> ? Finite Impulse Response Filters pve. Introduction —- Inthe previous chapter \ digital processing Applica ‘The following are the ma < Stalled the design of IIR filter and its properties, tn many Nions BIR filters are proferted over their IIR. counterparts Nn advantages of the FIR filter over HR sitter, 1, FIR filters are Always stable, 2, FIR filters with exactly linear phase ¢ 3, FIR filters can be rey 4, FIR filters are tree of Himit eyele word length digital system, 5. Excellent design Methods are n easily be designed lized in both rec Isive and Non-recursive structures, oscillations, when implemented on a finite Available for various kinds of FIR filters, The disadvantages of FIR filter are 1. The implementation of narrow transition band FIR filters are Very costly, as it requires considerably more arithmetic operations and hantware vomponents Such as multipliers, adders and delay elements, % Memory requirement and execution time are very high, 62 Linear phase FIR filter The transfer function of a FIR causal filter is given by H(z) Ss h(n)sr" (1) nad Where A(n) is the impulse response of the filter, Fourier transform of h(n) is Nal x > (nent (6.2 ned H(e!)6.2 Digital Signal Processing which is periodic in frequency with period 27, H(e™) = £|H(e%)|¢i(w) where |#7(e%)| is magnitude response and 8(.2) is phase respon r We define the phase delay and group delay of a filter ay = 9) ~d9(w) w diy and Tp For FIR filters with linear phase we can define 6(w)=-aw —7 Rin)e=dor N x (Jerson 4 ( MN ya +> aw—1_ m)e~#(N=1~m mo : ~~62) s ~ Drolet en (Nw) tae aX ) th oy eS4(N-1)/2 + DAN ~ 1 — n)e-de(w-1-n) » nye 6%) Fora sy Substig mn tettical impulse respo: mu Neale ‘tituting this relation in Eq (ox) a ‘al n= 2 () = = SY hinjenson +h ( } e012 4. (ner fa(N—1-m) no DY p(njessler-n2- no my +P hlnperFl D-H ( n=0 an Ay =i Neal eg) [E 2h(n) cosw = =n) +h( | ; a06.6 Digital Signal Processing Let 431 — n= p,then N=} -y2l< Eel H(e) = e FN -V/2 [x 2h (? i ”) coswp +h p= = ¢S(N-1)/2 an (> =n} eosun ss (SH) ral B 2 Noi = eF4N-1/2S > a(n) coswn (6m, 7=0 where a(o) =» (4) a(n) = 2h (SS -n) We can write Eq. (6.24) as H (4) = eH -D AF ( 54) = H(i) a where os) H(e#) = > a(n) coswn 7=0 and Nod > a Ow) = -aw = - ( } ” ‘ , so of Hl H(e) is a real and even function of w. The magnitude and pr \4(@)| = H(e)| and LHe) = 0(w) = aw when Hel) 2 * ZH(E*) = ~aw + when He”) a and (w) = aw when Hie) < fron i stinguish 3 Hi (©) is called as zero-phase frequency response (0 is my a ai nitude response, The zero-phase frequency response of the INT y oat gl tive and negative values, whereas the magnitude response °°) ry odd Mot! ‘The frequency response of symmetric impulse resPO"S Ut (ei) 8 ‘erence between | (e)) and H (e!) and between’) Fig. 63.3.83. Relation between magnitude response |H(e*)] and the zero phase ssmse H(e*) and between ZH (el) and 0(). Gell: Symmetric impulse response for N even Ne He) = za (men N-1 = Jenson 4 aM A(n)e" n=0 “SA (n)e-0" 4. Si (NV = 1 = nee =1-m) n=0 Nkoow nin) =hN-+1-n) Hele) as Mea )s eS Anerson 4. = A(njenietN-1-0) an nad on S e-ion-1)/9 [x h(n)ellO¥-D/2-M1 4.7 (njer#—DPn) n=0 n=0 i Sersuwity. |e 1S an(n) contd (% nedtal signal processin8 68 Digi i, Eo, (M a) coe (n-a el * (Ge n N/2 = ten? YH”) cos(n- 1/2) where N 5. b(n) = Qh ( 2 = n) (629) Weean write Eq. (6.28) 2° s H(e) = ese) = He) where a Ale) = Leno G @ al . Ned 3) oe ae l ise respon ‘Te frequency esponse of linear phase fiter with jmmessic impu! _ for N even is shown in Fig. 6.4. te) ot? Fig.6.4 Freq ve response fr linear phase FIR fiter, symmet"° impuls? Case I: Antis . symmetric For this type of asia odd nA) -6 = Nz1 ; H(e) = SS bine” i = ole :Finite Impulse Response Filters 6.9 m Be ‘ N=1 Exe +h () enFa(N-1)/2 se Ae ” nati N-1 SSH Dyer =) n= NH 7 », SO a = 1 = njeel=1-n) n=0 Sa pee =yhlnye —1~n), therefore, He) = Y. h(nje™" — 57 h(njenMIN-1-n) n= =e HN-D/2 = h(n)efelN-D)/2—] _ = h(njerdell- n=0 n=0 5 ==) =e tN-V2ei#/2 \ ~ e(n) sinwn (6.2) ni Sem 77 = 2h(n) sinw ( a0 wa = e-d(N-1)/2,5n/2 SD Pr eC : St (6.33) (6.34) ; - (* (6.35) Yay Ue : : Vea J Tesponse of linear phase FIR filter for antisymmetric sequence ‘wn in Fig, 65.jun a et = F pment ¥ h(nje n=N/2 —jun Xs a See ee 2 os wenave s(p) Set Cieatean eo H(&*) fs h(n)je Je" = Sm hi oa” ] n=0 ‘| = en fetN-1/2) = ninjeielln VAM - H a(nye nl on Nan n=0 NI: = enHulN~1)/2gin/2 ba » (F-n) sinw(n - va = e-bo(N-U)/2gin/2 [pan Bn é . 4] ¢ 2 where d(n) = 2h (F-») eee: =e IHN-1)/2¢5n/2 (eH) janes amcor‘gs Frequency response of linear phase fiter for antisymmetric impulse re- od se with NV even. np Ale) = So d(n)sinu(n= 1/2) (6.40) nal 6(w) ; “ao - (6.41) The frequency response of linear phase filter for antisymmetric sequence with Nv enis shown in Fig. 6.6. The impulse response of symmetric with odd number of samples can be used to ésign all types of filters. = The symmetric impulse response having even number of samples cannot be used indesign highpass filters. The frequency response of antisymmetric impulse response is imaginary and this {prof filters are most suitable for such filters as Hilbert transformers and differen- tiaors, ample 6.1 Determine the frequency response of FIR filter defined by y(n) = Mie(n) + 2(n — 1) + 0.252(n — 2). Calculate the phase delay and group delay. Suton Given, E y(n) = 0.252(n) + a(n ~ 1) + 0.25e(n = 2) vg Fourier transform on both sides ¥(e*) = 0,25 (el) + e-J4X (elt) 0.25e72 X (el) Hid» _ ¥ (ei) X (ei = 0:25 + 7 4 0,25e7 24 e4* (0,253 + 1 + 0.25e%) = e™(1 + 0,508) eH (3%) : (41a) "BE. (6.41a) with Eq, (6.25) we get 0(w) = —wr Sedelay 7, — ~O(w) _ w os e: Te "OUD delayA causal TI system have linear phase iis impulse response h(n) We orantisymmetrical about n = Y—* satisfying the condition h(n) = ACN 1. rte peeavely The Given inpulsc reqeee ofl Therefore for linear phase the impulse response is either symmetrical or antisymnex rical about n = 2. That is, for symmetrical impulse response ag = 4630, = a5;07 = a4 For antisymmetrical impulse response Qo = —06; a) = —45; a2 = —a43a3 = 0 Example 6.3 The impulse response of a non-causal LTI-FIR discrete time systems given by : A(n) = ap5(n + 2) + 014(n + 1) + a26(n) + a35(n ~ 1) + ax5(n-2) Find the values of the impulse response samples for which its frequency "570% H(e*) have a zero phase. Solution 4 i ‘A non-causal LTL-FIR system have zerophase if its impulse response) ‘symmetrical or antisymmetrical about n = 0. the impul™ The given impulse response is of length 5. Therefore for zerophas response is symmetrical or antisymmetrical about n = 0. ‘That is, for symmetrical impulse response ao = 44; 41 “i =a For antisymmetrical impulse response a2 = 0; ag = — 41) 44 = o give ters zie Problem 6.1 The frequency response of a linearphase FIR y 3 bw H(e) = cos 5 + 5008 - Determine the impulse response h(n). x0 ET RS in ier Practice Problem 6.2 If the frequency response of a linear-phase by H(e) = €-34(9,30 + 0.5 cosw + 0.3008) Determine filter coefficients.: Naa H(2)= Do h(n)e- n=0 “zowsanfinite ero of F(z), then . N-1 @)|__ = H(z) = Yo A(n)aq" =0 —- n=0 =A(0) + A(1)2g1 +... 4+ A(N - 1) =0 Fora linear phase filter h(n) = h(N -1=n) . (IN = 1) ACN — 2)251 +... + A(1)zp"— + h(0)25 "9 =0 IND Th(N — 1)2f"! + A(N = 2)z9/-? +... + h(1)29 + A(O)] =O Fig. 6.7 Zero locations of linear phase FIR filter. Not = 2") ninja =0 H(z) =) piayiagty™ = 2 WD H(251) =0 n=0 Ho) = (ze) ar (6.44)AE Ere («- S) =o te o(E-s) m09'E acme? | : uan9 NV “gsuodsaz osindust| : rounouusks| m Sa ‘ See i [ ( (n@)H 234 = 0 Be al fe © 0 < (wr?) 304 0 = 9 204m gee eee fumes (uo T< | aya yee? po gt m— re ay. |’ asuodsau osindutt pomautusxs| (n®)H7 (2) suoneoyddy ‘asuodsas ast asuodsar opmruseyy asuodsax Aouonbasy adh Soy Ula aseyd TwaUy Jo sonsuaoemyD Jo AEUNUNG 1-9 S14BL(«- =) = (u)P 0> (m2)H 105 4 = 9 14) Ire 1s taxa O<(oA)H310=02%4N | |(2—u) mus(up<| |(E-") mms ~X ey -pyne- Pear? N ssuodsar asindu 0+ S40 i & * oer, sia 2 (ene 0>(,9)H 10} 4=9 rol oy a o< ecu agus (ue Be SG zht-n)oe—e/2 | y ee Paar a: a Pomeuurtsnuy | (op)H7 Moe) (ode | ] suodsat ose asuodsai apmnudoyy 2suodsai sottonbany oak SOMOS 19 TAR, —6.16 Digital Signal Processing From Eq. (6.44) we find that if zp is a zero of A(z), then zal From the above result we can find the location of zeros in a linear, as follows (See Fig. 6.7). 1. If z; = —1, then 271 = 2, the zero lies at z one zero on the unit circle. s . If zz is real zero with.|2o| < 1 then 25+ zeros in this group. 3. Ifzs is a complex zero with |z3| = 1 then 251 = 2* and there ae toa this group. . = =1, this group is also a real zero and there ar 4. If zis complex zero with |z4| # 1. This group contains four zeros 23712 23) Example 6.4 If H(z) has zeros at z) = 1/24 5/V2, z2 = 2Determine the long degree H(z) that has a linear phase. Solution If zp = 2 isa zero fora linear Phase filter, then z; = 1/2is alsoazem Har = 5 + 4, whose |2| = lisa zero, then 2, = 2} is also azer0, The total number of zeros are four zy 1 mome-aen(cde)b-()-Cl = ( = Te =?) ( ~ V2 +27) Practice Problem 63 If A(. lowest degree H(z) that has e 2) has zeros at $0-3"/? and 26-0", dee a linear phase. 65 The Fourier Series Method ae? mee Fsponse (©) of a system is periodic in 27. From pc cata Bett funtion can be expressed a ie epee of Designing FIR Filtes é Hae?) = DX haln)e-*" a where the Fourier : or a the filter “SPs han) ae the desired impulse P= é Es han) = = ip Ha)" dushe Eg. (6.47) represents a non-causal digital fiter of i ppercanster function, the series can be truncated by: A(n) = ha(n) for |n| < x =0 otherwise 64) HR)= >) - Anz” 6% shi 2) OM 4 4 hs +0) +h Det Qe +4[- SJ)“ a =h0) + > [h(n)z-™ + h(-n)z"] 650) nt For a symmetrical impulse response having symmetry at 1 = 0 h(—n) = h(n) 651 Therefore, Eq. (6.50) can be writen as wet H(z) = h(0) + > a(n" +27) 652) n=l Me shove transfer finction is not physically realizable Realizability can be by multiplying Eg, (6.52) by 2-(—)/ where ~ H(z) = DPA (2) a mse a2 fx + Daye a 653) n=l —6.18 Digital Signal Processing Example 6.5 Design an ideal lowpass filter with a frequency respon se Hale) = 1 for = 0 for \ Find the values of h(n) for NV = 11. Find H(z). Plot the magnitude reg ‘ Ponse, Solution The frequency response-iowpass filter with w, = § is shown in Fj {Given 1B 68 Ha(e”) = 1 for 7 = Ofor= <|w) qn) (+27")] ol 5 ss BPS aay ("+427") = S05 Neg E881 + 274) — 0.106 (22 42-4) + 0.06986 (2° + 2-8), “inetion ofthe realizable filter is H"(z) = 2-(N-D/2 7/2)=o oe + 0.063662 From the above Eq. (6.57) the fier coefficients of (0) = h(10) = 9.06366; n(1) = h(9) = 05 AQ) = a(3) = A(7) (4) = h(6) = 0.3183; M6) =05 ‘The frequency response is given by om He) = Do a(n) coswn_-where n=0 oo) =n (Se+) =A@)=08 a(n) = 2h (S -n) a(t) = 2h(5 — 1) = 2h(4) = 0.6366 a(2) = 2h(5 — 2) = 2h(8) = a(3) = 2h(5 ~ 3) = 2h(2) = -0.212 (4) : (5) = 2h(5 ~ 4) = 2h(1) = a(5) = 2h(5 — 5) = 2h(0) = 0.127 a4 Fc) = 0.5 + 0.6366 cos w — 0.212 cos 3u + 0.127 60s: ‘The magnitude in dB is calculated by varying w from 0 to The magnitude | (e)|ag = 20 log |H(e”)}. 04 021 -0.26-0.517-0.21 0.42 0.77 9 100 110 120 130 140 150 16 6 -14,56-31,89-206 -26 32 -24.7-3055ney response plot is shown in Fig. 6:9, pete Fig.6.9 Frequency response of lowpass fier of example 6.5. ae i Fame 66 Design an ideal highpass filter with a frequency response Hya(e*) = 1 for 7

] MOTB 0 955 »_ - 9.180(2? + 2-2) — 0,075(28 +274) + 0.045(28 ¥ 275) = 247) ‘ ) = 0.159(22 4 27*) -0.075(¢ thane = 0.159-3. ee a ~0.2252~4 40,7527 — 0255) 0.1592-7 : 0.0752-8 + 0.045271Finite lnpalse Reapeaaa 5a. 660) 1) the filter coefficients of causal filter are eo = 0.045; A(1) = A(9)=0; (2) = Als) = ons NOE (7) = — 0-159: (4) = A(6) = -0.225; (5) = n3)= xt F(e*) = a(n) cosum where n=0 a(0) =h ( ot = A(5) a(n) = 2h AS s n) a(1) = 2h(5— 1) = 2h(4) = -0.45 a(2)-= 2h(5 — 2) = 2h(3) = -0.318 a(3) = 2h(5 — 3) = 2h(2) = -0.15 a(4) = 2h(5 ~ 4) = 2h(1) =0 a(5) = 2h(5 — 5) = 2h(0) = Fle*) = a(0) + a(1) cosw + a(2) cos 2w + a(3) cos 3u +a(4) cos 4w + a(5) cos Sw = 0.75 — 0.45 cosw — 0.318 cos 2u — 0.15 cos 3w + 0.09 cos 5a ftipe)| 0 10-20 30, 40 50 60 70 80 «9 He) | -0.08 -0.066 —0.0086 0.122 034 061 088 105 111 107 He“jea | -22 23.62 -41.3 -18.2 -9.36 —4.2-1.10504 095 0587 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 Fe acai ae aa ee 0.98 0.93 0.94 0.995 1.26 1.05 1.01 096 0.94 a ee ne 0.132 —0.625°-0.537 -0.037 2 0.48 0.16 -0.31 0.537 1H(0),q,10 05K eae Figg, 1 Frequency response of highpass fier of example 6.6ON Digital Signal Processing Wrampte &T Design ain ideal Danelpass filter with a Heqvengy pag PONse Hale!) = 1 for ; (h(n) (2" + nal = 0.5 — 0.3183(z7 ‘The transfer function of the realizable filter is - [0.5 - 0.3183(z? + 2-*)] = -0.31832~5 + 0.5: 0.31832~7 ‘The filter coefficients of the causal filters are (0) = h(10) = A(1) = A(9) = A(2) = A(8) = A(4) = h(6) =O. (3) = A(7) = —0.3183 e h(5) = 0.5 He) = bs a(n) coswn n=l 0) =n (74) =n) =05 N-1 a | (1) = 2h(5 - 1) = 2h(4) =0 a(2) = 2h(5 — 2) = 2h(3) = ~0.6368 a(8) = 2h(5 ~ 3) = 2h(2) =0 al) = 2h(5 — 4) = 2n(0 (5) = 2h(5 — 5) = 2h(0) Me) =05 ~ 0.6366 cos 2u a(n) = 2h (6.26 Digital Signal Processing w (in degrees) 0 20 H(e)_| 0.1366 0.012 01817 05 0818 105 4 \H(e)\ap 17.3 -38.17 105 1.05 0.818 0.5 0.1817 0012 ~ 45 60 745 1.74 0.4346 135 150 160 199 0.1366 0.4346 —1.74 6.02 -14.8 -38.17 —173 1H)a8 10 OSE Fig. 6.13 Frequency response of Bandpass filter of example 67. 2 SS eee Example 6.8 Design an ideal bandreject filter with a desired frequency "7% Hale”) =1 for lls 5 and wl2> > Qn =0 otherwise Find the value of h(n) for N = 11. Find H(z). Plot the magnitude 1? Solution The desired frequency response is shown in Fig. 6.14- 4a a = Fig. 6.14 Frequency response of Bandreject fiero warenFinite Impulse Response Filters 6.27 we know =| Hele™)e" dw 1 — 27/3 n/3 7 i edu + I a+ | dy Eo 1/3 1/3 ae i Mca cnt git gi tn] > [a(n)(z" +27)] rt = 0.667 + 0.2757(z? + 27?) — 0.1378(z4 +274) (6.67)Finis: impulse Response Fines 625 66 Design of FIR filters using windows Seepenied im 2 Fourier series. cae rs ee One possible way of ob- FRREPIE She is to ncate the infinite Fourier sves atm = + (32). meen SIE Of the desired sequence. But abrupt truncation of the Fourier series '@ csclation in the pessbend and stopbend. These oscillations are duc to slow Bee he Fourier series and this eflectis Known as the Gibbs phenomenon re ee men nit impulse response with 2 finite weighing sequeace t=(n) called 2 w(n)=w(—-n) 40 for a<44 =0 & i> (=) @n6.30 Digital Signal Processing (0 —u) Sma Oe c ee P= 130) eR T= (PY (Gran = wma Ta eg — T= (0) 0 <[ul((utnyurs — (ues) = (uP : aaaas (0H 2m paw ‘2m sarsuanbayy jjomn> {pun sty s9fsupueg °y| om pure ‘9m satouanbay) sjomno Ms JY ssedpueg “f » # upm(v — uae — u(0 — 0< ae = (Py ; E 2 20> Kouanbayy Jorn p= Us0j =~ 1 = (u)Py om F = (O)PY | Hm sony ssedystH 2) aN | (o—u)e uu Pe eenm 05 Bre 2 2» Kuanbayy joins 2 x p= toy 5 = (u)Py 35 = 0)PY | em sony ssedmoT | [Ey =? Aero ens sony aseud seauy 0 U2} y}209 aoy1y aseud 0392 Jo squD!>yFI0D “oda, “SHUT MLA JO SWSISYFSOS FHL TO MAUL, ; f‘he eguency and We out wT ‘any ko A @ woyename>6.32 Digital Signal Proc sing, Because both Hy(0M) and Wich) ae period function yg called as periodic convolution, The windowing technique jg np, tg desired frequency response and its Fourier coefficients are ton nig 6.16b respectively, The Fig, 6.16¢ and 6.164 show a fine 22 and its Fourier transform W(e!*), ‘The Fourier transform of a , 8 central Jobe and side lobes. ‘The central lobe contains mow gf Oma window. To get an FIR filter, the sequence hu(n) and w(n) are pty 4g Jength of non-causal sequence h(n) is obtained. The Fig. 6,16 aad he, and its Fourier transform H (0), The frequency response ff(,i 0 Fq.(6.74), The realizable sequence 9(n) in h(n) by ox number of samples, where 0” From Eq,(6,74) we find that the frequency on the frequency response of window W (ei truncating the infinite impuls They are mrt tice Windory phe Sing Fesponse of the filter H (si ), Therefore, the window, ans s¢ response should have some desirable charg 1. The central lobe ofthe frequency response of the window should co of the energy and should be narrow, a 2, The highest side lobe level of the frequency response shouldbe sal, 3. The side Jobes of the frequency response should decrease in energy rapid w tends to 7. 6.6.1 Rectangular window The rectangular window sequence is given by wa(n)=1 for—(N-1)/2® satbbe becomes narrower and Taner and the side lobe become more concentrated Mictangolar window is equal 1 5 The i amplitude or nd igale = 0. The main lobe width for te “agg nbe level is equal to sproximasely 22% of He AE lobe to the maximum value at =a OS ea normalised frequency mn (@) 09} 502036045 (05 06> O77 08 ose] normalised frequency on ) Fig.6.19 (a) Frequency response of rectangular window NV = 51 (b) Logmagrnce response of rectangular window for NV’ = 51. IH(e!*)| i ae | 0102-03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0 normalised frequency Ne % Fig. 6.20 Frequency response of LPF using rectangular window for HHO), 9 o 08 OF0) 02" \04" foe’ as" a6 a normalised frequency o N= Flg-6.21 Log Magnitude response of LPF using rectangular eeFinite Impulse Response tne desired esponse H,(e?) and its infinite Fourier coefficients are as q 6160 and Fig, 6.16b respectively. To get a finite impulse response oe hg(n) with a rectangular window, i.e., si h(n) = ha(n)wp(n) the frequency response of the truncated filter can be obtained by periodic convo ‘wo00 1 m 1 % He) = 5 [Hal e*)Wale)ap (679) From Fig. 6.20 we find that the frequency response differs from the desired re- gms in many Ways. It does not follow quick transitions in the desired response. Tedsired response of a lowpass filter changes abruptly from passband to stopband, tutte frequency response changes slowly. This region of gradual change is called fit’ transition region, which is due to the convolution of the desired response with éevindow response’s main lobe. The width of the transition region depends on the vith of the main lobe. As the filter length NV increases, the main lobe becomes anwer decreasing the width of the transition region, The convolution of the desired response and the window response’s sidelobes gie ise to the ripples in both the passband and stopband. The amplitude of the Tpptsis dictated by the amplitude of the sidelobes. For the rectangular window, the ‘aplitude of the sidelobes is unaffected by the length of the window. So increase in ‘ext V will not reduce the ripples, but increase its frequency. J.W. Gibbs showed ‘afnte length lowpass filter will possess an 8.9% maximum ripple no matter how lst fter is made. This effect where maximum ripple occurs just before and after ‘asition band is known as Gibbs phenomenon. * Gibbs phenomenon can be reduced by using a less abrupt truncation of filter “eats. This can be achieved using a window function that tapers smoothly 210 at both ends. One such type of window is triangular window. ba : The Triangular or Bartlett window “Pot triangular window is given by wr(n) = 1 — wt for —(N-)/2) le +(1—a) eos | evden xa Q-a) Ye yp Es) ae Do etter ans (2 7 a A=a eos: oe ROPE eA s exe AN-1/2f) — e-i0N) Regalo ION — @-RN? een? ayFinite Impulse Response (Ss NAN-W) fy — Sama} u -a 2 eie/2—*/(N=1) {i- ese Br N=] ed(wN/2-nN/(N-1)) _ ¢-J(wN/2—2N/(N-1)) a 1-a {sin(wN/2+N/(N —1)) { sin(u/2+_=/(N—1)) } 1 ~ asin(wN/2 ~ rN/(N -1)) 2 sin(v/2="/(N=1) a) sin(wN/2 + eN/(N — 1)) “sin(w/2+ n/N =1) (6.83) (64 Hanning window Teaming window sequence can be obtained by substituting a = 0.5 in Eq.(6.82) vmsln) =0.5 +0.5c082rn/(N 1) for (N-1)/2i | | | 5-100 | 1 ] = [ioe ee eee ‘ 0102 03 04 05 06 07 08 ‘Normalised frequency on (b) / magi Fig.6.28 (2) Frequency response of Hanning window for N = 25() Log response of Hanning window for N = 25 665 Hamming window gout ituting: ; ‘The equation for Hamming window can be obtained by substi’ a Eq.(6.82) ei | _w nes gw wu (n) = 0.54 +0.46cos (2nn/N ~1) for e 0 otherwise ‘The frequency response of Hamming window is 1) Wale) = 0.5480ON/2 9 ng 8mul2— te W oath a gy 7 se ani Ne sin +023 (afarMognitude in a ig62 (2) Frequency response of Hanning window for N = 51 () Logm exonse of Hanning window for N = 51 01 02 03 04 OS 06 O7 O8 Oo 1 Normalised frequescy ox a Fig.630 Frequency response of LPF using Hanning window for N= 25 Heo6.42 Digital Signal Processing The window sequence and its magnitude response W (2) and Fig, 6.33 respectively. The peak side lobe level is down a main lobe peak, an improvement of 10 dB relative to the H, magnitude and log magnitude response of lowpass filter desi window are shown in Fig. 6.35 and 6.36 respectively, The -534B; an improvement of 9 dB with respect to Hanning win higher frequencies the stopband attenuation is low when com window. Because the Hamming window generates lesser oscillation in thes the Harining window for the same main lobe width, the Hamming wi ally preferred. ate shown in Fess, Bout 41 pee ‘ANNINg Window, te ined using Hy, Te frst side lobe ga \dow filter. However ; aed io that cfs ie lobes tag indow is ane. “12-10 -8 -6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 Be Fig. 6.32 Hamming window sequence 0 "02 04 08 “08 06 04-02 iti Normalised frequency 09 08 07 Cy ee 0 onnatsed frequency © Log . forN => o Fig. 6.33 (a) Frequéncy response of Hamming window tude response of Hamming window for N = 25 0 01-02Finite Impulse Response Filters 6.43 7 06081 reo bo) 1{| HUTT] (| 400 Bieta aia o2iios sy adaiesmiucsasyaantimestneat formalised frequency win } Fig.6.34 (a) Frequency response of Hamming window for V = 51 (b) Log magni- tude response of Hamming window for V = 51 OY 1 $$ f \ os} ; \ i \ Foal 02| \ ° area eatin 2) 0 Oi 0203 Ga 0s 05 a7 0a 091 Normalised frequency ex Fig.6.35 Frequency response of LPF using Hamming window for N = 25 Hee 0 ‘Magnitude in 4B 2 ~0 0 ~~ 100 O di 02 03 o4 05 06 OF O8 o9 1 Nonmalised frequency a Fo.635 Log magnitude response of LPF using Hamming window for N = 25 for —(N~-1)/2 A(n) [2 + 2") n=l = 0.75 — 0.204 (2 + 27!) — 0.104 (2? + 2?) — 0.026 (28 + 275) The transfer function of the realizable filter is. Hi(2) = 2° H(2) = —0.026z~? — 0.10427 — 0.20424 + 0.75275 — 0.2042-© ~ 0.1042-7 — 0.026278 The causal filter coefficients are (0) = h(1) = h(9) = A(10) = 0 (2) = h(8) = -0.026 h(3) = h(7) = -0.104 (4) = h(6) = -0.204 h(5) = 0.75 a H(e) = > a(n) coswn n=0 a(0) =h ( a(n) = 2h [*6.48 Digital Signal Processing a(1) = 2h(5 — 1) = 2A(4) = —0.408 a(2) = 2h(5 — 2) = 2h(3) a(3) = 2h(5 — 3) = 2h(2) a(4) = 2h(5 — 4) = 2h(1) = a(5) = 2h(5 — 5) = 2A(0) = 0 H(e*) = 0.75 — 0.408 cosw ~ 0.208 cos 2y — 0.05203, 022 «498 aM 1067 -605 —307 O86 ~1714 a 90, WS) sms S i age 0% 099) = 10% «10017, eerie Vain ~037% 0007 00% 00180 9 ar | ° ad eeeFinite Impulse Response Filters 6.49 wy (0) = 0.54 + 0.46 =1 - wy(-)) = wH(1) = 0.54 + 0.46 cos = = 0,912 wx(-2) = wy(2) = 0.54 + 0.46 cos 0.682 wa(-3) = wH(3) = 0.54 +:0.46 cos = = 0.398 wy (—4) = wn(4) = 0.54 + 0.46 cos 4 = 0.1678 5 wy(-5) = wa(5) = 0.54 + 0.46 cosx = 0.08 ter coefficients using Hamming window sequence are spe fil h(n) =ha(n)wa(n) for -5 [A(n) (2 * + 2”)] n= = 0.75 — 0.2052 (z~! + z) — 0.1084 (2-? + 2?) — 0.03 (z~$ + 2) + 0.0036 (2-° + 2°) The transfer function of the realizable filter is H(z) = 2-5 H(z) = 0.0036 — 0.03z~? — 0.10842~* — 0.20522~* + 0.75. — 0.2052z~® — 0.10842~7 — 0.0327 + 0.00362~*° The filter coefficients of causal filter are6,50 Digital Si al Processing Net i H(e!) = S> a(n) coswn ao N-1 a(0) nf > } =A) = 075 a(n) = 2h (" =| a(1) = 2h(5 ~ 1) = 2h(4) = -0.4104 : a(2) = 2h(6 — 2) = 2h(3) = —0,2168 a(3) = 2h(5 — 3) = 2h(2) = ~0.06 a(4) = 2h(5 — 4) = 2A(1) = 0 2h(5 — 5) = 2h(0) = 0.0072 ) = 0.75 = 0.4104 cosw — + 0.0072 cos 5 0.2168 cos 2 — 0.06 cos3, (in degrees) | 0 Is 304s 60 15 90 105 0.9668 0.9945 -0.29 -0.0478 0 0.0229 0.028 0 s IHE)8 0 © 0 wd ng wet Fig. 6.43 Log magnitude response of Example 6.9 using Hamming10 Design a filter with parle . H,(e™) = 3 = sus . =o 1 = 3, ie., we get a causal sequence. fi We have 1 fa no) = 2 [i emernay eld, _ sin ¥(n-3) 4 z(n—=3) For N = 7 we have hg(0) = ha(6) = 0.075 ha(1) = ha(5) = 0.159 hq(2) = ha(4) = 0.22 ha(3) = 0.25 The non-causal window sequence is Uxn(n) = 0.5-+ 0.5008 ey for —(N-1)/2 a4. 6 = min(6,, 5) (6.96) sapere 6 = 10700 on) Aires sl 02 = 390050 5 4 (6.98) 4, calulate a, using the formula ay = ~20]0g19 5 (6.99) 4, Determine the parameter a from the following equation =0 fora, < 21 = 0.5842(ay — 21) + 0.07886(a,—21) for21 50 5, Choose the parameter D as follows D = 0.9222 fora, < 21 ay — 7.95 == > 2: - 14.36 for as > 21 (6.101) 6 Choose the filter order for the lowest odd value of 1D N> 1 6.10. aaa (6.102) 17. Compute the window sequence using Eq. (6.89). 8. Compute the modified impulse response using h(n) = wg(n)ha(n) (6.103) 9. The transfer function is given by (=p H(z) = =--D2 |n0) +2 > noce +=] (6.104) n=0 10, : ‘ The magnitude response can be obtained using am H(e*) = }0 a(n) cosun n=0where a(0) = h ( 1 where we = 5s + wp]. For bandpass filter Gain} Gain Oa Oy Oy On eames Of Fig. 6.46 Ideal frequency response (a) LPF (b) HPF (c) BPF (0) BRF +S -2) (Gl) 2 = A bandpass 2 ‘The above procedure can be applied to the design of highpass, Fig 6 bandreject filters. The specifications of these filters are shown in Fig For highpass filter B =u, —w,and H(e™) =0 for |u| < we = 1 for we < |u| < « B= min|(up1 — wa), (va2 — 472)!Finite Impulse Response Filters 6.59 H(e™) = 0 for 0 < |u| < wer and wer < ful < = 1 forwe < |u| < we Beye pares UP yi Oa tee (6.107) orbandreect iter B = min[(ws1 ~ wp1), (wpe — w59)] Sig H(e!) = 1 for 0 < |u| < we and wee < fu] < ey = 0 for wer < |u| < wep B : (6.109) phere wer = Upt + sample 611 Design an FIR lowpass filter satisfying the following specifications ay < 0.14B @, > 44.0B wp = 20rad/sec; wy = 30 rad/sec; usp 100 mae Solution From the given specifications B= ws — wp, = 10 rad/sec 25 rad/sec in radians) = Qn (20) we eT Oe ( ns) Say (25) (Wp + ws) Sep H(e!) =1 for |w| < 2 =0 for 5 < |u| <2n 5 = 10-0544) — 6.3096 x 10-> 19+0.05(0-1) _ 1 2 or005 0.1) 1 6 = min(6i, 2) = 5.7563 x 10-$ = 5.7563 x 107$6.60 Digital Signal Processing Step 3. a, = —20logyg 5 = 44.797 dB. Step 4. From Eq. (6.100) for a, = 44.797 4B = 0.5842(a, — 21)04 +0.07886(a, = 3.9524 oa Step 5. From Eq. (6.101) for a, = 44.797 dB Step 6. 2 10 > 26.66 Hence, N = 27. old Step 7. The window sequence w,(n) = —b*_ ~ ex = 3.9524, from Eq, (6.90) we can find To() = 10.8468 Io(a) _ In(a) (3.9404 . tg(1) = wy(—1) — 26-9406) = 10.7379 Tole) rh 8s, wy(0) = 10.8468 ~ 10.8463 = 098 1o(3.9073) _ 10.4163 2) — aT OE) 10.8468 — 10.8468 ~ 9908 wux(3) =o (-2) = ESD 98904 po we(4) = we (—4) = ae = ws = 0.84835 Fe et ose) ris 10.8468 10.8468 To(3.5062) _ 7.4168. wx(6) = 44-8) = “Toeage = roses 7 1o(3.3305) 6.4025 _ psn wel) =e (57) = = 7.9868 wp (8) = we(—8) = wy (9) = 2A = 048 a 10.8468 — 10.8468 19(2.852) __ 4.3831 _ p95 wn(-9) = Torgags 10.8468Finite Impulse Response Filters 6.61 1 (2.5257) 53 wp (10) wp(10) = (10) = TO agg 10,8468 1o(2.1063) 2.4574 10,8468 8408 [p(1.52) 1.6666 10.8468 10.8468 1y(0) 1 10,8468 10.8468 0.80984 we(11) = wK(-1) 0,2265 wy (12) = we(—12) 0.1536 wp(13) = we (13) 0.0922 jnall E above cases, 10 calculate I(x), the sum of first seven terms in the series nal ere : : oS ae response hy(n) and h(n) are given in table 6.5. ‘Table 6.5 [ n | ha(n) hn) = hale (n) |; 0 0.5 05 J 1] 0318 0.31479 Joa -a0 0 | 3 | -0.106 -0,0967 Aho 0 | 5 | 0.06366 0.04804 | 13} 0 0 | 7 | -0.0454 -0.0268 | 0 0 | 9 | 0.03536 0.014126 }10| 0 0 11 | -0.0289 -0,006546 2] 0 0 13, 0.02448 0.002267 The transfer function is given by 13 H(z) = 2-8 [xo + Do Alm)" +27") no op 6.12 Design a FIR bandpass digital filter satisfying the following specifi-’ fn = 20Hz Qy = 0.54B Sn =30"% a, = 306B10 Hz, 10 Hz, F = 100Hz Solution 407 rad/sec “st = 20r radlseg 02 = 807 ras “af = 2007 raeg 607 rad/sec B=minfwp — w, 1W92 — wpa] min[207, 207] 207 rad/sec B 20m Wet = Wp — = = 400 20K = 30m rad/sec 207 60m + =" = 70m rad/sec Wp: we and wea in radians are given by \ wale 30m x 08 2007 Qn 1a = TO X ~~ = 0.7 a= 10m x 5h = 0.7 Step] H(e”)=1 for 0.34 < |w| < 0.7m 0 otherwise Fi 0m On ha(n) = ; [/ day + i ng . 2m 0.7K 0.3m _ sin 0.7nn — sin 0.2 axe nn Step 2 4, = 1079 95089) — 0.0316 0,05(0.5)=1 mea reece 0098 107005(05)r 6 = min(6i, 62) = 0.0287 Step 3 a, = —20log94 . = 30.84 dBFinite Impake Response Fikers 463 100) fer a, = an aaa prom Bg (6102 see Hence N = 17. | 23413 . To(a) = 2.6955 cS I,(a) yx(0) = SS = et Ta(G) we(l) = wx(-1) = wx (2) = we(—2) we (3) = we(-3) = | up(4) = wx(-4) = (748) _ w(6) = wa(-8) = SD 1,(6) = w4(—6) = ue a ee 7 we (7) = we(—7) = “toms” Tes we(8) = we(—8) = xte = sme = 0.370996.64 Digital Signal Processing The impulse response a(n) and h(n) are in table 6,6 ‘Table 6.6 n | hal) | h(n) = haln)urg(ny 0 O04 O04 1 0 0 2 | -0.3027 -0.28747 3 0 0 4 | 0.09354 0.0756 5 0 0 6 | 0.062 0.0373 Fw 0 8 | -0,0757 -0.02808 The transfer function is given by D BY h(0) + So A(n)(2" + 2”) n=0 H(z) = Practice Problem 6.6 Design an FIR lowpass filter satisfying the ‘o specifications ees ap < 0.54B Wp = 10 rad/sec 6.6.8 Summary of windows ‘The different windows parameters are compared in table 6.3. Looking at the parat- ters for rectangular and triangular window, it can be noted that the triangular winds has a transition width twice that of rectangular window. However, the attenumalit in stopband for triangular window is less. Therefore, it is not very vorola filter design, The Hanning and Hamming windows have same transition the Hamming window is most widely used, because, it generates less 18 side lobes, The Blackman window reduces the side lobe level atthe cot in transition width, ‘The Kaiser window is superior to other window’, given specifications its transition width is always small, By varying WP the desired side lobe level and main lobe peak can be achieved FT yt Jobe width can be varied by varying the length 1V, Thatis why Kai Savourite window for many digital filter designers.(snonuuod) : mopurm Buiumureyy 40) pO = 2 ‘moputm BurwUEHY 10} G9 = 0 (ose, ae ea) * [a rea } & ws NO I=N wiz s09(0—1) +0 ‘mopurm u1so> pasty, Finite Impulse Response Filters 6.65 eae ssoput epnSuety, 1 seindur19y @/(1— N) 5 U5 2/(1 — N)— 309 (u)m (12) Mi asuodsaa Asuanbasy, aouanbos sopurad £9 AL ody mopuray=(ujin = - to} oy MOpULA LOStEH OF EPO NopUEN uEURYSULE, G/L N) SUS G/(T = N)~ 305 (Qh aouanbas MopuyAy add} wopuryy 2 “eo aL ,Finite Impulse Response Filters 6.67 ‘The window design for FIR filter has certain advantages and disadvantages. ge © The fiter coefficients can be obtained with minimum computation effort. 2, The window functions are readily available in closed-form expression. 4, The ripples in both passband and in stopband are almost completely removed. psodvantages 1, Itis always not possible to obtain a closed form expression for the Fourier series coefficients h(7). 2, Windows provides limited flexibility in the design. 4, Itis somewhat difficult to determine, in advance, the type of window and the duration N required to meet a given prescribed frequency specification. 67 Digital Differentiator The frequency response of an ideal digital differentiator is linearly proportional to frequency. It is given by Hy(e’)=jw —-4@ Sw The phase response of an ideal differentiator is 0.57 for all frequencies. If linear shasis desired, the frequency response of an ideal differentiator can be written as Hale!) = jw ee where The ideal impulse response of a digital differentiator with linear phase is given panes x f Hale) eo" dus 1 if je = ies mz | due i" dy Bai [ocho as on oR: i eiu(n-a) J(n = a)6.68 Digital Signal Processing 6 oF AMOR CAC se eee Qn j(n—a) ag Gap t(n—a) 4. 6—jx(n=a) as Eaos peepee) einiro) _ j(m—a) =" oF] _cosm(n—a) _ sin(n—a)n m(n—a)? If N is odd, a is an integer and we have sin(n — is even, then cos |2 mn ©)F = 0 for = 0 for any integer, Thus we me _ cos[(n — a) 7} halts) = aaa forn £0 TY negra yy for v odd is 0 forn=o and for N even ha(n) = —Sinl(n = a)n] ana Impulse response (direct truncation _ inn ryone act asin |__ tien wn) h(n) 0.5 { oF ¢ 06 at i T T os : ott t ° See a aeE0 ° a © © Impulse response (sing Hamming window) Magnitude response 1 hie) os 0 0s 19 3 Ta © Fig. 6.47) Impulse response of a differentiator for h b)impuise ae of: iferentiator with Hamming window june window sequence, d) Magnitude response using rectangular w! using Hamming window (solid line) eee syne Both have the property hy(n) = —ha(N—-1-n). The i es ie nets and of infinite length. The finite impulse response can beol by using a window of length NV. Then we obtain N = 1with direct rea ¢) (tetFinite Impulse Response Filters 6.69 h(n) = ha(n) w(n) woe that the above filter i a type IT FIR filter iN is odd and type IV if Nis ig, 647 a) and Fig, 6.47 b) shows the impulse response of differentiator (for ve 4d) obtained by direct truncation and by using a Hamming window. Fig. 6.47 d) wn’ xine magnitude response of the differentiator obtained using the above impulse sree, The magnitude response (dotted line) ofthe differentiator obtained by runeation shows significant ripples whereas the magnitude response of the shot aieretator that uses Hamming window for truncation does not have any ripple puthas 2 larger leakage. More over the magnitude ofthe differentiator at w = ™ is The reason is that every type III filter has zeros at w = 0 and m. The zero at ie Os desrable;’but the zero at wy = 7 is detrimental to the magnitude response “thigh frequencies. As H(e*) = 0, the differentiator designed with ‘N’ odd is sia full band differentiator, That is, ifa ful band differentiator is desired, this is inposible with an FIR filter having an odd number of coefficients. In practice, full- pend differentiators are rarely required. However when the delay required is integer umber of samples and H7(e”) = O is allowable, then the odd number of samples can be used. Impulse response (direct truncation) Hamming window Z win)! hia) 1 os 06 0 04 d 02 | | a ott i) 0 seeeanasl0 0 cena) (a) (©) Impulse response (using Hamming window) Magnitude response 2 3 i . oF He} 2 0 al 1 2 0 5 n 10 %5 1 2 3 0) @ P 5.48 a) Impulse response of a differentiator for = 12 with direct truncation, /!mpulse response of differentiator with Hamming window truncation, c) Hamming wndow sequence, _d) Magnitude response using rectangular window (dotted line) ‘ng Hamming window (solid.line) :Gus Bt) ‘To get a linear phase differentiator the frequency response ~y Sepang we. - se SFsor with NV even is given by in(n — a)z ha(n) = — wis seingulse response satisfy the antisymmetry property. That is i ha(n) = —ha(N —1—n) Therefore ha(0) = —ha(7) = ha(1) = —ha(6) = ha(3) = —he(4) = @ Rectangular window The rectangular window sequence for N = 8 is given by wr(n)=1 for 0 h(0) = ~h(7) = ~0.026 (1) = —h(6) = 0.0509 A(2) = —h (3) 5) = -0.1415 ~h(4) = 1.27 The impulse response for a seven coefficient differentiator; ‘ = ; S shown in ‘The transfer function of the differentiator is ‘ehy, H(z) = 0.026 + 0.05092~! — 0,141, z L274 + 0.14152~* — 0.05092~6 + 9,996,-7 x y F (4) = din) sin (n y : 52 1p 1 where d(n) = 2h G -n) d(1) = 2h(3) = 2.54 d(2) = 2h(2) = -0.283 d(3) = 2h(1) = 0.1018 d(4) = 2h(0) = -0.052 H (ci) = 2.545in % — 0.283sin Using rectangular window, 0 : 05K ® on Fig. €.51 Frequency response of differentiator using rectanguer iFinite Impulse Response Filters 6.73 1064 156 206 236 266 292 amin E causal Haraming window sequence for N = 8s ‘The Qn y(n) =0.54- 046 008" for O 0 and te » <0. Hilbert transformers are used in communication systems, particulaly inte generation of single-sideband modulated signals, radar signal processing, andspest signal processing. The impulse response of an ideal Hilbert transformer is “ha(n) = 3 J tale)eraw = tal foseioaah if enol =2 fie a [es 1 len 0 een Fi =x mines Qn NW Gilg dt lo! 2 seri _ im 4 a] Bellas 1 nm 4.e-F*)] =5— [2- (ee +e mat M3 1 = cos = ~—|(2 - 2cosmn] Dri peceeanl nmFinite Impulse Response Filters 675 forn #0 forn =0 hate) 2sin? (JF) forn 40 0 forn=0 (n) is infinite in duration and non-causal near phase Hilbert transformer is given by te that ha snoy response se eae Hale™) = -je™. for 0 < jaw je 1 for -r

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