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Magnetism

Magnetic fields emanate from magnets and flow from the magnet's north pole to its south pole. Magnetic field lines never cross and always point from north to south. Opposite magnetic poles attract each other, while like poles repel. The magnetic field around a bar magnet can be plotted using a compass and iron filings help visualize field lines. Magnetic materials become magnetized when placed in a magnetic field via induction but lose magnetism over time. Permanent magnets are made of hard magnetic materials while electromagnets use soft magnetic materials and electricity to switch on and off.

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Shayan Rasheed
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99 views40 pages

Magnetism

Magnetic fields emanate from magnets and flow from the magnet's north pole to its south pole. Magnetic field lines never cross and always point from north to south. Opposite magnetic poles attract each other, while like poles repel. The magnetic field around a bar magnet can be plotted using a compass and iron filings help visualize field lines. Magnetic materials become magnetized when placed in a magnetic field via induction but lose magnetism over time. Permanent magnets are made of hard magnetic materials while electromagnets use soft magnetic materials and electricity to switch on and off.

Uploaded by

Shayan Rasheed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Magnetism

Magnetic Fields

In the space around a magnet


there is a magnetic field.

Magnetic field lines are a useful


way of helping us to picture that
field: Its strength and its
direction.
Magnetic Fields:
Magnetic Fields:

Magnetic field lines obey a


couple of rules:

They always go from north


to south ((indicated by an
arrow midway along the
line).
Magnetic Fields:

They never touch or cross


other field lines.

When two magnets are held


close together, there will be
a force between the
magnets.
Magnetic Fields:

Opposite poles attract; like


poles repel
Magnetic Fields:

Magnetic materials (which are


not magnets) will always be
attracted to the magnet,
regardless of which pole is held
close to it.

A magnet can only repel


another magnet
(This can be a useful test for a
magnet)
Magnetic Forces:

Magnetic forces are caused by


the interaction of magnetic
fields.

Plotting a Magnetic Field

 In your IGCSE examination you


might be asked to describe a
method of plotting the
magnetic field around a bar
magnet.
Magnetic Forces:

There are two principle


ways of doing this:

Using Iron Filings

 Place a piece of paper on


top of the magnet.
 Gently sprinkle iron filings
on top of the paper.
Magnetic Forces:

Now carefully tap the


paper to allow the iron
filings to settle on the field
lines:
Magnetic Forces:

Place the magnet on top of


a piece of paper.

Draw a dot at one end of


the magnet (near its
corner).
Magnetic Forces:

Place a plotting compass


next to the dot, so that one
end of the needle of the
compass points towards the
dot.

Use a pencil to draw a new


dot at the other side of the
compass needle.
Magnetic Forces:

Now move the compass so


that it points towards the
new dot, and repeat the
above process.
Magnetic Forces:

Keep repeating until you


have a chain of dots going
from one end of the
magnet to the other. Then
remove the compass, and
link the dots using a
smooth curve – the
magnetic field line.
Magnetic Forces:

The direction of the field line is


the same as the direction of
the plotting compass.

You can now repeat the whole


process several times to create
several other magnetic field
lines.
Magnetic Forces:
Magnetic Materials:

A magnetic material is a
material that experiences a
force when placed in a
magnetic field.

Although all magnetic


materials are metallic, not
all metals are magnetic.
Magnetic Materials:

Common magnetic
materials include:

o Iron
o Steel (an alloy of iron)
o Nickel
o Cobalt

Note: Copper and


Aluminium are non-
magnetic.
Magnetic Materials:
Magnetic Materials:

Hard and Soft Materials

Magnetically soft
materials (e.g. Iron):

o Are easy to magnetise.


o Easily lose their
magnetism.
Magnetic Materials:

Magnetically hard
materials (e.g. Steel):

o Are hard to magnetise.


o Do not easily lose their
magnetism.
Magnetic Materials:

Permanent magnets are


made out of magnetically
hard materials, as we don’t
want them to lose their
magnetism.
Magnetic Materials:

Electromagnets are made


out of magnetically soft
materials, as we want them
to be able to easily gain and
lose their magnetism.
Induced Magnetism:

When a magnetic material is


placed in a magnetic field,
the material can
temporarily become
magnetised:

o One end of the material


will become a north pole.
o The other end will
become a south pole.
 Magnetic Materials:
Magnetic Materials:

This process is known


as magnetic induction and
results in a force being exerted
on the material.

When the material is removed


from the magnetic field, it will
start to lose its magnetism
(depending on whether it is
magnetically hard or soft).
Magnets &
Electromagnets:

Creating and Destroying


Magnets

Magnets are usually made


from hard magnet
materials.
Magnets &
Electromagnets:

There are several ways in


which a magnet can be
created:

-Stroking with a magnet:


Magnets &
Electromagnets:

-Using a direct current


(d.c.) in a coil:
Magnets &
Electromagnets:

Hitting with a hammer:

If the material is placed in


a magnetic field and then
hit with a hammer, the
material will also become
magnetized.
Magnets &
Electromagnets:
Methods of
Demagnetisation:

Magnets can be
demagnetised by using one
of the following methods:

Hit the material with a


hammer (when it is not in
a magnetic field).
Methods of
Demagnetisation:

Heat the material (until it begins


to glow) and then slowly let it
cool.

Place the material in a coil


containing alternating current
(a.c.) and then slowly withdraw
the material (with the a.c. power
source still attached to the coil).
Electromagnets:

When a current (d.c.) is


passed through a long coil,
the current creates a
magnetic field around the
coil similar to that of a bar
magnet.
Electromagnets:
Electromagnets:

Placing a soft magnetic


material (such as iron)
inside the coil will make the
field much stronger:
The coil becomes an
electromagnet.
Electromagnets:
Electromagnets:
.
Electromagnets have an
advantage over ordering
magnets as they can be
turned on and off and the
magnetic field strength can
be changed.
Electromagnets:

The strength of an
electromagnet’s magnetic
field may be increased by:

o Increasing the current in


the coil.
o Adding more turns to
the coil.
Exam Tip:

When discussing the strength of


an electromagnet, avoid saying
“add more coils”:

The coil describes the overall


object – the individual loops of
wire should be referred to as
turns.
Exam Tip:

The correct phrase to use is


“add more turns to the
coil”.

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