materials
 Chapter 1: Introduction to Materials Science & Engineering

• What is materials science and engineering?

• Why are materials important?

• Why is it important for engineers to understand

materials?

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 What is Materials Science & Engineering?

• Materials science
COMPOSITION
• Investigate relationships
Chemical make-up of material
between structures and
properties of materials
STRUCTURE
• Design/develop new Arrangement of atoms in a material
materials
PROCESSING
• Materials engineering Ways to shape materials into useful components
• Create products from
existing materials PROPERTIES
• Develop materials
processing techniques PERFORMANCE

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 Why Are Materials Important?

• Materials drive advancements in our society

• Stone Age
• Bronze Age
• Iron Age

• What is today’s material age?

• Silicon (Electronic Materials) Age?
• Nano-materials Age?
• Polymer Age?

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 Why is it Important for Engineers to Understand Materials?

• Products/devices/components that engineers

design are all made of materials

• To select appropriate materials and processing

techniques for specific applications engineers must
• Have knowledge of material properties and
• Understand the structure-property relationships

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 Types of Materials
• Metals and alloys:
– Pure metallic elements or
– Combination of metallic elements (alloys)
– Large number of de-localized electrons (therefore can
conduct electricity!)

• Ceramics/glasses:
– Compounds of metallic & non-metallic elements (oxides,
carbides, nitrides, sulfides)
– Generally insulating and refractory
As a consumer, which one will
you select?
• Polymers/plastics:
– Chemical composition including C, H, and other non-metals
– Large molecular structure
– Flexible, lightweight, and easily processed
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 Metals and Alloys

• Alloy: a metal that contains additions of one

or more metals or non-metals.
• Steel: alloy of iron and small content of carbon
• Brass: alloy of copper and zinc
• Metal examples: aluminum, magnesium, zinc,
iron
• Properties: good conductivity (both thermal
and electricity), high strength, high stiffness, https://scienceinfo.com/alloys-characteristics-
ductility classification-types/

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 Ceramics and Glasses

• Ceramic:
• Inorganic non-metallic materials, crystalline
in structure
• Examples: sand, rocks
• Properties: insulating (non-conductive),
high hardness, strength and melting point,
very brittle
• Glasses:
• Amorphous materials with structure
dependent properties, that can be
processed to yield an improvement in
properties.
From ScienceDirect.com
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 Polymers

• Poly: many, mer: unit

• Large molecular structures
• Synthetic polymers: plastics such as
polyethylene (PE), polymethyl methacrylate
(PMMA), polycarbonate. https://www.livescience.com/60682-polymers.html
• Natural polymers: cellulose, glucan

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 Other Materials

• Composites
• Combination of two or more different
materials
• Advanced materials
• Semiconductors
• Biomaterials
• Smart materials
• Nanoengineered materials

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 Composites

• Formed from two or more materials

• Combine properties of the two materials
• Examples: aircraft equipment, bicycles,
tennis rackets

From Wikipedia

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 Semi-Conductors

• Conductivity between ceramics and

metals
• Used in computers, electronics,
micro-electrical-mechanical systems
(MEMS)
• Examples: silicon, germanium,
gallium arsenide

https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/
2023/02/17/the-future-of-us-semiconductor-
manufacturing-requires-more-than-just-chips/

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 Quick Game

Classify the following materials (metal, ceramic, or polymer):

a) Brass
b) Magnesium oxide (MgO)
c) Plexiglass
d) Polychloroprene
e) Boron carbide (B4C)
f) Cast iron

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 Ashby Maps – another way to classify materials

• Ashby maps are often used to

visualize how groups of
materials can be organized
• Often used in design processes
to find materials that are
suitable for the application.
• Often you can control these
qualities of materials through
processing, in addition to just
their atomic/elemental
properties

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Materials Selection
Engineers often solve materials selection problems.
Procedure:
1. For a Specific Application Determine Required Properties
• Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. From List of Properties Identify Candidate Material(s)

3. Best Candidate Material Specify Processing technique(s)

• To provide required set of properties
• To produce component having desired shape and size
• Example techniques: casting, mechanical forming, welding,
heat treating
 Boeing 787

U.S. Government Accountability Office

• First commercial aircraft to use 50% (by weight) composite materials (Boeing 777 used 10%)
• Overall, 20% weight reduction using composites
• Decreased fuel consumption
• Greater fatigue (from cyclic loading) and impact resistance
• Tensile strength of carbon composite 1700 MPa compared to previously used aluminum alloy
having 600 MPa
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 Material Property Types

Properties of materials fall into six categories:

• Mechanical

• Electrical

• Thermal

• Magnetic

• Optical

• Deteriorative

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 Mechanical Properties

Effect of carbon content on the hardness of a common steel:

Key mechanical properties:
• Stiffness Fig. 10.31, Callister & Rethwisch 10e.
[Data taken from Metals Handbook: Heat
320
• Strength Treating, Vol. 4, 9th edition, V. Masseria
(Managing Editor), 1981. Reproduced by

Brinell hardness
permission of ASM International, Materials Park,
• Hardness OH.]

240
• Ductility
• Toughness
160
• Resilience
80
0 0.5 1 wt%C

• Increasing carbon content increases hardness of steel!

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 Electrical Properties
Factors that affect electrical resistivity – for copper:
Key electrical properties: 6
• Conductivity
5
• Resistivity

(10-8 Ohm-m)
Resistivity, ρ
4
Fig. 18.8, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
[Adapted from: J.O. Linde, Ann Physik 5, 219
3 (1932); and C.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson,
Physics of Solids, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill
Company, New York, 1970.]

2
1
0
-200 -100 0 T (°C)

• Increasing temperature increases resistivity.

• Increasing impurity content (e.g., Ni) increases resistivity.
31 • Deformation increases resistivity.
 Thermal Properties

Thermal Conductivity – measure of a material’s ability to conduct heat

Key thermal properties:
• Heat capacity
400

Thermal Conductivity
• Thermal expansion
• Thermal conductivity 300 Fig. 19.4, Callister & Rethwisch 10e.

(W/m-K)
[Adapted from Metals Handbook: Properties
and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and Pure
Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker, (Managing
200 Editor), ASM International, 1979, p. 315.]

100

0
0 10 20 30 40
Composition (wt% Zinc)

• Increasing impurity content (e.g., Zn in Cu) decreases

thermal conductivity.
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33

Optical Properties
• The light transmittance of some materials depend on their
structural characteristics:
Aluminum oxide Aluminum oxide
Aluminum oxide single
polycrystalline material polycrystalline material
crystal (high degree of
(having many small having some porosity—
perfection)—is optically
grains)—is optically is optically opaque
transparent
translucent
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(Specimen preparation, P.A. Lessing)
 Magnetic Properties

• Magnetic Storage: • Magnetic Permeability vs. Composition:

-- Recording medium is -- Adding 3 atomic % Si makes
magnetized by recording Fe a better recording medium!
write head.

Fe+3%Si

Magnetization
Fe

Magnetic Field
Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and
Fig. 20.23, Callister & Rethwisch 10e. A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of Engineering
(Courtesy of HGST, a Western Digital Company.)
Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9, 1973.
(Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson
Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.)
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 Deteriorative Properties

• Small cracks formed in steel bar that was simultaneously stressed and immersed in
sea water
- Form of stress-corrosion cracking Cracks

Fig. 17.21, Callister & Rethwisch 10e.

35 (from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.)
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Summary

• Appropriate materials and processing decisions require

engineers to understand materials and their properties.
• Materials' properties depend on their structures; structures are
determined by how materials are processed
• In terms of chemistry the three classifications of materials are
metals, ceramics, and polymers
• Most properties of materials fall into the following six
categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical,
and deteriorative.
• An important role of engineers is that of materials selection.
 Suggested Problems (from Textbook)

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