BHARATHIDASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

NATTARAMPALLI – 635854
Two Marks with Answers
UNIT III - FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTERS
Degree / Branch : B.E / ECE Sem / Year : 4th / 3rd
Sub Name : Digital Signal Processing Sub Code : EC3492

Part – A
1. State the properties of FIR filter. (Nov 2013)
i. FIR filters are inherently stable.
ii. FIR filters have linear phase
iii. FIR filters need higher orders for similar magnitude response compared to IIR
filter.
2. Give the desirable characteristic of the window. (Nov 2013) (Nov 2015) (Nov 2016)
1. Central lobe of the frequency response of the window should contain most of the
energy and it should be narrow.
2. The highest side lobe level of the frequency response should be small.
3. The side lobe of the frequency response should decrease in energy rapidly as 
tends to .
3. List out the advantages and disadvantages of FIR filters. (May 2013) (Nov 2015) (May
2016)
Advantages:
FIR filters have the following advantages over IIR filters.
1. FIR filters have exact linear phase.
2. They are always stable.
3. The design methods are generally linear.
4. They can be realised efficiently in hardware.
5. The filter start-up transients have finite duration.
6. FIR filters can be realized in both recursive and non-recursive structure.
Disadvantages:
1. Large storage requirements needed.
2. For the same filter specifications the order of FIR filter design can be as
high as 5 to 10 times that of an IIR design.
3. Powerful computational facilities are required for the implementation.
4. State Gibb’s phenomenon. (May 2014) (April 2017) (Nov 2020) (Nov 2021) (Nov/Dec
2022)
One possible way of finding an FIR filter that approximates H ( e ) would be to truncate
the infinite Fourier series at n = ± . Abrupt truncation of the series will lead to oscillation
both in pass band and in stop band. This phenomenon is known as Gibbs phenomenon.

5. What do you understand by linear phase response? (Nov 2016)

 The phase response of the type
< H () = K , K is constant
 is called linear phase response. The linear phase filter does not alter the shape of the
original signal. In many cases a linear phase characteristic is required throughout the
pass band of the filter to preserve the shape of a given signal within the pass band.
6. Write the steps involved in FIR filter design. (Nov 2017)
Step 1: From the given frequency response, calculate required order of the filter.
Step 2: From the order and desired frequency response calculate desired unit sample
response hd (n).

Step 3: From the attenuation characteristics select suitable window function (n).
Step 4: Calculate h(n) = hd (n)  (n).
7. Draw the block diagram representation of FIR system. (Nov 2017)
FIR filter of length N is expressed as
y(n) = bk x(n – k)
This can be represented using the direct form block diagram as shown below.

8. What are the different types of filters based on frequency response?

Based on frequency response filters can be classified into four types.
1. Low pass filter
2. High pass filter
3. Band pass filter
4. Band reject filter
9. Distinguish between FIR and IIR filters.

S.No. FIR Filters IIR Filters

1. Unit impulse response has finite Unit impulse response has infinite
duration. duration.
2. It can be designed with exact IIR not having linear phase.
linear phase.
3. These are all zero filters. These are all poles filters.
4. FIR filters can be realized IIR are recursive filters.
recursively and non-recursively.
5. Feedback is not used. So, round Round off affect the response.
off is not so effective.

10. What are the techniques of designing FIR filters?

 There are three well-known methods for designing FIR filters with linear phase.
1. Fourier Series method
2. Windows method
3. Frequency sampling method

11. Mention the necessary and sufficient condition for linear phase characteristics in FIR
filter.
For FIR filter to have linear phase, the necessary and sufficient condition is
h(n) = ± h(N – 1 – n)
where N = Duration of the sequence
12. Discuss the stability of FIR filters.
FIR filter is always stable because all its poles are at the origin. They are all zero filters.
FIR filter poles are always inside the unit circle. Hence FIR filters are always stable.
13. State the condition for a digital filter to be causal and stable.
A digital filter is causal if its impulse response
h(n) = 0 for n < 0
A digital filter is stable if its impulse response is absolutely summable.
| h(n) | < ∞
14. What are the functions of desirable features of a window function? Name the different
types of windowing functions.
Features:
1. The central lobe of the frequency response of the window contains most of
energy and it should be narrow.
2. The highest side lobe of the frequency response is very small.
3. The side lobe of the frequency response is decreased rapidly as  tends to .
Various windows are given below:
1. Hamming window
2. Hanning window
3. Rectangular window

15. Write the magnitude and phase function of FIR filter when impulse response is
symmetric and N is even.
The magnitude and phase function of FIR filter when impulse response is symmetric
and N even is given below.
The magnitude function
| H () | = 2 h cos
If N = even, then the phase function
< H () = – d  Here d =
16. What are the desirable characteristics of windows?
1. Central lobe of the frequency response of the window should contain most of the
energy and it should be narrow.
2. The highest side lobe level of the frequency response should be small.
 3. The side lobe of the frequency response should decrease in energy rapidly as 
tends to .
17. What is an anti-imaging filter?
The filter which is used to remove the image spectra is known as anti-imaging filter.

18. Draw the frequency response of N-point rectangular window.

The frequency response of the rectangular window is given by
W R( e ) =
where N is number of samples. The frequency response is shown below.

19. What are the disadvantages of Fourier series method?

In designing FIR filter using Fourier series method, the infinite duration impulse
response is truncated at n = ± .
Direct truncation of the series will lead to fixed percentage overshoots and undershoots
before and after an approximated discontinuity in the frequency response.