INDUSTRY UPDATE

Institute of Transportation Engineers

Trip
Generation
Manual
11th Edition

September 2021
Shutterstock/Pozdeyev Vitaly

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 Updates to the
Trip Generation Manual,
11th Edition

I
n September 2021, ITE released the 11th Edition of the transportation profession’s
leading source of trip generation information—Trip Generation Manual (TGM). This
new edition updates and enhances the 10th Edition by providing the latest multimodal
trip generation data for urban, suburban, and rural locations.

Trip Generation Manual contains text, tables, data plots, and Volume 2 includes the land use description pages and data plots
statistics that describe current state-of-the-practice understanding for the 43 land uses with sites in either a dense multi-use urban
of the relationship between walk, bicycle, transit, motor vehicle, setting or center city core setting. If data are available, plots are
and truck trip generation and characteristics associated with an provided for vehicle, person, walk, bicycle, transit, and walk+bicy-
individual development site or land use. TGM also presents land cle+transit trips.
use descriptions and data plots for combinations of available land Volumes 3 through 5 contain the land use description pages
uses, time periods, independent variables, and settings contained in and data plots for the 177 land uses with sites in either a suburban
the ITE database. or rural setting. Data plots are provided for vehicle and walk+bicy-
The 11th Edition of TGM has undergone numerous changes cle+transit trips.
in content and format when compared to the 10th Edition. The Further, the 11th Edition includes over 900 supplemental data
significant improvements described in this article are due largely plots accessible through the ITETripGen web app or through access
to the efforts, attention, and diligence of the Trip Generation to a protected ITE website for hard copy users. These supplemental
Review Panel. plots include truck trip plots for all land uses for which data are
available and individual modal and person trip plots for suburban
TGM Format and Organization Changes and rural settings.
The primary means for accessing the 11th Edition is through the
ITETripGen web app. The web app provides immediate access to ITETripGen Web App Updates
integrated digital copies of all related land use definitions, plots, The menu order on the ITETripGen Graph Look Up page has been
and supporting materials (including the desk reference, pass-by changed to allow selection of the site setting immediately after
trip generation information, Trip Generation Handbook, truck trip selection of a land use code. The default site setting is General
generation, hourly distribution data, and supplemental plots). The Urban/Suburban. By promoting this selection to earlier in the
entire PDF version of the 11th Edition is now accessible through web app data plot definition process, the analyst can see what
the web app. independent variable and time period combinations have data plots
Trip Generation Manual, 11th Edition is also offered in five available in their site setting. This early definition also minimizes
hard copy volumes. The first volume (Desk Reference) includes the potential errors in the mixing of urban and suburban data plots.
chapter content that establishes the format, framework, and content For the 10th Edition, upon selection of a land use, the app
of the overall 11th Edition (same as for the 10th Edition). provided a “Click for more details” link that pulled up a PDF of the

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Land Use Description page for the specified land use. For the 11th The 10th Edition Supplement introduced the use of land use
Edition, the link pulls up a PDF of the Land Use Description page subcategories for Affordable Housing (Land Use 223) with Income
plus all data plots associated with that land use. The PDF format Limits and Senior as its two land use subcategories. The 11th
enables the analyst/user to print individual pages or to copy/paste Edition has added a third subcategory for affordable housing for
selected data plots into reports as desired. special needs residents (which can include persons with physical
The Technical Support button on the left banner of the Graph and mental impairments, single mothers, recovering addicts, and
Look Up page has been expanded by adding three buttons: others).
ƒ TGM Desk Reference–includes all nine chapters of the 11th Off-Campus Student Apartments are now divided into low-rise,
Edition Desk Reference (e.g., definitions of terms, list of data mid-rise, and high-rise land uses (Land Uses 225, 226, and 227).
sources) The proximity of an off-campus student apartment to a college
ƒ TGM Appendices–includes tables with time-of-day distri- campus was added with the 10th Edition Supplement as a factor
butions, tables with pass-by trips (previously available only to consider when using any of the off-campus student apartment
in Trip Generation Handbook), modal data plots for sites land uses (Land Uses 225, 226, and 227). The default land use
in suburban settings, truck data plots for all land uses, and subcategory selection in the web app (and the initial set of data plots
modal and truck percentages for all land uses in the PDF and hard copy versions) is named/titled “Adjacent to
ƒ Supporting Trip Generation Documents–includes Trip Campus.” If the study site is located more than a half-mile walk of
Generation Handbook 3rd Edition and other ITE resources the college campus, the land use subcategory “Over 1/2 Mile from
that also reside on the ITE Trip Generation Resource Page Campus” is the appropriate selection.
Multifamily Residential with 1st-Floor Commercial land
Trip Generation Land Use Description/Data Updates uses (Land Uses 231 and 232) have been renamed Multifamily
Residential with Ground-Floor Commercial, and have been split
Industrial Land Uses (100s) into Low-Rise, Mid-Rise, and High-Rise (Land Uses 230, 231, and
The 10th Edition Supplement introduced the use of land use 232) using the same number-of-floors thresholds as Land Uses 220,
subcategories for High-Cube Fulfillment Center Warehouse (Land 221, and 222.
Use 155) with sort and non-sort subcategories. These subcategories For the Multifamily Residential with Ground-Floor Commercial
provide, in essence, additional land uses as subsets of the current land uses (230, 231, and 232), the amount of gross floor area (GFA)
Land Use 155. designated for commercial use is used as a factor when estimating
Marijuana Cultivation and Processing Facility (Land Use 190) site trip generation. The default land use subcategory selection in
has been added as a new land use. the web app (and the initial set of data plots in the PDF and hard
copy versions) is named/titled “GFA (1-25k)” which indicates the
Residential Land Uses (200s) commercial GFA is between 1,000 and 25,000 square feet. The other
Single-Family Attached Housing (Land Use 215) has been added as commercial GFA choice provided is “GFA (25-65k).”
a new land use. Sites included in this land use are any single-family Senior Adult Housing–Detached (Land Use 251) and Senior
housing unit that shares a wall with an adjoining dwelling unit, Adult Housing–Attached (Land Use 252) have been combined into
whether the walls are for living space, a vehicle garage, or storage a new Senior Adult Housing–Single-Family (Land Use 251) that
space. The database includes duplexes, townhouses, and row houses. includes both detached and attached housing. New data have been
The number-of-floors threshold between Multifamily Housing used to create a new land use, Senior Adult Housing–Multifamily
(Low-Rise) (Land Use 220) and Multifamily Housing (Mid-Rise) (Land Use 252).
(Land Use 221) has been revised. Low-rise sites are now defined as The 11th Edition removes occupied dwelling units as an
having three or fewer floors, and mid-rise sites have between four independent variable for the residential land uses in the 200s: (Land
and 10 floors. Uses 210 through 223, 230 through 252, and 260 through 270). The
The proximity of a residential site to a rail transit station total number of dwelling units is considered a more accurate and
has been added as a factor to consider when using any of the reliable independent variable and has been retained.
multifamily housing land uses (Land Uses 220, 221, and 222). The The 11th Edition removes occupied beds as an independent
default land use subcategory selection in the web app (and the variable for land uses that include at least some elements of group
initial set of data plots in the PDF and hard-copy versions) is that quarters living: Affordable Housing (Land Use 223), Assisted Living
the site is not located close to a rail transit station. If the study site is (Land Use 254), and Congregate Care Retirement Community
located within a half-mile walk of a rail transit station, the land use (Land Use 255). The total number of beds is considered a more
subcategory “Close to Rail Transit” is the appropriate selection. accurate and reliable independent variable and has been retained.

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Recreational Land Uses (400s)
Movie Theater (Land Use 444) and Multiplex Movie Theater (Land
Use 445) have been combined into a single land use Movie Theater Trip Generation Manual,
(Land Use 445) that now contains all movie theater data.
Arena (Land Use 450) has been removed as a land use after
11th Edition, Review Panel
reexamination of the single study site in the database indicated the Justin Barrett (M), JCB Engineering
site may not conform to the land use description. Paul Basha (M), Summit Land Management
The primary independent variable for Snow Ski Area (Land Use Gina Bonyani, FDOT
466) has been changed to the number of lifts. Chris Brehmer (M), Kittelson & Associates
Casino/Video Lottery Establishment (Land Use 473) has Kenneth Cram (F), Bayside Engineering
been renamed Casino (Land Use 473) because the database now Debbie Dantin (M), Dantin Consulting
includes full-service casinos as well as the smaller video lottery Brian Dempsey (F), Provident Design Engineering
establishments. Alison Felix, Metropolitan Area Planning Council
John Gard (M), Fehr & Peers
Institutional Land Uses (500s) Wes Guckert (F), The Traffic Group
Primary and secondary school land uses have been reorganized to Dan Hardy (M), Renaissance Planning Group
provide a more logical numbering sequence. Randy McCourt (F), ITE Past President Retired
ƒ Public school land uses are now assigned within the 520-528 Nadereh Moini (M), New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority
range–Elementary School (Land Use 520), Middle/Junior Cole Piechotta (M), City of Calgary
High School (Land Use 522), and High School (renumbered Fede Puscar (M), Bunt & Associates
as Land Use 525). Because School District Office consists Lisa Schletzbaum (M), MassDOT
entirely of facilities for public schools, it has been recoded as Peter Terry (F), Benchmark Civil Engineering
Land Use 528. Eric Tripi (M), GHD
ƒ Private school land uses are now assigned within the 530-534 Paul Villaluz (F), Westwood Professional Services
range–Private School (K-8) (renumbered as Land Use 530), Tony Voigt (M), Voigt Associates
Private School (K-12) (renumbered as Land Use 532), and Mike Workosky (M), Wells and Associates
Private High School (added as Land Use 534). Brad Yarger, Yarger Engineering, Inc.
ƒ Charter school land uses are now assigned within the Darlene Danehy Yellowhair (M), Psomas
536-538 range–Charter Elementary School (renumbered as Diane Zimmerman (M), Zimmerman Traffic Engineering
Land Use 536) and Charter School (K-12) (added as Land
Use 538).
Prison (Land Use 571) has been renamed Adult Detention
Facility because the database includes both jails and prisons.
The 11th Edition removes occupied beds as an independent
variable for Adult Detention Facility (Land Use 571). The total
number of beds is considered a more accurate and reliable
independent variable and has been retained.

Medical Land Uses (600s)

The 11th Edition removes occupied beds as an independent variable
for Nursing Home (Land Use 620). The total number of beds is
considered a more accurate and reliable independent variable and
has been retained.

Office Land Uses (700s)

The description of a Small Office Building (Land Use 712) has been
changed to be a single-tenant office with less than or equal to 10,000
square feet of GFA. The description for General Office Building
(Land Use 710) has been adjusted accordingly.

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 The proximity of a Medical-Dental Office Building to a hospital Examination of the study sites that comprise Bread/Donut/Bagel
has been added as a factor to consider for Land Use 720. The default Shop without Drive-Through Window (Land Use 939) and Bread/
land use subcategory selection in the web app (and the initial set Donut/Bagel Shop with Drive-Through Window (Land Use 940)
of data plots in the PDF and hard copy versions) is that the site is revealed that the sites included in these land uses fit the definition
stand-alone and is not adjacent to or within a hospital campus. If and trip generation characteristics of the existing coffee/donut shop
the study site is located within or near a hospital campus, the land land uses. Therefore, land uses 939 and 940 have been removed and
use subcategory “Within/Near Hospital Campus” is the appropriate the study sites reassigned to the appropriate coffee/donut shop land
selection. uses (Land Uses 936 and 937).
Government Office Complex (Land Use 733) has been removed Convenience Market with Gasoline Pumps (Land Use 853),
because its single data point consists of a mixed-use site and not a Gasoline/Service Station with Convenience Market (Land Use 945),
single land use. The data is of limited value due to the uniqueness of and Super Convenience Market/Gas Station (Land Use 960) have
the site. been reassigned to a single new land use Convenience Store/Gas
The 11th Edition removes occupied GFA as an independent Station (Land Use 945). Land Uses 853 and 960 have been removed.
variable for all office land uses. Total GFA is considered a more Multiple land use subcategories have been added to Land Use 945
accurate and reliable independent variable and has been retained. to allow for a multi-variable evaluation of sites with single-variable
data plots. All study sites are assigned to one of three subcategories,
Retail Land Uses (800s) based on the number of vehicle fueling positions (VFP) at the site:
Shopping Center (Land Use 820) has been divided into three ƒ Between 2 and 8 VFP
separate land use codes: ƒ Between 9 and 15 VFP, and
ƒ Shopping Center (>150k) (Land Use Code 820) for sites with ƒ Between 16 and 24 VFP
more than 150,000 square feet of gross leasable area (GLA) For each VFP range subcategory, Land Use 945 data plots are
ƒ Shopping Plaza (40-150k) (Land Use Code 821) for sites presented with GFA as the independent variable for all available
between 40,000 and 150,000 square feet GLA time periods and trip types. The use of both GFA and VFP (as
ƒ Strip Retail Plaza (<40k) (Land Use 822) for sites with less the independent variable and land use subcategory, respectively)
than 40,000 square feet GLA provides a significant improvement in the reliability of a trip
Whether or not a Shopping Plaza includes a supermarket has generation estimate when compared to the single-variable data plots
been added as a factor to consider for Land Use 821. The default in prior editions of Trip Generation Manual. Further, the study sites
land use subcategory selection in the web app (and the initial set of are also assigned to one of three other subcategories, based on the
data plots in the PDF and hard copy versions) is that the shopping convenience store GFA at the site:
plaza includes a supermarket. If the study site does not include a ƒ Between 2,000 and 4,000 square feet
supermarket, the land use subcategory “Supermarket - No” is the ƒ Between 4,000 and 5,500 square feet, and
appropriate selection. ƒ Between 5,500 and 10,000 square feet
Convenience Market (Land Use 851) has been renamed For each GFA subcategory range, Land Use 945 data plots are
Convenience Store (Land Use 851). presented with VFP as the independent variable for all available
The data from the existing Discount Supermarket (Land Use time periods and trip types. The use of both VFP and GFA (as
854) have been reclassified. The large discount supermarkets have the independent variable and land use subcategory, respectively)
been merged into the overall Supermarket (Land Use 850) and Land provides a significant improvement in the reliability of a trip
Use 854 has been removed as a land use. generation estimate. Each combination of GFA and VFP values for a
convenience store/gas station, the two sets of data plots produce two
Services Land Uses (900s) estimates of site-generated trips.
Quality Restaurant (Land Use 931) has been renamed Fine Dining The trips recorded for Truck Stop (Land Use 950) have been
Restaurant (Land Use 931). modified to include only truck trips. Data plots now use the
Gross floor area (GFA) has been removed as an independent commercial VFP as the independent variable rather than general
variable and replaced by the number of drive-through lanes for two use VFP or site GFA.
land uses: Three service land uses with a focus on the consumption of
ƒ Fast-Food Restaurant with Drive-Through Window and No alcoholic beverages are now grouped in the 970s. Wine Tasting Room
Indoor Seating (Land Use 935) (Land Use 970) has been renamed to better reflect the data contained
ƒ Coffee/Donut Shop with Drive-Through Window and No in this land use. Brewery Tap Room (Land Use 971) has been added as
Indoor Seating (Land Use 938) a new land use. Drinking Place has been renumbered as Land Use 975.

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Long-Term Effects of COVID Pandemic on
Trip Generation
The COVID-19 pandemic has had immediate and significant
Resources
For additional guidance on impacts of COVID-19 on travel
impacts on the North American economy and on many elements demand, ITE has developed a COVID-19 resource web page that
of personal and business trip-making. Some of these effects, still presents a wide variety of technical resource material to help
ongoing as of this writing, are expected to be long lasting. The provide an understanding of anticipated short- and longer-term
extent to which these impacts will have long-term impacts on ITE impacts of COVID-19 on the transportation system and trip
making characteristics.
Trip Generation rates remains unknown.
All data plots and statistics presented in Trip Generation See www.ite.org/about-ite/covid-19-resources for more
Manual (TGM) are based on data collected prior to the pandemic. information. Of particular relevance is the ITE report titled “What
ITE recognizes that some TGM data plots and statistics may need a Transportation Professional Needs to Know about Counts
to be updated once post-pandemic conditions stabilize. ITE does and Studies during a Pandemic.” The report can be accessed
not know with certainty which data plots and statistics will need to through the ITE website: https://ecommerce.ite.org/IMIS/
ItemDetail?iProductCode=IR-148-E.
be updated until future study site data are collected and analyzed.
Nevertheless, Trip Generation Manual identifies and discusses
several land uses for which measurable changes in trip generation
characteristics may occur. itej

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